NoonIcarus (talk | contribs) Removing unreliable source per WP:VENRS |
NoonIcarus (talk | contribs) Overreliance in unreliable sources (WP:VENRS) and primary references, as tagged for years now. Ce and accents. Inline tagginf Tag: Visual edit |
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{{POV|date=May 2014}} |
{{POV|date=May 2014}} |
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{{synthesis|date=May 2014}} |
{{synthesis|date=May 2014}} |
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{{coatrack|date=June 2015}} |
{{coatrack|date=June 2015}}}} |
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[[Hugo Chávez]], the [[President of Venezuela]] from 1999 until 2013, has elicited a variety of public perceptions regarding his policies, personality, and performance as a head of state. |
[[Hugo Chávez]], the [[President of Venezuela]] from 1999 until 2013, has elicited a variety of public perceptions regarding his policies, personality, and performance as a head of state. |
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===Private media=== |
===Private media=== |
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====Initial coverage==== |
====Initial coverage==== |
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Private Venezuelan media officials stated that the majority of the media supported Chávez and the change he promised when originally elected in 1998, but after they reported the "negative realities" occurring in Venezuela, the Venezuelan government began to portray the media as an enemy.<ref name=USdosDINNER>{{cite web|title=CODEL BALLENGER 4/27 DINNER WITH MEDIA OWNERS|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/146760.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128131914/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/146760.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2010|website=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> The relationship between Chávez's government and the media was then in dispute over [[press freedom]], with the Venezuelan government threatening to revoke licenses of media organizations.<ref name=StPet>David Adams and Phil Gunson, ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'', 18 April 2002, [http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/04/18/Worldandnation/Media_accused_in_fail.shtml Media accused in failed coup] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707160417/http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/04/18/Worldandnation/Media_accused_in_fail.shtml |date=7 July 2010 }}</ref> Media owners, managers, and commentators working for the five major private mainstream television networks and largest mainstream newspapers then stated their opposition to Chávez's policies.<ref name="CJR">Dinges, John. ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (July 2005). "Soul Search", Vol. 44 Issue 2, July–August 2005, pp52-8</ref> These media outlets accused the Chávez administration of intimidating their journalists using specially dispatched gangs.<ref name="CJR" /> Chávez in turn alleged that the owners of these networks had primary allegiance not to Venezuela but to the United States, and that they sought the advancement of [[neoliberalism]] via [[corporate propaganda|corporate]] [[propaganda model|propaganda]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} |
Private Venezuelan media officials stated that the majority of the media supported Chávez and the change he promised when originally elected in 1998, but after they reported the "negative realities" occurring in Venezuela, the Venezuelan government began to portray the media as an enemy.<ref name=USdosDINNER>{{cite web|title=CODEL BALLENGER 4/27 DINNER WITH MEDIA OWNERS|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/146760.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128131914/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/146760.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2010|website=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2022}} The relationship between Chávez's government and the media was then in dispute over [[press freedom]], with the Venezuelan government threatening to revoke licenses of media organizations.<ref name=StPet>David Adams and Phil Gunson, ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'', 18 April 2002, [http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/04/18/Worldandnation/Media_accused_in_fail.shtml Media accused in failed coup] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707160417/http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2002/04/18/Worldandnation/Media_accused_in_fail.shtml |date=7 July 2010 }}</ref> Media owners, managers, and commentators working for the five major private mainstream television networks and largest mainstream newspapers then stated their opposition to Chávez's policies.<ref name="CJR">Dinges, John. ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (July 2005). "Soul Search", Vol. 44 Issue 2, July–August 2005, pp52-8</ref> These media outlets accused the Chávez administration of intimidating their journalists using specially dispatched gangs.<ref name="CJR" /> Chávez in turn alleged that the owners of these networks had primary allegiance not to Venezuela but to the United States, and that they sought the advancement of [[neoliberalism]] via [[corporate propaganda|corporate]] [[propaganda model|propaganda]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} |
