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{{Short description|A non-English word that appears to be English}} |
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A '''pseudo-anglicism''' is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=325,335}}<ref>Ilse Sørensen, ''English im deutschen Wortschatz'', 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"</ref>{{sfn|Sicherl|1999|p=14}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977}}{{sfn|Onysko|2007|loc=p. 52<!--not '|p=52' here because other Onysko|2007|p=52 below would throw an error-->|ps=The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL<sup>['''receptor language'''; p.14]</sup> uses lexical elements of the SL<sup>['''source language'''; p.14]</sup> to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.}} |
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{{original research|reason=Everybody is an expert in their own language, but that's not sufficient to add stuff here. Sources are still required, and unsourced material should be removed. |discuss=Pseudo-anglicism#Original research |date=February 2018}} |
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A '''pseudo-anglicism''' is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word.{{sfn|Sicherl|1999|p=14}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977}}{{sfn|Onysko|2007|loc=p. 52<!--not '|p=52' here because other Onysko|2007|p=52 below would throw an error-->|ps=The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL<sup><small>['''receptor language'''; p.14]</small></sup> uses lexical elements of the SL<sup><small>['''source language'''; p.14]</small></sup> to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.}} |
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For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the number of words used in |
For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as ''rallye-paper'', ''shake-hand'', ''baby-foot'', or ''baby-parc'')".<ref>Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335</ref> |
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{{toc limit|3}} |
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This is different from [[false |
This is different from a [[false friend]], which is a word with a [[cognate]] that has a different main meaning. Sometimes pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.<ref>Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015</ref> |
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==Definition and terminology== |
==Definition and terminology== |
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Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,{{sfn|Filipović|1990}} false anglicisms,{{sfn|Saugera|2017|p=54|loc=3.4.2 False anglicisms}} or pseudo-English.{{sfn|Picone|1996|p=316}} |
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Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of [[lexical borrowing]] where the ''source'' or ''donor language'' is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the ''receptor '' or ''recipient language''.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Carstensen|2015|p=77|ps=<br />The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them. ''Den intensiven Einfluß einer ''donor language'' auf eine ''recipient language'' zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an.''}} |
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There have been a few spellings, and many definitions proposed for pseudo-anglicism. Sometimes it is written as two words, sometimes as a hyphenated word, and sometimes as a single word without the hyphen. The 'A' is sometimes capitalized. Several other terms have been used, such as "secondary anglicism,"{{sfn|Filipović|1990}} "false anglicism,"{{sfn|Saugera|2017|p=54|loc=3.4.2 False anglicisms}} and "pseudo-English" is heard as well.{{sfn|Picone|1996|p=316}} |
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The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977|loc=<sup>[page needed]</sup>|ps= : ''Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.''; as quoted in: {{harvtxt|Carstensen|2015|p=77}} }} Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".{{sfn|Furiassi|2010|p=34|ps=, quoted in {{harvtxt|Lujan-Garcia|2017|p=281|ps=<br />"[A] word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different meaning in English."}} }} |
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In discussing [[lexical borrowing]] (and also translation), academic works will often refer to ''source language'' or ''donor language'', and the ''receptor language'' or ''recipient language'' and may use ''SL'' and ''RL'' as abbreviations. In the case of anglicisms and loanwords from English, the source language is English, and the receptor language is the foreign language borrowing the English word or semantic elements.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}} Some German works even refer to these concepts using the English terms, untranslated.{{sfn|Carstensen|2015|p=77<!--quote=Den intensiven Einfluß einer ''donor language'' auf eine ''recipient language'' zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an. The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them.-->}} |
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Numerous definitions have been proposed. Many researchers quote David Duckworth, who wrote that pseudo-anglicisms are "German neologisms derived from English language material."{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977|loc=<small><sup>[page needed]</sup></small>|ps= :''Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.''}}<!-- as quoted in: {{sfn|Carstensen|2015|p=77}}--> |
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==Typology and mechanism== |
==Typology and mechanism== |
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Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.{{sfn|Anderman|2005|p=164}} |
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Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a [[neologism]] in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed [[lexical item]]s from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is ''Wellfit-Bar'', a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, ''[[:de:wikt:Weitsprung|Weitsprung]]'' (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word ''Weitsprung-Coach.''{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}} |
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Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words which once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.{{sfn|Anderman|2005|p=164}} |
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Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a [[neologism]] in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed [[lexical item]]s from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is ''Wellfit-Bar'', a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, ''[[:de:wikt:Weitsprung]]'' (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word ''Weitsprung-Coach.''{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}} |
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According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word ''man'', as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving ''golman''. In derivation, a suffix ''-er'' or ''-ist'' is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as ''teniser'', or '' |
