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Revision as of 20:24, 18 September 2007
Part of a series of articles on the |
Raëlian movement |
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Doctrines |
Raëlian beliefs and practices concern the concepts and principles of the Raëlian Church, the religious mission of Claude Vorilhon, a former French auto racing journalist.[1][2] Followers of Raëlianism, the Raëlians, are adherents to individualism and sexual self-determination.[3] They believe that geniuses[4] will allow humanity to attain a golden age of wealth and peace predicted by the main religions.[5] Raëlians believe that advanced extraterrestrials are the origin of all life and are capable of an indefinite lifespan through successive bodies.[6] The claim of Raëlian bishop Brigitte Boisselier, that project Clonaid led to the birth of a human clone, fostered a worldwide debate amplified by the media.[7]
The major initiation rite in the Raëlian Church is the baptism or Transmission of the Cellular Plan and is enacted by upper level members in the Raëlian clergy known as guides.[8] Raëlians have meetings of members and non-members in seminars where a non-ascetic or sensual meditation is encouraged.[9] Active followers of Raëlianism exhibit their anti-war views and sex-positive feminist culture through outdoor contacts and parades.[10][11]
Beliefs
Extraterrestrial Elohim
According to the book The Message Given to me by Extra-terrestrials (now republished as Intelligent Design: Message from the Designers 2006 ISBN 2940252203), Claude Vorilhon found a spacecraft shaped like a flattened bell that landed inside Puy de Lassolas, a volcano near the capital city of Auvergne in December 13, 1973. A 25,000-year-old extraterrestrial inside the spacecraft named Yahweh said that Elohim was the name that primitive people of Earth called members of his race—who were seen as "those who came from the sky". Yahweh explained that Earth was originally void of life, with thick clouds and shallow seas, but the Elohim came, broke apart the clouds, exposed the seas to sunlight, built a continent, and synthesized a global ecosystem. Solar astronomy, terraformation, nanotechnology, and genetic engineering allowed Elohim to adapt life to Earth's thermal and chemical makeup.[12]
Yahweh gave materialistic explanations of the Garden of Eden, a large laboratory that was based on a terraformed continent,[13] Noah's Ark, a spaceship that preserved DNA that was used to resurrect animals through cloning,[14][15] the Tower of Babel, a rocket that was to reach the creators planet,[16] and the Great Flood, the byproduct of a nuclear missile explosion that the Elohim sent.[17] After tidal wave floods following the explosions receded, Elohim scattered the Israelites and had them speak the language of other tribes.[18]
According to Vorilhon, Elohim contacted about forty people to act as their prophets on Earth,[19] including Moses, Elijah, Ezekiel, Mahavira, Buddha, John the Baptist, Jesus, Muhammad, Joseph Smith, and Bahá'u'lláh.[20] The religions thought to be from Elohimic origins include Hinduism, Judaism, Jainism, Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam, Mormonism, and Bahá'í.[20] From the Raëlian point of view, religious texts indicate that the Elohim would return at the age of Apocalypse or Revelation (unveiling of the truth). Humans from another world would appear to drop down from the sky and meet in the embassy they have asked Raël to build for them and share their advanced scientific knowledge with humanity. Thus, one of their stated main goals of the Raëlian movement is to inform as many people as possible about this extraterrestrial race.[21]
Love and individualism
According to the book Maitreya by Claude Vorilhon, love involves experiencing different varieties and possibilities that allow one to break habits in order to make life more pleasant and interesting[22] and that it is the only thing which can stop war and injustice that persists in today's world.[23] Raëlians welcome the differences offered by science of the future including genetically modified food[24] and nanotechnology[25] which they believe will allow humankind to eliminate the obligation to work, in a world that embraces science and technology.[26]
They gave us a message saying there is no god, no soul, we have been created in a laboratory and science is love and love is science, we must be friendly with all living species, whatever they look like. There are civilizations out there watching us and they certainly don’t want to land here since we are still killing each other because of skin color [or religious beliefs]. They are too afraid to come here [...][27]
— Raelian Contact 307, in 30px, 30px, Raël (Claude Vorilhon)
