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* ''Deweloper'' – [[real estate developer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=developer|url=http://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/developer;2554923.html|work=Słownik języka polskiego|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=21 June 2015|language=Polish}}</ref> |
* ''Deweloper'' – [[real estate developer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=developer|url=http://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/developer;2554923.html|work=Słownik języka polskiego|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=21 June 2015|language=Polish}}</ref> |
||
* ''Dres'' – [[tracksuit]];<ref>{{cite web|title=dres|url=http://swo.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=6162|work=Słownik wyrazów obcych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=11 April 2012|language=Polish}}</ref> sometimes also [[chav]](s) (short for ''dresiarz'') |
* ''Dres'' – [[tracksuit]];<ref>{{cite web|title=dres|url=http://swo.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=6162|work=Słownik wyrazów obcych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=11 April 2012|language=Polish}}</ref> sometimes also [[chav]](s) (short for ''dresiarz'') |
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====[[Russian language|Russian]]==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''Clipmaker'' (''клипмейкер, klipmeyker'') – [[music video director]] |
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* ''[[Face control]]'' (''фейсконтроль, feyskontrol’'') – checking whether a person looks appropriate (a common practice at Russian night clubs) |
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* ''Metallist'' (''металлист, metallist'') – fan of [[heavy metal subculture]] |
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* ''Safing'' (''сейфинг, seyfing'') – providing [[safe deposit box]]es |
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* ''Shop tour'' (''шоп-тур, shop-tur'') – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping |
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====[[Serbo-Croatian]]==== |
====[[Serbo-Croatian]]==== |
Revision as of 17:00, 12 December 2018
A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word.[1][2][3]
For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the number of words used in French that look similar to English, but which do not exist in English, such as baby-foot, or baby-parc.[4]
This is different from false friends, which are words that do exist in English, but with a different main meaning between English and the other language.
Definition and terminology
There have been a few spellings, and many definitions proposed for pseudo-anglicism. Sometimes it is written as two words, sometimes as a hyphenated word, and sometimes as a single word without the hyphen. The 'A' is sometimes capitalized. Several other terms have been used, such as "secondary anglicism,"[5] "false anglicism,"[6] and "pseudo-English" is heard as well.[7]
In discussing lexical borrowing (and also translation), academic works will often refer to source language or donor language, and the receptor language or recipient language and may use SL and RL as abbreviations. In the case of anglicisms and loanwords from English, the source language is English, and the receptor language is the foreign language borrowing the English word or semantic elements.[8] Some German works even refer to these concepts using the English terms, untranslated.[9]
Numerous definitions have been proposed. Many researchers quote David Duckworth, who wrote that pseudo-anglicisms are "German neologisms derived from English language material."[8][10]
Typology and mechanism
Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words which once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.[11]
Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, de:wikt:Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.[8]
According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word man, as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving golman. In derivation, a suffix -er or -ist is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as teniser, or waterpolist. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops -ing, as in boks from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".[12]
Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle]].[13]
Scope
Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.[14]
Examples
CJK languages
Japanese
- Salaryman (サラリーマン, sararīman)[15] – a white collar employee (salaried worker)
- Pokémon ("pocket monster")[15]
Korean
- Apart (아파트 apateu) – this word is used to mean not only individual suites, but "apartment building" or "apartment complex"[16]
- Fighting (화이팅 hwaiting or 파이팅 paiting) – a Korean cheer that can roughly be translated as "Victory!" but can also be used as a word of encouragement (a la "Courage!")[17][18]
- One shot (원샷 wonsyas) – a form of toast, roughly equivalent to "bottoms up". It challenges the drinker to finish his drink in one gulp[19]
Romance
French
- baby-foot[4] (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
- baby-parc[4] – playpen
- night shop (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop
- parking (n; masc.) – Carpark
- rallye-paper[4] – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes[20]
- recordman (m; pl: recordmans; f:Recordwoman) – record holder in sports
- relooker (verb) to make over; also: relooking (n; masc.) – a makeover
- rugbyman (n; masc.) – rugby player
- shake-hand[4]
- tennisman – a tennis player
- zapper[4] – to change channels using the remote control[citation needed]
Italian
- Autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])[21] – motorway snack bar (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
- Baby killer, or babykiller – juvenile murderer
- Beauty case [22] – vanity bag
- Block-Notes or Bloc-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔtes]) [23] – notebook
- Body rental – temporary staffing firm
- Cotton fioc – Cotton swab
- Pungiball – Punching ball
- Sexy shop – sex shop
Romanian
- Tenisman – tennis player (feminine is tenismană)
Spanish
- rebajjing – in Spain, roughly, "ongoing sales", from rebajas (sales) + -ing.[24]
Germanic
Danish
- Babylift – baby transport/carrycot[25]
- Cottoncoat – trench coat[26]
- Cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich[27]
- Grillparty – a barbecue party[28]
- Monkeyclass – economy class[29]
- Speedmarker – a felt-tip pen[30]
- Stationcar – a contraction of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)[31]
- Timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which you write down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)[32]
Dutch
- Airco – air conditioning
- Dumpstore – an army surplus store
- (Koffie)pad – (coffee) pod
- Songtekst – lyrics
- Space cake – a cake filled with hashish[33]
- Touringcar – a motor coach; not a touring car, which is either an obsolete automobile body shape or a classification of racing car.