According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word ''man'', as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving ''golman''. In derivation, a suffix ''-er'' or ''-ist'' is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as ''teniser'', or ''vaterpolist''. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops ''-ing'', as in ''boks'' from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".{{sfn |Filipović |1990 |p=138–139 |loc=4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms}} |
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Another process of [[word formation]] that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a [[blend word]], consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest ''tansad'' in French in 1919, from English ''tan[dem]'' + ''sad[dle |
Another process of [[word formation]] that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a [[blend word]], consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest ''tansad'' in French in 1919, from English ''tan[dem]'' + ''sad[dle]''.{{sfn|Rey-Debove|1990|p=1018}} |
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==Scope== |
==Scope== |
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Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.{{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=17}} |
Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.{{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=17}} |
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The equivalent of pseudo-Anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "[[double entendre]]", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see [[dog Latin]], [[list of pseudo-French words adapted to English]], and [[list of pseudo-German words adapted to English]]. |
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==Examples== |
==Examples== |
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===Many languages=== |
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Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",<ref>Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in ''Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak...'', '''2''', in ''Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs'' '''32''', 1986, p. 831</ref> often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:<ref>''e.g.'', [[Triantafyllidis Dictionary|Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής]] ''s.v.'' σμόκιν</ref> |
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* ''[[:wikt:autostop|autostop]]'' – [[hitchhiking]] in French,<ref name="collins"/> Italian,<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autostop/ «Autostop»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,<ref name="babiniotis">Georgios Babiniotis, [[Babiniotis Dictionary|Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας]], 1998, ''s.v.''</ref> Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dutch, etc.<ref name="gorlach"/> |
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* ''[[:wikt:basket|basket]]'' – [[basketball]] in Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sblherr.se/|title=SBL Herr|website=www.sblherr.se}}</ref> Greek μπάσκετ,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Turkish, etc.;<ref name="gorlach"/> also [[sneakers]] in French |
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* ''[[:wikt:camping|camping]]'' – [[campsite|campsite or campground]] in French,<ref name="collins"/> Greek κάμπινγκ,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Bulgarian къмпинг,<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/bulgarian-english/%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 ''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Russian ке́мпинг,<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/russian-english/%D0%BA%D0%B5%CD%81%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 ''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Polish ''kemping'',<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/polish-english/kemping '''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dicio.com.br/camping/ | title=Camping }}</ref> etc. |
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* ''[[:wikt:smoking|smoking]]'' – [[dinner jacket]], tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=smoking smoking], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> French,<ref name="collins"/> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/smoking | title=Smoking }}</ref> German,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Smoking {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Smoking|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> Italian,<ref name="paravia">''Oxford Paravia Italian Dictionary'', 2001, {{isbn|0198604378}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Greek σμόκιν,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Russian, etc.<ref name="gorlach">Gorlach, 2001, ''s.v.''</ref> |
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===Japanese=== |
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{{Further|List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms |
{{Further|List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms}} |
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* {{Nihongo|'' |
* {{Nihongo|''[[salaryman]]''|サラリーマン|sararīman}}{{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=42}} – a white collar employee (salaried worker) |
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* ''Pokémon'' ("pocket monster"){{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=42}} |
* ''[[Pokémon]]'' (ポケモン, "pocket monster"){{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=42}} |
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=== Korean === |
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{{Main|Konglish}} |
{{Main|Konglish}} |
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{{further|List of Konglish terms}} |
{{further|List of Konglish terms}} |
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* ''one shot'' – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=%EC%9B%90%EC%83%B7|title=Search result for '원샷'|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> |
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* ''Apart'' ({{lang|ko|아파트}} ''apateu'') – this word is used to mean not only individual suites, but "apartment building" or "apartment complex"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001311,00.html|title=Local English|publisher=Time|accessdate=2 August 2009|author=Desa Philadelphia|date=26 November 2001}}</ref> |
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* ''hand phone'' – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=%ED%95%B8%EB%93%9C%ED%8F%B0|title=Search result for '핸드폰'|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> |
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* ''Fighting'' ({{lang|ko|화이팅}} ''hwaiting'' or {{lang|ko|파이팅}} ''paiting'') – a Korean cheer that can roughly be translated as "Victory!" but can also be used as a word of encouragement (a la "Courage!")<ref name="fighting">{{cite web|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1904723|title=English? Konglish? Purists concede to 'fighting' cheer|publisher=JoongAng Daily|accessdate=2 August 2009|date=10 June 2002|author=Kim Hyo-jin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2738897|title=Korea Fighting!|accessdate=2 August 2009|publisher=JoongAng Daily|date=18 June 2006}}</ref> |