The right to form new ideological paradigms is given as long the paradigms are non-violent.[28] Internal moderation of sensitivity is recommended, for everything that one does, including what one tells others, lead to natural consequences, so those who trigger negative reactions should be held more accountable then the ones who give the order to do so[29] but not through "eye for an eye" punishments.[30]
Accountability assumes the ability to break certain habits in order to increase appreciation of one's surroundings.[31] Raëlians claim that by practicing oxygenating breathing exercises it becomes easier to unlearn these habitual responses.[32] In Raëlian meditation, the meditator controls the setting[33] and increases body awareness.[34]
Raëlians say they encourage adult homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual relationships and that society should recognize them legally.[35] However, government authorities such as those in Switzerland fear that Raëlians are a threat to public morals for supporting liberalized sex education for children. The authorities are concerned that the proposed liberalized sex education, which teaches children how to obtain sexual gratification, encourages adults to have intercourse with underage children.[36] The Raëlians disagree with them on what the consequences of teaching children to obtain sexual pleasure would be and say that proper sex education would involve both parents and their children to protect them from pedophiles.[37]
World development
According to the book Geniocracy, the idealized political framework for a worldwide political union is one advocating problem-solving and creative intelligence as criteria for regional governance. While having a democratic electoral apparatus, it differs from traditional liberal democracy by requiring members of the electorate to meet a minimum standard of intelligence. The thresholds proposed by the Raëlians are 50% above the average mean for an electoral candidate and 10% above the average mean for an elector.[38] Raëlians believe that a world government is only possible by the establishment of a global currency, a common language,[39] and transformation of militaries of the world into civil police.[39] An anti-cult organization called Info-Cult argued that Geniocracy was a fascist ideology.[40]
According to Raëlianism, if humanity saves itself from nuclear annihilation, it will be able to create life on other planets. Like the Elohim leaders, teams of humans may travel the distances between stars[41] and establish ecology on another planet.[42] Progress in terraformation, molecular biology,[43] and cloning would enable these teams to create continents and life from scratch.[44] Progress in social engineering would ensure that this creation would have a better chance of both surviving as well as having the potential to understand its creators.[45] Research on how globalization would occur on another planet would allow scientists to decide what traces of their origin should be left behind in the case that most dexterous of their creation decides to search for evidence of their origin according to a logical order of discovery.[46] For example, the most intelligent among the creation may reject spontaneous generation and support the ideas primordial soup or biogenesis. The progress would lead to a sustainable infinite chain of biological creations.[47]
Human cloning
In the scientific community, reproductive cloning refers only to the creation of a genetically identical living thing. "Genetically identical" does not mean altogether identical; this kind of cloning does not reproduce a living thing's memories or experiences, for example. However, in discussions of Raëlianism, cloning sometimes seems to refer not only to reproductive cloning, but also reproductive human cloning plus mind and/or brain transfer, or to a process of making adult clones.[48] Raëlians take this even further and say that humanity can attain eternal life through the science of cloning.[49]
According to the book Yes to Human Cloning, the first stage of this extended cloning process is creating a human embryo through human cloning. The second step is causing the clone to mature faster than normal. Raël says that in the future, scientists will discover an "accelerated-growth process"[50] in which a process like guided self-assembly of rapidly expanded cells or even nanotechnological assembly of a whole human body can form in a very short time.[49] The third stage is the transfer of memory and personality from the original person to the mature clone.[49] Bill Bondeson, a University of Missouri medical ethics professor said it was preposterous that the clone could have the same personality and memory as the original. He says that the individuals will be different from the cloned babies, and finds that downloading memory and personality into the fresh clone as a practical impossibility in the early stage of cloning.[51]