German
Many of the following examples[which?] may be found in several words (Fun Sport), hyphenated (Fun-Sport), in one word (Funsport) or CamelCase (FunSport).
- Dressman – male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.[8])
- Wellfit-Bar – a bar that carries a variety of healthy drinks [8]
- Beamer – a video projector
Swedish
- After work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished[34]
- Backslick – slick-back hairdo
- Homestyling – Home staging, making a home look better when presenting for sale, when done by professionals. Homestyling is used in the UK when helping residents fix their home for their own well-being.
Yiddish
- cherry lights (טשערי לייץ [tʃɛrɪ lɛɪts]) – red headlights[citation needed]
- payday (פּיידיי [pɛɪdɛɪ]) – salary/payment
Slavic
Belarusian
- Shop tour (шоп-тур, šop-tur) – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping.
Polish
- Boks – boxing[35]
- Deweloper – real estate developer[36]
- Dres – tracksuit;[37] sometimes also chav(s) (short for dresiarz)
Serbo-Croatian
- Goalman (Golman / Голман) – Goalkeeper, Goalie
- Recorder (Rekorder / Рекордер) – record holder (in sports)
Slovak
Slovenian
Other Indo-European
Greek
- Barwoman (μπαργούμαν) – barmaid
Other non-Indo-European
Hebrew
- Back-Axe (בק-אקס) – rear axle
- Chaser (צ'ייסר) – small shot glass
- Coacher (קואוצ'ר) – practitioner of life-coaching, a coach. ("Coacher" is a valid, but rare, English variant)
- Combinator (קומבינטור) – a swindler/cheater/con-artist, but also less negatively just someone who's good at smooth talking and getting out of trouble, or finding quick-fix solutions to problems.
- Front Back-Axe (פרונט בק-אקס) – front axle
- Golf (גולף) – turtleneck sweater/jersey
- Maniac (manyak מניאק) – an undesirable person, akin to "asshole" or "son of a bitch" in English. (Probably derived from Arabic, where it has some negative sexual connotation)
- Money time (מאני טיים) – crunch time (in sports)
- Nylon (ניילון) – any form of flexible plastic
- Patent (patent פטנט) – an improvisation/innovation
- Presenter (פרזנטור) – celebrity endorser
- Punch (פאנצ׳) – a short joke, one-liner (not the punch line!)
- Puncture (pancher פנצ'ר) – any mishap causing a delay
- Scouter (סקאוטר) – talent scout. ("Scouter" is a valid, but rare, English variant)
- Selector (סלקטור) – airport security screener, club bouncer
- Snappling (snepling סנפלינג) – abseiling
- Talkback (tokbek טוקבק) – A comment on a blog or an internet news site
- V (וי) – check mark (✓). Used in the expression "לעשות וי" ("to do a V") meaning "to check off, indicate as done".
Indonesian
- Mini Market – Convenience store
Thai
- Air (แอร์) – Air conditioner.
- Check-bill (เช็กบิล Chĕkh bil) – A combination of the US English "check" and the British English "bill" (adapted to Thai pronunciation), meaning the bill presented in a restaurant or bar.
- Freshy (เฟรชชี่ Ferch chī̀) – A college fresher or freshman.
- Goal (โกล Kol) – means "goal keeper". "No goal" means to play football(soccer) without goal keepers.
- Hi-so (ไฮโซ Ḥịso) – High Society describing someone who insists on designer labels.
- Inter (อินเตอร์ Xintexr̒) – means "international". "I am so inter" means the person has been abroad and is interested in foreign, mostly Western things.
