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{{About|the biological taxonomy term|the sociological concept|Race and society|the anthropological term|Race (human classification)|the technique in molecular biology|Rapid amplification of cDNA ends}} |
{{About|the biological taxonomy term|the sociological concept|Race and society|the anthropological term|Race (human classification)|the technique in molecular biology|Rapid amplification of cDNA ends}} |
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[[Image:Ecotypes of Physcomitrella patens.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Four different [[ecotype]]s, i.e. ecological races, of the species ''[[Physcomitrella patens]]'', stored at the [[International Moss Stock Center]]]] |
[[Image:Ecotypes of Physcomitrella patens.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Four different [[ecotype]]s, i.e. ecological races, of the species ''[[Physcomitrella patens]]'', stored at the [[International Moss Stock Center]]]] |
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In biological classification, a '''race''' is an informal [[taxonomic rank]], below the level of a [[species]]. It is used as a higher rank than [[Strain (biology)|strain]], with several strains making up one race.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M.W.; Menken, S.B.J. |year=1993 |title=Host race formation in ''Tetranychus urticae'': genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain |journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=171-178 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x/abstract |doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=ISHS Acta Horticulturae |volume=828 |title=Understanding Strain Diversity in ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense'' and History of Introduction of 'Tropical Race 4' To Better Manage Banana Production |author=I. Buddenhagen |pages=193-204 |year=2009}}</ref> |
In biological classification, a '''race''', as a social concept, is an informal [[taxonomic rank]], below the level of a [[species]]. It is used as a higher rank than [[Strain (biology)|strain]], with several strains making up one race.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M.W.; Menken, S.B.J. |year=1993 |title=Host race formation in ''Tetranychus urticae'': genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain |journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=171-178 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x/abstract |doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=ISHS Acta Horticulturae |volume=828 |title=Understanding Strain Diversity in ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense'' and History of Introduction of 'Tropical Race 4' To Better Manage Banana Production |author=I. Buddenhagen |pages=193-204 |year=2009}}</ref> |
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==Complications and various definitions of the concept== |
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There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts. For example Tomatoes are legally classified as vegetables, but they are fruits. |
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Races may be distinct [[phenotype|phenotypic]] [[populations]] within the same [[species]], or they may be defined in other ways.<ref name=Wordsworth1>{{cite book |editor=Walker, P.M.B.|year=1988 |title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology |publisher=W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press |chapter=Entry for Race}}</ref> The term is also used for domesticated animals, see [[landrace]].<ref name=Wordsworth1/> |
Races may be distinct [[phenotype|phenotypic]] [[populations]] within the same [[species]], or they may be defined in other ways.<ref name=Wordsworth1>{{cite book |editor=Walker, P.M.B.|year=1988 |title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology |publisher=W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press |chapter=Entry for Race}}</ref> The term is also used for domesticated animals, see [[landrace]].<ref name=Wordsworth1/> |
Revision as of 03:36, 17 June 2015
In biological classification, a race, as a social concept, is an informal taxonomic rank, below the level of a species. It is used as a higher rank than strain, with several strains making up one race.[1][2]
Complications and various definitions of the concept
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts. For example Tomatoes are legally classified as vegetables, but they are fruits.
Races may be distinct phenotypic populations within the same species, or they may be defined in other ways.[3] The term is also used for domesticated animals, see landrace.[3]
Races are defined according to any identifiable characteristic, and also by gene frequencies.[4] "Race differences are relative, not absolute".[4]
- A physiological race, or forma specialis is a group of individuals that do not necessarily differ in morphology from other members of the species, but have identifiably different physiology or habits.[5] Parasitic species frequently have races that are adapted to different hosts.[5]
- Geographic races are geographically isolated from one another and may or may not be morphologically identifiable.[3] They are said to be allopatric.[4]
- Chromosomal races have different karyotypes, i.e., different chromosome numbers (ploidy), or different chromosome structure.[4]
Race vs. subspecies
If the races are sufficiently different or if they have been tested to show little genetic connection regardless of phenotype, two or more groups/races can be identified as subspecies or another infraspecific rank, and given a name. According to Ernst W. Mayr, "a subspecies is a geographic race that is sufficiently different taxonomically to be worthy of a separate name."[6][7]
See also
- History of ideas
- Sociology of scientific knowledge
- Racism
- Scientific racism
- Cultivar
- Several meanings of "plant variety (disambiguation)"
- Landrace
- Breed
- Gene pool
- Genetic isolate
- Founder effect
- Genetic drift
- Ring species
- Cryptic species
- Phylogenetic nomenclature
References
- ^ Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M.W.; Menken, S.B.J. (1993). "Host race formation in Tetranychus urticae: genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 68 (2): 171–178. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ I. Buddenhagen (2009). "Understanding Strain Diversity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and History of Introduction of 'Tropical Race 4' To Better Manage Banana Production". ISHS Acta Horticulturae. 828: 193–204.
- ^ a b c Walker, P.M.B., ed. (1988). "Entry for Race". The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology. W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c d Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M.M. (1968). A glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9780387076683.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Walker, P.M.B., ed. (1988). "Entry for Physiological Race". The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology. W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Ernst Mayr (1970). Populations, Species, and Evolution: An Abridgment of Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-69013-3.
- ^ Ernst Mayr. The Biology of Race and the Concept of Equality. Daedalus, Winter 2002, pp.89-94.