Raëlians do not believe in reincarnation as dictated by mystical writings because they do not believe that an ethereal soul exists free of physical confinement.[52] The book Yes to Human Cloning defines soul as primitive man's term for DNA.[53] Raëlians claim that in the final stages of development, hitherto unknown information contained within undamaged DNA would be enough to bring someone back,[54] including memories and personality.[55][51] Vorilhon says that a small sample could be taken from someone's body and preserved at the time when the level of the brain's efficiency and knowledge is highest, and on the day of death, a cell could be taken from the sample to be used in order to recreate the whole being with memories and personality.[56] Prior to the final stage, reincarnation would require a recording of the individual's mind, for use in mind transfer into an adult clone body.[49]
Raëlian believe in advanced supercomputers of the Elohim that record the memories and DNA of human beings.[57] Raëlians believe that when the Elohim decide to come to Earth, information containing the personality and memories of people will allow scientists on Earth to resurrect them. People will receive knowledge of their judgment based on what they did during their life. People excluded from physical recreation are those who achieved nothing positive but were not evil.[58]
Vorilhon expressed an interest in cloning Hitler for war trials and retroactive punishment.[59] Raël also mentioned cloning as the solution to terrorism by suicide attacks, as the perpetrators would not be able to escape punishment by killing themselves if the Elohim recreated them after their attacks.[51]
He recently supported Clonaid's claim that an American woman underwent a cloning procedure, which led to the birth of her new daughter Eve in December 26, 2002. National authorities, mainstream media, and young adults have increasingly investigated the church's activities because of controversial statements by Clonaid's head Brigitte Boisselier the day after. The Clonaid claims led to a worldwide debate[7] and condemnation by religious leaders.[60]
Dr Donald Bruce, the Director of the Church of Scotland's Society, Religion and Technology Project thinks that the risks of cloning human beings is unacceptable and that it is unethical to clone human beings. He notes that the claims are dubious due to lack of evidence.[61] Claude Vorilhon told lawmakers that banning the development of human cloning is comparable to outlawing medical advances such "antibiotics, blood transfusions, and vaccines."[40]
University of Wisconsin bioethicist Alta Charo said that even in other ape-like mammals, the risk for miscarriage, birth defects, and life problems remains high. Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technologies said that Clonaid has no record of accomplishment for cloning anything, but he said that if Clonaid actually succeeded, there would be public unrest that may lead to the banning of therapeutic cloning, which has the capacity to cure millions of patients. The Vatican said that the claims expressed a mentality that was brutal and lacked ethical consideration. The White House was also critical of the claims.[62]
CNN reported on January 23, 2003 that many scientists expected that any human clone would encounter health problems. Scientists knew that many cloned animals suffer arthritis and ailments with the lungs and liver, and they were concerned that too many unanswered questions surround the prospect of cloning of humans safely. Clonaid set up press conferences in which they described their method of cloning, but they did not give any details.[63]
Practices and history
Throughout the History of Raëlism, members of the Raelian Church have advocated the use of condoms, birth control, masturbation, meditation, genetically modified organisms, and human cloning.[64] Raëlians have founded projects such as Clonaid, for human cloning, and Clitoraid, for repairing genitally mutilated clitorises.[65] Raëlians are also believers of the Raëlian movement's version of its history as described in the books written by Claude Vorilhon. Vorilhon, other Raëlians, and their critics have characterized Raëlianism as atheistic because of its belief that there is no God.[66][67]
Initiation
The transmission of the cellular plan is a Raëlian practice beginning with 40 transmissions done by Raël in "the first Sunday in April"[68] of 1976.[69] This Raëlian baptism involves a guide member laying water onto the forehead of the new member.[70] However instead of saving an ethereal soul, Raëlians believe a computer records the action. They believe the Elohim extraterrestrials judge them for participating in the baptism, which becomes a factor in the initiate's final hour of judgment.[71]