- In-trend (อินเทรนด์ Xin the rnd̒) – Trendy. The word "trend" is usually pronounced in Thai accent as "tren" because final consonants are not as pronounced in Thai as in English.
- Too fast to sleep – Too early to sleep. The Thai word /rēw/ (เร็ว rĕw) means either fast or early, depending on context.
- Ver or Over (เวอร์ Wexr̒ or โอเวอร์ Xowexr̒) – Exaggerated or overstated.
Turkish
Vietnamese
- Coca (cô ca) – Coca-Cola
- MC (em xi) – TV host, talk show host, television presenter; originating from hip-hop slang
- Film (phim) – both movies and soap opera
- Photo (phô tô) – photocopy
- Sex (sét) – wearing revealing clothes that make the wearer appear lustful
- Style (xì tin) – appearing teenage, active, playful and modern
- Vest (vét) – Western suit in clothing
Multiple languages
- Air-Condition (German, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – air conditioning
- Autostop (or in some languages stop) (Bulgarian, Czech, French, Greek, Hungarian, Italian,[38] Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Spanish, Turkish) – hitchhiking
- Beauty farm (Dutch, German Beauty-Farm and Beautyfarm, Italian[39]) – spa
- Camping-car (French, Japanese キャンピングカー) – campervan or "recreational vehicle"
- Fotoshooting (Danish, German, Romanian) – photo session, photo shoot
- Fotoshop (Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese, Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Turkish) – manipulated photo (from the name of Adobe Photoshop)
- Frac (French, Italian, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, also Frack in German), from "frock coat" – evening tailcoat
- Goalman (Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian) – Goalkeeper
- Handphone (Indonesian, Korean 핸드폰) – mobile phone (compare German Handy)
- Hometrainer (Dutch, German, Portuguese) – exercise bicycle or other low-level consumer fitness machine
- IC (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) – interchange[citation needed]
- K-Way (French [kawe], Italian) – windbreaker[citation needed]
- Luna park (Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Polish, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Russian) – amusement park (derived from the name of an amusement park in New York)
- MV (Chinese, Korean) – music video[citation needed]
- PK (Chinese) – play-kill (this term usually refers to a lighthearted competition/conflict and originates from arcade games)[citation needed]
- Recordman (French, Greek, Italian, Romanian, Russian recordsman, Turkish) – record holder in sports*
- Topfit (Dutch, German) – perfectly physically fit
- Zapping (Danish zappe, French, German zappen (verb), Greek, Italian [ˈdzappiŋɡ], Portuguese, Dutch zappen, Swedish zappa) – (TV) channel-surfing, channel-hopping [citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Sicherl 1999, p. 14.
- ^ Duckworth 1977.
- ^ Onysko 2007, p. 52The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL['receptor language'; p.14] uses lexical elements of the SL['source language'; p.14] to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.
- ^ a b c d e f Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 335.
- ^ Filipović 1990.
- ^ Saugera 2017, p. 54, 3.4.2 False anglicisms.
- ^ Picone 1996, p. 316.
- ^ a b c d e Onysko 2007, p. 52.
- ^ Carstensen 2015, p. 77.
- ^ Duckworth 1977, [page needed]:Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.
- ^ Anderman 2005, p. 164.
- ^ Filipović 1990, p. 138–139, 4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms.
- ^ Rey-Debove 1990, p. 1018.
- ^ Furiassi 2015, p. 17.
- ^ a b Furiassi 2015, p. 42.
- ^ Desa Philadelphia (26 November 2001). "Local English". Time. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Kim Hyo-jin (10 June 2002). "English? Konglish? Purists concede to 'fighting' cheer". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ "Korea Fighting!". JoongAng Daily. 18 June 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ "외국어 공식 포탈 – e4u.com". E4u.ybmsisa.com. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
- ^ Geyer 1903, p. 19.
- ^ «Autogrill» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Beauty-Case», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Bloc-Notes» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ González-Cruz, María-Isabel (28 August 2015). "Anglicising leisure: The multimodal presence of English in Spanish TV adverts". Calidoscópio. 13 (3): 345. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
This is the case of the pseudo-anglicism rebajjing, which is used in a commercial advertising one of the most important shopping centres in the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. In this advert... the English suffix -ing is added to the Spanish term 'rebajas" (sales), and the consonant –j is doubled, following the English rules.
- ^ babylift, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cottoncoat, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cowboytoast, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ Smoby grill med burger og pølser – Nu kan de mindste holde grillparty
- ^ monkeyclass, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ speedmarker, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ stationcar, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ timemanager, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ Furiassi 2015, p. 10–11.
