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{{Short description|Dessert}} |
{{Short description|Dessert}} |
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{{Infobox prepared food |
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'''Pumpkin pie''' is a |
'''Pumpkin pie''' is a dessert pie with a spiced, [[pumpkin]]-based [[custard]] filling. The pumpkin and pumpkin pie are both a symbol of harvest time,<ref>{{cite book | last=Damerow | first=G. | title=The Perfect Pumpkin: Growing/Cooking/Carving | publisher=Storey Publishing, LLC | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-60342-741-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x3pt_qZxOkC&pg=PA9 | access-date=March 31, 2022 | page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ott | first=C. | last2=Cronon | first2=W. | title=Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon | publisher=University of Washington Press | series=Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-295-80444-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJkcpAHkKHMC&pg=PR11 | access-date=March 31, 2022 | page=11}}</ref> and pumpkin pie is generally eaten during the fall and early winter. In the United States and Canada it is usually prepared for [[Thanksgiving]],<ref>Rombauer, I. S and M.R. Becker. 1980. The Joy of Cooking. Bobs-Merrill Company, New York City.</ref> and other occasions when pumpkin is in season. |
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The pie's filling ranges in color from orange to brown and is baked in a single pie shell, rarely with a top crust. The pie is generally flavored with |
The pie's filling ranges in color from orange to brown and is baked in a single pie shell, rarely with a top crust. The pie is generally flavored with a spice mixture known as [[pumpkin pie spice]]. The pie is prepared using fresh cooked pumpkin and also canned and prepared (pre-cooked) pumpkin. |
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==Overview== |
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The pie is often made from [[Canning|canned]] pumpkin or packaged pumpkin pie filling (spices included), mainly from varieties of ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]''. |
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Pies made from pumpkins typically use pie pumpkins, also known as sugar pumpkins, which measure about {{convert|6|to|8|in|cm|abbr=off}} in diameter, approximately the size of a large grapefruit.<ref name="Daley 2001 p. 331">{cite book | last=Daley | first=R. | title=In the Sweet Kitchen: The Definitive Baker's Companion | publisher=Artisan | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-57965-208-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hm09yx6RDMC&pg=PA331 | access-date=March 31, 2022 | page=331}}</ref> They are considerably smaller than the typically larger varieties used to carve [[jack o'lantern]]s, contain significantly less pulp, and have a less stringy texture.<ref name="Daley 2001 p. 331"/> The flesh is cooked until soft and puréed before being blended with the other ingredients. |
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==Preparation== |
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⚫ | The pulp is mixed with eggs, evaporated or sweetened [[condensed milk]], sugar, and a spice mixture called [[pumpkin pie spice]]. This typically includes [[cinnamon]], powdered [[ginger]], [[nutmeg]], and [[clove]]s. [[Allspice]] is also commonly used and can replace the clove and nutmeg, as its flavor is similar to both combined. [[Cardamom]] and [[vanilla]] are also sometimes used as batter spices. The pie is then baked in a pie shell and sometimes topped with [[whipped cream]].<ref>Galarza, Daniela (November 9, 2021). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2021/11/09/pumpkin-tassies-recipe/ "These mini pumpkin pies taste like fall, thanks to a trio of spices"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved March 28,2022.</ref> Similar pies are made with [[butternut squash]] or [[sweet potato]] fillings.<ref>[https://www.timeinc.net/southernliving/food/entertaining/old-fashioned-pies-cobblers-recipes%3Fsource%3Ddam ]{{dead link|date=January 2018}}</ref> |
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Pies made from pumpkins use pie pumpkins which measure about {{convert|6|to|8|in|cm|abbr=off}} in diameter.<ref name=realpumpkin /> They are considerably smaller than varieties used to carve [[jack o'lantern]]s. The flesh is cooked until soft and puréed before being blended with the other ingredients. |
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The pie is often made from [[Canning|canned]] pumpkin,<ref>{{cite web | author=Denenberg, Zoe | title=We Tasted 5 Grocery Store Pumpkin Purees, But Libby's Still Captured Our Hearts | website=[[Southern Living]] | date=November 7, 2019 | url=https://www.southernliving.com/food/veggies/squash/pumpkin/libbys-canned-pumpkin-taste-test | access-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> which is prepared mainly from varieties of ''[[Cucurbita pepo]]'' and ''[[Cucurbita maxima]]''.<ref name="U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2020">{{cite web | title=CPG Sec 585.725 "Pumpkin" | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=February 10, 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-585725-pumpkin-labeling-articles-made-certain-varieties-squash | access-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> Packaged pumpkin pie filling with spices included is also used. A December 1988 report by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] found that canned pumpkin products sometimes have sweet squash mixed in with the pumpkin, "to obtain the same texture that is well-liked by consumers."<ref name="U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2020"/><ref name="Gonzalez 2021">{{cite web | last=Gonzalez | first=Ana | title=Does canned pumpkin contain real pumpkin? We went to the grocery store to find out. | website=KPRC | date=September 10, 2021 | url=https://www.click2houston.com/features/2021/09/10/does-canned-pumpkin-contain-real-pumpkin-we-went-to-the-grocery-store-to-find-out/ | access-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The pulp is mixed with |