Canadian sociologist Susan J. Palmer says that in 1979, Raël introduced the "Act of Apostasy" as an obligation for those preparing for their Raëlian baptism.[72] CTV Television Network states that apostasy from other religions is required for new Raëlian members.[73] Joining the Raëlian Church through transmission of the cellular plan happens only in certain days of the year. There are four such days—marking important anniversaries in the Raëlian calendar.[74]
The first ceremonial date is August 6, which marks the anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945.[75] This is not to be confused with a celebration of the bombing, since Raëlians view events like Hiroshima as events common to socially primitive but intellectually developed societies in the universe. They believe societies that find enough energy to reproduce across star systems, will guarantee their own self-destruction if they become too violent—without ever being able to reach planets in other star systems.[75] The second date is December 13, 1973, the day that Raël says he had his first personal encounter with one of the extraterrestrial Elohim.[76] The third is October 7, 1975, in which the Elohim, Raël says, took him up in a spacecraft and the following day had meals with Jesus Christ, Buddha, and other past religious figures.[77] The last anniversary that Palmer gives is the first Sunday in April, which Raëlians believe is the date when dark-skinned extraterrestrials created Adam and Eve.[74][78]
Sensual seminars
While there are smaller meetings of Raëlians and non-Raëlians, annual Raëlian seminars are typically larger.[79][80][81] Music is a feature of large gatherings, where at night, Raëlians have multiethnic cabaret performances.[68] A few weeks after the Clonaid claims of cloning a human being, the Washington Post stated that in Raëlian seminars, people use colored bracelets to indicate whether they want to be alone, be in a couple, or simply meet people.[82] Each seminar, which takes place over several days, has structure members organizing a group meditation exercise called sensual meditation.
James R. Lewis—an authority on fringe religious movements—speaks of Raëlians who practice sensual meditation discovering "playing fields" where "radical self-reconstruction," "new forms of authority," and "new modes of self-relating" are encouraged.[9] The seminars attract a diverse mix of sexually adventurous people.[83] Susan J. Palmer said a French journalist went to a Raëlian Seminar in 1991 and taped couples having sexual intercourse in tents. These tapes gained widespread negative publicity—with news stories describing these practices as perverted and a form of brainwashing.[40]
KNBC called the annual Raëlian seminars "a cross between a nudist camp and new-age retreat."[84] According to Agence France-Presse, a reporter from a Spanish television station saw Raëlians who crawled around in cross-dressing plays in which both sexes are participants.[85] Activities such as observations of one's private parts and masturbation with them disturbed Brigitte McCann, a Calgary Sun reporter who entered one of the Raëlian seminars.[86]
In 2005, a Wired news report said that two young adults named Abdullah Hashem and Joseph McGowen were welcomed into a Raëlian seminar and had permission to videotape it. Hashem believes the footage they took makes it clear that the Raelian Movement is a cult that should disband. However, a Raëlian guide said in a Wired interview that he was not ashamed of the activities displayed in the video.[87][88]
Parading and exhibits
Raëlian structure members have set up exhibitions about their beliefs of extraterrestrial intelligent designers sending crop circles,[89] UFOs, and spaceships for their arrival at an embassy.[90] Traditional and non-traditional media have photographed Raëlians in parades. For example, a picture from the Associated Press showed an anti-war rally in Seoul, Korea accommodating Raëlians who wear pasties.[10] Agence France-Presse was surveying anti-war rallies around the world when they found Raëlians in white alien costumes who held signs that said "NO WAR" and "ET wants Peace, too!".[11] In Pasadena, California on November 20, 2004, the participation of Raëlians in the Doo Dah Parade was reported on the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin.[91] Non-traditional media has posted photos of the Raëlian UFO float in different years, including 2003,[92] 2004,[93] 2005,[94][95] and 2006.[96][97][98] Raëlians have also been reported in Nevada's Burning Man festival of 2006, as verified on the Burning Man website, mentioned in Raelian Contact Newsletter #321, and photographed on Flickr.[99][100][101]
See also
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References
- ^ AutoPop, la revue des pilotes Raël : Messie ou Menteur ?. Retrieved 20 June 2007
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, pp. 135-6.