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====Coverage of the 2002 coup==== |
====Coverage of the 2002 coup==== |
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====Later coverage==== |
====Later coverage==== |
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{{more|Censorship in Venezuela}} |
{{more|Censorship in Venezuela}} |
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In 2006, President Chávez announced that the |
In 2006, President Chávez announced that the shut down of [[RCTV|Radio Caracas Televisión]] (RCTV), Venezuela's second largest TV channel.<ref>BBC NEWS. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6215815.stm Chavez to shut down opposition TV.] (29 December 2006).</ref> The channel's twas shut down on 28 May 2007 and was replaced with a state network, [[TVes]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUSN2723008820070528?pageNumber=1 |title=Venezuela replaces opposition TV with state network | work=Reuters | date=28 May 2007}}</ref> This action was condemned by a multitude of international organizations.<ref name="WashPost20070118">''Forero, Juan''. (''The Washington Post'', 18 January 2007). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/17/AR2007011702003.html "Pulling the Plug on Anti-Chavez TV"]. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</ref><ref>Joel Simon, Executive Director [http://www.cpj.org/protests/07ltrs/americas/ven24may07pl.html CPJ urges Chávez to allow RCTV to stay on the air] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605001156/http://www.cpj.org/protests/07ltrs/americas/ven24may07pl.html |date=5 June 2007 }} ''[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]'' Accessed 29 May 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2006 Venezuela (2006).] ''[[Freedom House]]''. Accessed 29 May 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1180432968135 IPI condemns shutdown of RCTV television station in Venezuela] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617073637/http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1180432968135 |date=17 June 2007 }} ''[[International Press Institute]]'' Accessed 29 May 2007.</ref> In a poll conducted by Datanálisis, almost 70 percent of Venezuelans polled opposed the shut-down.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> |
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In 2007, the Venezuelan government filed a complaint against Globovisión with the Attorney General Office.<ref>[http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/30/en_pol_art_chavez:-i-will-take_30A877343.shtml El Universal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601160104/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/30/en_pol_art_chavez%3A-i-will-take_30A877343.shtml |date=1 June 2007 }}</ref> Chávez demanded sanctions against Globovisión, calling station director Alberto Federico Ravell "We're not going to tolerate a crazy man with a cannon shooting it at the whole world".<ref> |
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{{Cite news |
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|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/05/venezuela.tvstation.owner/ |
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|title=Venezuela takes actions against critical TV station |
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|author=Arthur Brice |
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|date=5 June 2009 |
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|publisher=[[CNN]] |
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}}</ref> |
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[[Globovision]] then became perhaps the most vocally and stridently anti-Chavez television station.<ref>''Venezuelanalysis'', 22 May 2009, [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4462 Globovision: The Loose Cannon of Venezuelan Media]</ref> The Venezuelan Government proceeded to file a complaint against Globovision with the Attorney General Office on this matter.<ref>[http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/30/en_pol_art_chavez:-i-will-take_30A877343.shtml El Universal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601160104/http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/05/30/en_pol_art_chavez%3A-i-will-take_30A877343.shtml |date=1 June 2007 }}</ref> In {{by|2009}}, Venezuela's telecommunications regulator launched an investigation into Globovisión after the Venezuelan government stated that the network used an earthquake as an opportunity to attack the government. The government said Globovision was illegally inciting fear and violated the public's right to access critical information in a time of crisis, in particular by claiming that Venezuelan institutions were unaware of the quake and that the only information was available from the US (although in fact the US data had come from Venezuela's National Seismological Institute). The Director of Globovision, who intervened personally on air, claiming to have been unable to reach Venezuelan authorities.<ref>''Axis of Logic'', 27 June 2009, [http://axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/Article_56162.shtml Reporters Without Borders’ Lies about Venezuela ]</ref>{{better source|date=August 2015}}<ref>''Venezuelanalysis'', 11 June 2009, [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4511 Venezuela's Media Quake]</ref>{{better source|date=August 2015}}<ref> |
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{{Cite news |