- ^ "After work ett svenskt påhitt" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "boks". Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ "developer". Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ^ "dres". Słownik wyrazów obcych (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ «Autostop» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Beauty farm» , Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
Sources
- Anderman, Gunilla M.; Rogers, Margaret; Gottlieb, Henrik (1 January 2005). "11 Anglicisms and Translation". In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse?. Translating Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-85359-787-9. OCLC 812195823.
- Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Carruthers, Janice; Temple, Rosalind (25 February 2014). "12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms". Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language. Longman linguistics library. London: Routledge. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-317-88652-5. OCLC 871224464.
- Betz, Werner; Kolb, Herbert; Lauffer, Hartmut (1977). Sprachliche Interferenz (in German). Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-10285-9.
- Carstensen, Broder (16 November 2015) [1st pub. Gunter Narr:1980]. "Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen". In Viereck, Wolfgang (ed.). Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache auf das Deutsche [Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German]. Tübingener beigrag zur Linguistik #132 (in German). BoD – Books on Demand. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-87808-132-6. OCLC 1006045710.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Duckworth, David (1977). Best, Werner; Kolb, Werner; Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.). Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag [The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal.] (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 9783484102859. OCLC 185584225.
Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Filipović, Rudof; Partridge, Monica; Herrity, Peter; Jones, Malcolm V.; Terry, Garth M. (1990). "Secondary Anglicisms in a Dictionary of Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian". The Bell of freedom: essays presented to Monica Partridge on the occasion of her 75th birthday. Nottingham: Astra Press. ISBN 978-0-946134-17-5. OCLC 246527030. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- Furiassi, Cristiano; Pulcini, Virginia; Rodríguez González, Félix (2012). The Anglicization of European Lexis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 90-272-1195-7.
- Furiassi, Cristiano; Gottlieb, Henrik (10 March 2015). "2 Qualifying pseudo-Anglicisms". Pseudo-English: Studies on False Anglicisms in Europe. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-5015-0023-7.
- Geyer's Stationer: Devoted to the Interests of the Stationery, Fancy Goods and Notion Trades. New York: Andrew Geyer. 1903. OCLC 1009011742. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- Görlach, Manfred (2001). A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823519-4. OCLC 429029188. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Görlach, Manfred (23 May 2002). English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-158069-7. OCLC 768118863. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Großmann, Anja (2008). "2.2 Die Typologie der Anglizismen nach Jürgen Spitzmüller". Frequenz und Verwendungskontexte des Anglizismus Design in der deutschen Sprache (Studienarbeit) (in German). GRIN Verlag. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-3-640-17674-8.
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(help) - Onysko, Alexander (2007). "4 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms". Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching. Linguistik: Impulse & Tendenzen, 23. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 52. ISBN 978-3-11-019946-8. OCLC 901310392.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Picone, Michael D. (18 October 1996). Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French. Lingvisticae Investigationes Supplementa Ser.,18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 350. ISBN 978-90-272-7614-8. OCLC 769341957. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Rey-Debove, Josette; Gagnon, Gilberte (1990). Dictionnaire des anglicismes : les mots anglais et américains en français [Dictionary of Anglicisms: English and American Words in French]. Usuels du Robert (in French). Paris: Le Robert. ISBN 9782850360275. OCLC 756955952.
- Saugera, Valérie (2017). Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062554-2. OCLC 1013564643. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Scheibel, Larissa (21 February 2007). "2.2 Entlehnungen". Anglizismen/Amerikanismen im Deutschen und Russischen am Beispiel von Online Zeitschriften (Master's thesis) (in German). GRIN Verlag. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-3-638-59645-9.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Sicherl, Eva; Šabec, Nada; Gabrovšek, Dušan (1999). The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects. Razprave Filozofske fakultete. Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete. p. 14. ISBN 978-86-7207-114-6. OCLC 442412304.
- Winter, Werner; Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting (1995). On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea. Trends in linguistics., Studies and monographs; 78. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013257-1. OCLC 924736602. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Winter-Froemel, Esme (29 August 2011). "3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen". Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen (in German) (Berlin ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-3-11-023506-7.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Yang, Wenliang (1 January 1990). "1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort". Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel'. Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 (in German). Tuebingen: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-3-11-167615-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Zenner, Eline; Kristiansen, Gitte (1 January 2014). New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing: Onomasiological, Methodological and Phraseological Innovations. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2, 10. ISBN 978-1-61451-430-5.
Further reading
- James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
- Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
- Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
140.
External links