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⚫ | Many modern companies produce seasonal pumpkin pie-flavored products such as candy, [[cheesecake]], coffee, ice cream, [[french toast]], [[waffle]]s and pancakes, and many breweries produce a seasonal pumpkin ale or [[beer]]; these are generally not flavored with pumpkins, but rather pumpkin pie spices. Commercially made pumpkin pie mix is made from ''[[Cucurbita pepo]]'', ''[[Cucurbita maxima]]'', and ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]''. (Libby Select uses the Select Dickinson Pumpkin variety of ''C. moschata'' for its canned pumpkins.)<ref name="richardsonrw">{{cite web|last=Richardson|first=R. W.|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/squash95.pdf|title=Squash and Pumpkin|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System|access-date=November 23, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160527/http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/squash95.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ufl">{{cite web|last=Stephens|first=James M. |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv116|title=Pumpkin — Cucurbita spp.|publisher=[[University of Florida]]|access-date=November 23, 2014}}</ref><ref name="baggett">{{cite web|last=Baggett|first=J. R.|title=Attempts to Cross ''Cucurbita moschata'' (Duch.) Poir. 'Butternut' and ''C. pepo'' L. 'Delicata'|url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc02/cgc2-19.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906114750/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc02/cgc2-19.html|archive-date=September 6, 2006|access-date=November 23, 2014|publisher=[[North Carolina State University]]}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Pastel de calabaza.jpg|thumb|left|A slice of homemade pumpkin pie with whipped cream]] |
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The pumpkin is native to |
The pumpkin is native to [[North America]]. The pumpkin was an early export to France; from there it was introduced to [[Tudor England]], and the flesh of the "pompion" was quickly accepted as pie filler. During the seventeenth century, pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks, such as Hannah Woolley's ''The Gentlewoman's Companion'' (1675).<ref name="Andrew F. Smith">Andrew F. Smith, [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t170.e0724 "Pumpkins"], ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America''. Ed. Gordon Campbell. [[Oxford University Press]], 2003. Saint Mary's College of California. December 21, 2011.</ref><ref>Woolley, Hannah, ''The Gentlewoman's Companion'' ..., 3rd ed. (London, England: Edward Thomas, 1682), [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-NmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false "Pumpion pye", pp. 220–221.]</ref> Pumpkin "pies" made by early [[American colonists]] were more likely to be [[squash soup|a savory soup]] made and served in a pumpkin<ref>{{Cite episode |title=American Classic IX: Pumpkin Pie|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/videos/whole-pumpkin-soup-0166418.html|series=[[Good Eats]]}}</ref> than a sweet custard in a crust. |
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It was not until the early nineteenth century that the recipes appeared in Canadian<ref name="cptraill">{{cite book |last1=Traill |first1=C.P. |title=The Canadian Settler's Guide |date=1855 |publisher=The Old Countryman Office |location=Toronto |page=128 |url=http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.37099/130?r=0&s=1 |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> and American cookbooks<ref name="Andrew F. Smith" /> or pumpkin pie became a common addition to the [[Thanksgiving dinner]].<ref name="Andrew F. Smith" /> The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England,<ref>{{cite web|last=Colquhoun|first=Kate|date=December 24, 2007|title=A Dessert With a Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/24/opinion/24colquhoun.html?th&emc=th|access-date=December 4, 2010| |
It was not until the early nineteenth century that the recipes appeared in Canadian<ref name="cptraill">{{cite book |last1=Traill |first1=C.P. |title=The Canadian Settler's Guide |date=1855 |publisher=The Old Countryman Office |location=Toronto |page=128 |url=http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.37099/130?r=0&s=1 |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref> and American cookbooks<ref name="Andrew F. Smith" /> or that pumpkin pie became a common addition to the [[Thanksgiving dinner]].<ref name="Andrew F. Smith" /> The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England,<ref>{{cite web|last=Colquhoun|first=Kate|date=December 24, 2007|title=A Dessert With a Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/24/opinion/24colquhoun.html?th&emc=th|access-date=December 4, 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> while the English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course. In the 19th century, the English pumpkin pie was prepared by stuffing the pumpkin with apples, spices, and sugar and then baking it whole.