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|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/10/AR2009061003547.html |
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|title=Chávez Raising Pressure On Defiant TV Network |
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|author=Juan Forero |
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|date=11 June 2009 |
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|work=[[The Washington Post]] |
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}}</ref> Chávez demanded sanctions against Globovisión, calling station director Alberto Federico Ravell "a crazy man with a cannon".<ref> |
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{{Cite news |
{{Cite news |
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|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0512/p07s01-woam.html |
|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0512/p07s01-woam.html |
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|date= 12 May 2009 |
|date= 12 May 2009 |
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|publisher=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |
|publisher=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |
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}}</ref><ref name="CNNwarMEDIA"> |
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}}</ref |
{{Cite news |author=Arthur Brice |date=5 June 2009 |title=Venezuela takes actions against critical TV station |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/05/venezuela.tvstation.owner/}}</ref> This action was criticized by two officials who monitor [[freedom of speech]], [[Frank La Rue]] of the [[United Nations]] and Catalina Botero of the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS).<ref name="CBC230509"> |
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{{Cite news |
{{Cite news |
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|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuelan-diplomat-defends-probe-of-anti-government-tv-station-1.828055 |
|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuelan-diplomat-defends-probe-of-anti-government-tv-station-1.828055 |
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|date=23 May 2009 |
|date=23 May 2009 |
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|publisher=[[CBC.ca|CBC]] and [[The Associated Press]] |
|publisher=[[CBC.ca|CBC]] and [[The Associated Press]] |
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}}</ref> Globovision was fined $4.1m in 2009, for illegal broadcasting on unauthorized microwaves and unpaid taxes from the years 2002–2003 on political advertising airtime donated by Globovision. |
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<ref name=va170609>''Venezuelanalysis'', 17 June 2009, [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/4525 Venezuela Investigates Private TV Station Globovision for Inciting Assassination, Other Crimes]</ref><ref>''Venezuelanalysis'', 6 June 2009, [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/4500 Venezuelan Government Fines Opposition TV Globovision]</ref> |
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The private media in Venezuela was eventually pressured by the Venezuelan government into [[self-censorship]].<ref name=FH2014>{{cite web|title=Venezuela – 2014 Scores |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/venezuela#.VX3MWM6d7ww |website=[[Freedom House]] |access-date=16 June 2015 |quote="pressure from the central government on private media ... fosters systematic self-censorship" |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614184725/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/venezuela#.VX3MWM6d7ww |archive-date=14 June 2015 }}</ref> Reporters Without Borders said that the media in Venezuela is "almost entirely dominated by the government and its obligatory announcements, called ''cadenas''<ref name=RWBamericas>{{cite web|title=Americas|url=http://rsf.org/index2014/en-americas.php#|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|access-date=5 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303132604/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-americas.php|archive-date=3 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while Freedom House stated that "many previously opposition-aligned outlets have altered their editorial stances to avoid drawing the government’s ire" with censorship increasing significantly during the final years of Chávez's presidency.<ref name=FH2014/> Since Chávez's death, private media organizations such as ''El Universal'', Globovisión and ''[[ |
The private media in Venezuela was eventually pressured by the Venezuelan government into [[self-censorship]].<ref name="FH2014">{{cite web|title=Venezuela – 2014 Scores |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/venezuela#.VX3MWM6d7ww |website=[[Freedom House]] |access-date=16 June 2015 |quote="pressure from the central government on private media ... fosters systematic self-censorship" |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614184725/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/venezuela#.VX3MWM6d7ww |archive-date=14 June 2015 }}</ref> Reporters Without Borders said that the media in Venezuela is "almost entirely dominated by the government and its obligatory announcements, called ''[[Cadena nacional|cadenas]]''<ref name="RWBamericas">{{cite web|title=Americas|url=http://rsf.org/index2014/en-americas.php#|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|access-date=5 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303132604/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-americas.php|archive-date=3 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while Freedom House stated that "many previously opposition-aligned outlets have altered their editorial stances to avoid drawing the government’s ire" with censorship increasing significantly during the final years of Chávez's presidency.