- ^ Raël, Sensual Meditation
- ^ Raël, Geniocracy
- ^ Judaism: Olam Haba; Christianity: Kingdom of God; Islam: Jannah; Mormonism: Celestial kingdom; Bahá'í Faith: New world order
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design
- ^ a b THE CLONING DEBATE, MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. 27 December 2002. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- ^ Palmer, p. 58–9.
- ^ a b Lewis, p. 133.
- ^ a b raelity show, Associated Press. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ a b Translation: Global anti-war rallies map series, Agence France-Presse. 15 March 2003. Retrieved 13 March 2007. Cite error: The named reference "Translation: Global anti-war rallies map series" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 11–15.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 279.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, pp. 20–22.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, pp. 240–242, 280, 332.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, 22.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 20.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, pp. 22, 23.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 165.
- ^ a b Carter, Glenn, Glenn Carter's Raëlian Webpage, Glenncarter.com. Retrieved 12 March, 2007.
- ^ An Embassy for Extraterrestrials, International Raelian Movement. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
- ^ Raël, Maitreya, pp. 19, 71, 99, 182, 251.
- ^ Raël, Maitreya, pp. 18, 165.
- ^ Raël, Yes to Human Cloning, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Raël, Yes to Human Cloning, pp. 69–74.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 156.
- ^ WORDS of OUR BELOVED PROPHET, Raelian Contact 307. 4 May 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
- ^ Raël, Maitreya. The Raelian Foundation, 2003.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 321.
- ^ Raël, Maitreya, pp. 145, 164.
- ^ Raël, Sensual Meditation, p. 66.
- ^ Raël, Sensual Meditation, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Raël, Sensual Meditation, p. 88.
- ^ Raël, Sensual Meditation, pp. 98–100.
- ^ Left Clones, National Review. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Cult leader Rael denied residence in Switzerland, Agence France-Presse. 19 February 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ Pedophilia accusations are pure discrimination, Raelianews.org. 23 August 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Rael, Geniocracy. The Raelian Foundation, 2004.
- ^ a b Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 100.
- ^ a b c Susan J. Palmer, The Rael Deal, Religion in the News, Summer 2001, Vol. 4, No. 2.
- ^ Raël, p. 159.
- ^ Raël, p. 70.
- ^ Raël, p. 293.
- ^ Raël, p. 50.
- ^ Raël, p. 153.
- ^ Raël, p. 280.
- ^ Raël, p. 91.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 366.
- ^ a b c d Raël, Yes to Human Cloning, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Sect leader: Cloning is just the beginning, Cable News Network. 31 December 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
- ^ a b c Cloning solution to terrorism, some say, The Maneater. 21 September 2001. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, pp. 154–5.
- ^ Raël, Yes to Human Cloning, p. 113.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 167.
- ^ Raël, Geniocracy, pp. 47, 78.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 109.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 171.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 214.
- ^ CULT BIDS TO CLONE HITLER FOR WAR TRIAL, Daily Record. 9 August 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2007.
- ^ Religious Leaders Condemn Report of Cloned Baby, CNN. 29 December 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
- ^ Cloned baby claim met with doubt, BBC NEWS. 27 December 2002. Retrieved 30 September 2006.
- ^ CNN.com - Clonaid: Baby 'clone' returns home - Jan. 1, 2003, CNN. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Clonaid says it's cloned first boy, CNN. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Broughton, Philip D. Promise of as much sex as you want and everlasting life, The Daily Telegraph. 31 December 2002. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ Raelian effort to promote sponsorship of clitorises, Clitoraid.org. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
- ^ Raelians and Cloning: Are They for Real?, CESNUR.com. 16 January 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
- ^ Who are the raelians?, Time Magazine. 4 January 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
- ^ a b Palmer, p. 58. Cite error: The named reference "Palmer, p. 62." was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Palmer, p. 58.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 334.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 175.