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5E5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA113 |title=Reports on the herbaceous plants and on the quadrupeds of Massachusetts |year=1840}}</ref><ref name="loc">{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/squash.html|title=How did the squash get its name?|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=September 15, 2013}}</ref> In the United States after the Civil War, the pumpkin pie was resisted in southern states as a symbol of Yankee culture imposed on the south, where there was no tradition of eating pumpkin pie.<ref name=knoebel/> Many southern cooks instead made [[sweet potato pie]], or added bourbon and pecans to give a southern touch.<ref name=knoebel>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/thanksgiving-pumpkin-pie-culture-war |title=How Pumpkin Pie Sparked a 19th-Century Culture War |work=[[Atlas Obscura]] |first1=Ariel |last1=Knoebel|date=November 21, 2017 |access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> |
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Today, throughout much of Canada and the United States, it is traditional to serve pumpkin pie after Thanksgiving dinner.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Snell | first=Rachel | title=As North American as Pumpkin Pie: Cookbooks and the Development of National Cuisine in North America, 1796-1854 – Cuizine | journal=Cuizine: The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures / Cuizine : revue des cultures culinaires au Canada | volume=5 | issue=2 | date=October 7, 2014 | issn=1918-5480 | url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/cuizine/2014-v5-n2-cuizine01533/1026771ar/ | access-date=March 28, 2022 | page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ott | first=C. | last2=Cronon | first2=W. | title=Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon | publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] | series=Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-295-80444-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJkcpAHkKHMC&pg=PR5 | access-date=March 28, 2022 | page=5}}</ref> |
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Pumpkin pies were discouraged from Thanksgiving dinners in the United States in 1947 as part of a voluntary egg [[rationing]] campaign promoted by the [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman Administration]], mainly because of the eggs used in the recipe.<ref name="Humes 2009">{{cite web|url=https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/the-way-we-ate-the-year-harry-truman-passed-on-pumpkin-pie/|title=The Way We Ate: The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie|first=Michele|last=Humes|work=Diner's Journal|publisher=The New York Times|date=November 23, 2009|access-date=November 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name="fox61.com 2019">{{cite web | title=Thanksgiving, Truman and turkey: Here’s how Americans almost had a turkey-free holiday | website=fox61.com | date=November 28, 2019 | url=https://www.fox61.com/article/news/thanksgiving-truman-and-turkey-heres-how-americans-almost-had-a-turkey-free-holiday/520-0cff3184-bdc5-47c6-b105-f1ba56567d4e | access-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> This was a part of President Truman's Citizen’s Food Committee task force, designed to ration food consumption in the United States in hopes to provide more foreign food assistance to Europe post World War II.<ref name="fox61.com 2019"/>{{efn|"Eggless and Poultryless Thursdays, Meatless Tuesdays and a rather more vague Wasteless Everyday were the inventions of the Citizens Food Committee, the president’s new foreign-aid task force. Charged with conserving 100 million bushels of grain for redistribution in war-ravaged Europe, the committee had concluded that the most efficient solution lay in reducing the consumption of meat and eggs."<ref name="Humes 2009"/>}} Part of the campaign included an "Egg-less & Poultry-less Thursday", which began in October 1947, and with Thanksgiving Day always occurring on a Thursday, a considerable number of American consumers backlashed against this.<ref name="fox61.com 2019"/> Truman was true to his word, and no pumpkin pie was served at the [[White House]] for Thanksgiving in 1947.{{efn|"However, the National Egg Board and National Poultry Board lobbied Truman to stop promoting his plan, and he eventually relented. While forgiving turkey, eggs remained banned on Thursdays for the rest of the year, so there was no pumpkin pie served at the White House that year."<ref name="HHJ Online">{{cite web | title=Turkey became the Thanksgiving tradition | website=HHJ Online | url=https://hhjonline.com/turkey-became-the-thanksgiving-tradition-p10601-95.htm | access-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref>}} |
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Pumpkin pies were discouraged from Thanksgiving dinners in 1947 as part of a rationing campaign, mainly because of the eggs in the recipe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/the-way-we-ate-the-year-harry-truman-passed-on-pumpkin-pie/|title=The Way We Ate: The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie|first=Michele|last=Humes|work=Diner's Journal|publisher=The New York Times|date=November 23, 2009|access-date=November 17, 2017}}</ref> |
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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[[File:ForkPumpkinPie.jpg|thumb|A slice of home-made pumpkin pie]] |