<ref name="FH2014" /> Since Chávez's death, private media organizations such as ''El Universal'', Globovisión and ''[[Últimas Noticias]]'' were bought by individuals linked to the Venezuelan government.<ref name="WSJcrackdown">{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelas-press-crackdown-stokes-growth-of-online-media-1410136494 | title=Venezuela's Press Crackdown Stokes Growth of Online Media | publisher=Wall Street Journal | date=7 September 2014 | access-date=19 February 2015 | author=Minaya, Ezequiel}}</ref> |
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===State media=== |
===State media=== |
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==== Aló Presidente ==== |
==== Aló Presidente ==== |
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{{details|Aló Presidente}} |
{{details|Aló Presidente}} |
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In 2001, |
In 2001, Chávez turned ''[[Aló Presidente]]'' from a radio show to a full-fledged live, unscripted, television show on [[Venezolana de Televisión|public-owned media]] that ran during all hours of the day promoting the Bolivarian Revolution.<ref name=Channeling>{{cite news|last=Lakshmanan|first=Indira|title=Channeling his energies Venezuelans riveted by president's TV show|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/07/27/channeling_his_energies/?page=1|access-date=14 April 2012|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=27 July 2005}}</ref> The show aired every Sunday, depicting Chávez (wearing red, the color of the revolution) as the charismatic leader, passionate about the well being of his country.<ref name=Kraft>{{cite news|last=Kraft|first=Michael|title= Chávez Propaganda Machine |url= http://www.charlotteconservative.com/index.php/2007/07/chavez-propaganda-machine/ |access-date=10 March 2012|work= Charlotte Conservative|date=24 July 2007}}</ref> Many Venezuelans tuned in because Chávez was known for unveiling new financial assistance packages every weekend.<ref name=McCaughan196>McCaughan (2005), p. 196.</ref> Chávez spent an average of 40 hours a week on television.<ref name=Schoen154>Schoen (2009), p. 154.</ref> The show was considered the principal link between the Venezuelan government and its citizens, and was a source of information for both official and opposition media and at international level. The show featured Chávez addressing topics of the day, taking phone calls from the audience, and touring locations where government social welfare programs were active.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} |
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====Bolivarian propaganda==== |
====Bolivarian propaganda==== |
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===North America=== |
===North America=== |
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====Canada==== |
====Canada==== |
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On 13 March 2007 the Ontario Press Council upheld a complaint that a series of articles published in the [[Toronto Star]] in May 2006 lacked balance due to the absence of comment from Venezuelan government representatives and did not attribute figures about murder rate, poverty and unemployment to opposition sources.<ref name="thestar20070313">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/191111|title=Star stories on Venezuela lacked balance, panel rules|access-date=9 July 2007|publisher=[[Toronto Star]]| date=13 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="ontpress">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontpress.com/complaints/index.asp?section=20|title=News Stories|access-date=9 July 2007|publisher=Ontario Press Council}}</ref> |
On 13 March 2007 the Ontario Press Council upheld a complaint that a series of articles published in the [[Toronto Star]] in May 2006 lacked balance due to the absence of comment from Venezuelan government representatives and did not attribute figures about murder rate, poverty and unemployment to opposition sources.<ref name="thestar20070313">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/191111|title=Star stories on Venezuela lacked balance, panel rules|access-date=9 July 2007|publisher=[[Toronto Star]]| date=13 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="ontpress">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontpress.com/complaints/index.asp?section=20|title=News Stories|access-date=9 July 2007|publisher=Ontario Press Council}}</ref>{{Undue weight inline|November 2022}} |
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====United States==== |