- ^ Palmer, p. 60.
- ^ Paredes, Noelle, The Raelians: Roots, beliefs and future plans, CTV Television Network. 27 December 2002. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
- ^ a b Palmer, p. 64.
- ^ a b Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 151. Cite error: The named reference "Raël, Intelligent Design, p. 151." was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, pp. 4, 121–2, 136, 143, 223.
- ^ Raël, Intelligent Design, pp. 145–178.
- ^ RaelAfrica.org, RaelAfrica.org. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
- ^ Raëlian Seminars in the Americas, The International Raëlian Movement. Retrieved August 6 2006.
- ^ Raëlian Seminars in Asia, The International Raëlian Movement. Retrieved August 6 2006.
- ^ Raëlian Seminars in Europe, The International Raëlian Movement. Retrieved August 6 2006.
- ^ Brown, DeNeen L., The Leader of UFO Land, Washington Post. 17 January 2003. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
- ^ The Sexual Messiah, National Post. 7 August 1999. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ 'Clone Baby' & Raelians, NBC 4 Los Angeles. 5 May 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Sensual seminars” and flying saucers, Agence France-Presse. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ McCann, Brigittee, 'GET UNDRESSED', Calgary Sun. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
- ^ Philipkoski, Kristen, Some Sex With Your Clone Perhaps?, Wired News. 31 August 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ A VERY SPECIAL SEMINAR IN LAS VEGAS, Raelian Contact 273. May 26 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2007. (French, raelianews.org version)
- ^ Bourgeaux, Par Pierre, CROP-CIRCLES in the Streets of Switzerland, Raelian Contact 309. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
- ^ Raëlian Exhibitions in Japan, (West) Japanese Raëlian Movement. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
- ^ Pasadena's "other" parade to slink down street Sunday, Inland Valley Daily Bulletin. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007. (highlight)
- ^ Doodah Parade 2003, Cruftbox.com. 2003. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
- ^ Doo Dah Parade, Stephan.com. 11 November 2004. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Doodah Parade, Flickr.com. 20 November 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ rael, Flickr.com. 25 November 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Scenes from the Doo Dah Parade, psychedelicatessen. 21 November 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Some Things I Like About The Doo Dah Parade, Asymptotia. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ Same Street, Different Parade, Support4Change Blog. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
- ^ Embassy For Extra-Terrestrials, Burning Man. 2006. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ Lara, RAELIANS BUILD EMBASSY AT BURNINGMAN, Raelian Contact 321. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ 20094-burning-man-2006 - The Raelians flying saucer, Flickr.com. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
Cited texts
- Lewis, James R. The Gods Have Landed: New Religions from Other Worlds SUNY Press, 1995. ISBN 0791423298.
- Palmer, Susan J. Aliens Adored. Rutgers University Press, 2004. ISBN 0813534763.
- Raël, Intelligent Design. Nova Distribution, 2006. ISBN 2940252203.
- Raël, Maitreya. The Raelian Foundation, 2003.
- Raël, Yes to Human Cloning: Immortality Thanks to Science. Tagman Press, 2001. ISBN 1-903571-05-7; ISBN 1-903571-04-9.
Further reading
- The 2005 novel The Possibility of an Island - (translated by Gavin Bowd, original title La Possibilité d'une île) by the French writer, Michel Houellebecq is seen by reviewers as a description of Raëlism in the future.[1]
- Palmer, Susan J. Aliens Adored. Rutgers University Press, 2002.
- Raël, Geniocracy. The Raelian Foundation, 2004.
- Raël, La géniocratie. L'Edition du message, 1977. ISBN 2883950032.
- Raël, Sensual Meditation. Tagman Press, 2001.
External links
- Who are the Raelians? David Chazan, BBC News 2002.
- ^ Houellebecq, prêtre honoraire du mouvement raëlien, Le Nouvel Observateur. 19 October 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2006.