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===Poetry=== |
===Poetry=== |
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*[[Lydia Maria Child]]'s Thanksgiving poem "[[Over the River and Through the Wood]]" (1844) references pumpkin pie in one of its verses: "Hurrah for the fun! Is the pudding done? / Hurrah for the pumpkin pie!" |
*[[Lydia Maria Child]]'s Thanksgiving poem "[[Over the River and Through the Wood]]" (1844) references pumpkin pie in one of its verses: "Hurrah for the fun! Is the pudding done? / Hurrah for the pumpkin pie!" |
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What moistens the lip and what brightens the eye,<br /> |
What moistens the lip and what brightens the eye,<br /> |
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What calls back the past, like the rich Pumpkin pie?}} |
What calls back the past, like the rich Pumpkin pie?}} |
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===Songs=== |
===Songs=== |
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*[[Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann]] and [[George Frederick Cameron]] wrote the song "Farewell O Fragrant Pumpkin Pie" in the [[opera]] ''[[Leo, the Royal Cadet]]'' (1889):<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_06551 |title=Leo, the Royal cadet [microform] : Cameron, George Frederick, 1854-1885 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |date=March 10, 2001 |access-date=August 19, 2010| |
*[[Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann]] and [[George Frederick Cameron]] wrote the song "Farewell O Fragrant Pumpkin Pie" in the [[opera]] ''[[Leo, the Royal Cadet]]'' (1889):<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_06551 |title=Leo, the Royal cadet [microform] : Cameron, George Frederick, 1854-1885 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |date=March 10, 2001 |access-date=August 19, 2010|location=Kingston, Ontario|publisher=s.n. }}</ref> |
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{{blockquote| |
{{blockquote| |
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Farewell, O fragrant pumpkin pie! <br /> |
Farewell, O fragrant pumpkin pie! <br /> |
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==Records== |
==Records== |
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The world's largest pumpkin pie was made in [[New Bremen, Ohio]], at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest.<ref name="pumpkinnook">{{cite web|title=2010 World Record Pumpkin Pie|url=http://www.pumpkinnook.com/giants/pumpkinpierecord.htm|publisher=Pumpkin Nook|access-date=January 5, 2011}}</ref> |
The world's largest pumpkin pie was made in [[New Bremen, Ohio]], at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest on September 25, 2010.<ref name="pumpkinnook">{{cite web|title=2010 World Record Pumpkin Pie|url=http://www.pumpkinnook.com/giants/pumpkinpierecord.htm|publisher=Pumpkin Nook|access-date=January 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest pie, pumpkin |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-pie-pumpkin |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> The pie consisted of {{convert|1212|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=off}} of canned pumpkin, {{convert|109|USgal|L|order=flip|abbr=off}} of evaporated milk, 2,796 eggs, {{convert|7|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of salt, {{convert|14+1/2|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of cinnamon, and {{convert|525|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of sugar.<ref name=pumpkinnook /> The final pie weighed {{convert|3,699|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} and measured {{convert|20|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=pumpkinnook /> |
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==Image gallery== |
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" class="center" caption=""> |
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File:Pumpkin Pie from a *real* pumpkin, November 2007.jpg|A homemade pumpkin pie prepared using fresh pumpkin |
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File:2019-02-17 21 16 11 Half of a pumpkin pie in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|Cross-section view of a commercially-prepared pumpkin pie |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{div col|colwidth=22em}} |
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* [[Bundevara]] |
* [[Bundevara]] |
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* [[List of pies]] |
* [[List of pies]] |
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* [[List of squash and pumpkin dishes]] |
* [[List of squash and pumpkin dishes]] |
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* [[Sweet potato pie]] |
* [[Sweet potato pie]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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{{Cookbook|Pumpkin Pie}} |
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==External links== |
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{{sister bar|n=no}} |
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{{American pies}} |
{{American pies}} |
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{{Halloween}} |
{{Halloween}} |
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{{Christmas}} |
{{Christmas}} |
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{{Squashes and pumpkins}} |
{{Squashes and pumpkins}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pumpkin Pie}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pumpkin Pie}} |