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[[Media outlets in the United States]], and in other parts of the world, have consistently suggested that Hugo Chávez is a "dictator" or is "headed in that direction" in spite of the fact that he and his party have won numerous national elections certified by international observers, and confirmed by independent international polling companies.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The leftist media watchdog [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] frequently criticized media coverage of the Chávez government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=18®ion_id=18 |title=Region: Venezuela |publisher=FAIR |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3107 |title=Coup Co-Conspirators as Free-Speech Martyrs |publisher=Fair.org |date=11 April 2002 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Naureckas |first=Jim |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3049 |title=Inexplicable Tongue-Lashing |publisher=Fair.org |date=24 September 2006 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rendall |first=Steve |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3022 |title=The Myth of the Muzzled Media |publisher=Fair.org |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3046 |title=NYT Hypes Venezuelan Threat |publisher=Fair.org |date=25 February 2007 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> The Venezuelan government also attempted to improve the image of Hugo Chávez through the [[Venezuela Information Office]].<ref name="Lumina Strategies' filing to US DoJ Foreign Agent Registration Unit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fara.gov/docs/5624-Exhibit-AB-20040520-HYN72M04.pdf|title=Lumina Strategies' filing to US DoJ Foreign Agent Registration Unit|publisher=United States Department of Justice|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Collier|first1=Robert|title=Venezuelan politics suit Bay Area activists' talents|agency=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|publisher=Hearst Communications Inc., Hearst Newspapers Division|date=21 August 2004}}</ref> |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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* [[Eva Golinger]], esq., "The Media War Against the People: A Case Study of Media Concentration and Power in Venezuela," in Olivia Burlingame Goumbri, ''The Venezuela Reader,'' Washington D.C. U.S.A., 2005. A version of this is available online [http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/710 here]. |
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* Gill, J. ''et al.'' (2006), "[https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/268/26814201.pdf Covering Chavez in US media: how elite newspaper reports a controversial international figure]", ''Investigación y Desarrollo'' 14(2) |
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* {{cite web |last= Manwaring |first= Max G. |title= Venezuela's Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare |year=2005|publisher= The Strategic Studies Institute | url= http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub628.pdf }} |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
Revision as of 00:32, 19 November 2022
Hugo Chávez, the President of Venezuela from 1999 until 2013, has elicited a variety of public perceptions regarding his policies, personality, and performance as a head of state.
Domestic media
Private media
Initial coverage
Private Venezuelan media officials stated that the majority of the media supported Chávez and the change he promised when originally elected in 1998, but after they reported the "negative realities" occurring in Venezuela, the Venezuelan government began to portray the media as an enemy.[1][non-primary source needed] The relationship between Chávez's government and the media was then in dispute over press freedom, with the Venezuelan government threatening to revoke licenses of media organizations.[2] Media owners, managers, and commentators working for the five major private mainstream television networks and largest mainstream newspapers then stated their opposition to Chávez's policies.[3] These media outlets accused the Chávez administration of intimidating their journalists using specially dispatched gangs.[3] Chávez in turn alleged that the owners of these networks had primary allegiance not to Venezuela but to the United States, and that they sought the advancement of neoliberalism via corporate propaganda.[citation needed]
Coverage of the 2002 coup
The private media was accused of assisting the 2002 coup against Hugo Chávez due to actions performed before and during the events that unfolded.[4] On 11 April, the anti-government march, the message "remove Chávez", and the call to redirect the march to the presidential palace in Milaflores, were "widely announced, promoted, and covered by private television channels, whose explicit support for the opposition became evident."[3] The media ran ads encouraging viewers to protest and news coverage was biased and even manipulated, with a Foreign Policy blog citing Chávez supporters stating that "[s]uch tactics were crucial to the coup's strength."[5][better source needed] On the first morning after the 2002 coup, many of the new Carmona government's highest-ranking members appeared on-air to offer their appreciation to the private media for their support. Once the counter-coup was launched by Chavistas and loyalist elements of the Palace Guard, stations censored any reporting on the events[3] and chose to broadcast classic films and sitcom reruns.[2] Media officials instead attributed this to safety concerns[6] and further denied taking part in the coup: while admitting that they made mistakes, they stated that factual coverage was impeded by the confusion surrounding the coup attempt.[1]
Later coverage
In 2006, President Chávez announced that the shut down of Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV), Venezuela's second largest TV channel.[7] The channel's twas shut down on 28 May 2007 and was replaced with a state network, TVes.[8] This action was condemned by a multitude of international organizations.[9][10][11][12] In a poll conducted by Datanálisis, almost 70 percent of Venezuelans polled opposed the shut-down.[8]
In 2007, the Venezuelan government filed a complaint against Globovisión with the Attorney General Office.[13] Chávez demanded sanctions against Globovisión, calling station director Alberto Federico Ravell "We're not going to tolerate a crazy man with a cannon shooting it at the whole world".[14][15] This action was criticized by two officials who monitor freedom of speech, Frank La Rue of the United Nations and Catalina Botero of the Organization of American States (OAS).[16] By 2008, Reporters Without Borders reported that following "years of 'media war,' Hugo Chávez and his government took control of almost the entire broadcast sector".[15]
The private media in Venezuela was eventually pressured by the Venezuelan government into self-censorship.[17] Reporters Without Borders said that the media in Venezuela is "almost entirely dominated by the government and its obligatory announcements, called cadenas[18] while Freedom House stated that "many previously opposition-aligned outlets have altered their editorial stances to avoid drawing the government’s ire" with censorship increasing significantly during the final years of Chávez's presidency.[17] Since Chávez's death, private media organizations such as El Universal, Globovisión and Últimas Noticias were bought by individuals linked to the Venezuelan government.[19]
State media
Aló Presidente
In 2001, Chávez turned Aló Presidente from a radio show to a full-fledged live, unscripted, television show on public-owned media that ran during all hours of the day promoting the Bolivarian Revolution.[20] The show aired every Sunday, depicting Chávez (wearing red, the color of the revolution) as the charismatic leader, passionate about the well being of his country.[21] Many Venezuelans tuned in because Chávez was known for unveiling new financial assistance packages every weekend.[22] Chávez spent an average of 40 hours a week on television.[23] The show was considered the principal link between the Venezuelan government and its citizens, and was a source of information for both official and opposition media and at international level. The show featured Chávez addressing topics of the day, taking phone calls from the audience, and touring locations where government social welfare programs were active.[citation needed]
Bolivarian propaganda
Hugo Chávez used propaganda that took advantage of emotional arguments to gain attention, exploit the fears (either real or imagined) of the population, created external enemies for scapegoat purposes, and produced nationalism within the population, causing feelings of betrayal for support of the opposition.[24] In 2007, The World Politics Review stated that "As Chávez pushes on with transforming Venezuela into a socialist state, government propaganda plays an important role in maintaining and mobilizing government supporters".[25][26] A 2011 New York Times article said that Venezuela had an "expanding state propaganda complex"[27] while The Boston Globe described Chávez as "a media savvy, forward-thinking propagandist [who] has the oil wealth to influence public opinion".[20]
Chávez used television both domestically through cadenas and international through outlets like TeleSUR[28][29][30] for propaganda purposes[31] while websites like Aporrea.org, Radio Nacional de Venezuela, Venezuelanalysis.com, were allegedly used by the Venezuelan government for propaganda purposes.[32] Chávez was also promoted through educational systems introduced by his government in Venezuela which focused on achievements made under his policies.[33][34][35] A cult of personality was then created around Chávez in Venezuela among his supporters.[36]
International media
Europe
According to PBS, Hugo Chávez was popular among anti-globalization individuals of the press in Europe, including former director of Le Monde diplomatique, Ignacio Ramonet.[37]
North America
Canada
On 13 March 2007 the Ontario Press Council upheld a complaint that a series of articles published in the Toronto Star in May 2006 lacked balance due to the absence of comment from Venezuelan government representatives and did not attribute figures about murder rate, poverty and unemployment to opposition sources.[38][39][undue weight? ]
Bibliography
- Schoen, Douglas (2009). The Threat Closer to Home. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-9477-2.
Notes
- ^ a b "CODEL BALLENGER 4/27 DINNER WITH MEDIA OWNERS" (PDF). United States Department of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ a b David Adams and Phil Gunson, St. Petersburg Times, 18 April 2002, Media accused in failed coup Archived 7 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Dinges, John. Columbia Journalism Review (July 2005). "Soul Search", Vol. 44 Issue 2, July–August 2005, pp52-8
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pressure from the central government on private media ... fosters systematic self-censorship
{{cite web}}
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These clips bolster critics who claim the network is and will be a propaganda tool for Chávez.
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