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* ''skinship'' – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=8 words that look like English but actually aren't – ESL language studies abroad |date=1 October 2019 |url=https://blog.esl-languages.com/blog/learn-languages/words-that-look-english-but-arent/ |website=ESL Stories |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> |
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* ''One shot'' ({{lang|ko|원샷}} ''wonsyas'') – a form of toast, roughly equivalent to "bottoms up". It challenges the drinker to finish his drink in one gulp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e4u.ybmsisa.com/EngPlaza/hotWord.asp?idx=1447&page=7 |title=외국어 공식 포탈 – e4u.com |publisher=E4u.ybmsisa.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> |
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=== Romance === |
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====French==== |
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[[French language|French]] includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (''baby-foot''), specifically compounds in ''-man'' (''tennisman''), truncations (''foot''), places in ''-ing'' (''dancing'' meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.<ref name="thog"/> |
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====[[French language|French]]==== |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:baby-foot|baby-foot]]''{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} (m, pronounced {{IPA-fr|ba.bi.fut|}}) – [[table football]] |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:baby-parc|baby-parc]]''{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – playpen |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:night shop|night shop]]'' (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:parking|parking]]'' (n; masc.) – Carpark |
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* ''rallye-paper''{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes{{sfn|Geyer|1903|p=19}} |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:recordman|recordman]]'' (m; pl: ''recordmans''; f:''Recordwoman'') – record holder in sports |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:relooker|relooker]]'' (verb) to make over; also: ''relooking'' (n; masc.) – a [[makeover]] |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:rugbyman|rugbyman]]'' (n; masc.) – rugby player |
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* ''shake-hand''{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:tennisman|tennisman]]'' – a tennis player |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:zapper|zapper]]''{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – to change channels using the remote control{{cn|date=February 2018}} |
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====[[Italian language|Italian]]==== |
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* ''Autogrill'' ({{IPA-it|autoˈɡril}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autogrill/ «Autogrill»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – motorway snack bar (used for any brand, not only for [[Autogrill]] chain) |
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* ''Baby killer'', or ''babykiller'' – juvenile murderer |
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* ''Beauty case'' <ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/beauty-case/ «Beauty-Case»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – vanity bag |
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* ''[[:it:Taccuino|Block-Notes]]'' or ''[[:it:Taccuino|Bloc-notes]]'' ({{IPA-it|blɔkˈnɔtes}}) <ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/tag/block-notes// «Bloc-Notes»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[notebook]] |
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* ''[[:it:Body rental|Body rental]]'' – [[Temporary work|temporary staffing firm]] |
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* ''[[:it:Cotton fioc|Cotton fioc]]'' – [[Cotton swab]] |
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* ''Pungiball'' – [[Punching ball]] |
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* ''[[:it:Sexy shop|Sexy shop]]'' – [[sex shop]] |
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====[[Romanian language|Romanian]]==== |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:baby-foot|baby-foot]]}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} (m, pronounced {{IPA-fr|ba.bi.fut|}}) – [[table football]] |
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* ''Tenisman'' – tennis player (feminine is ''tenismană'') |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:baby-parc|baby-parc]]}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – playpen |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:blind test|blind test]]}} – music quiz / 'name that tune' |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:brushing|brushing]]}} – blow-dry and styling<ref name="anderson">Matthew Anderson, "The foreign words that seem like English – but aren't", ''BBC Culture'' [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20161014-the-foreign-words-that-seem-like-english-but-arent 13 October 2016]</ref><ref name="collins-usage">''Collins le Robert French Dictionary'', 11th ed., 2020, ''s.v.'' (usage note)</ref> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:building|building]]}} – high-rise building, tower block<ref name="anderson"/><ref name="collins">''Collins le Robert French Dictionary'', 11th ed., 2020, ''s.v.''</ref> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:box|box]]}} – [[wifi router]] or [[parking space]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|dancing}} – [[dance hall]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|flirt}} – a brief romance, flirtation, a [[boyfriend]] or [[girlfriend]]<ref name="collins"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:footing|footing]]}} – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning) |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:night shop|night shop]]}} (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop |
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* {{lang|fr|pressing}} – [[dry cleaning]] shop, |
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* {{lang|fr|rallye-paper}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes{{sfn|Geyer|1903|p=19}} |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:recordman|recordman]]}} (m; pl: {{lang|fr|recordmans}}; f:{{lang|fr|recordwoman}}) – record holder, especially in sports |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:relooker|relooker]]}} (verb) to make over; also: {{lang|fr|relooking}} (n; masc.) – a [[makeover]] |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:rugbyman|rugbyman]]}} (n; masc.) – rugby player |
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* {{lang|fr|shake-hand}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} |
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* {{lang|fr|shampooing}} – [[shampoo]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|speaker}}, {{lang|fr|speakerine}} (feminine) – radio or television [[announcer]]<ref name="thog">Clyde Thogmartin, "Some 'English' Words in French", ''The French Review'' '''57''':4:447-455 (March 1984) {{JSTOR|393310}}</ref> |
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* {{lang|fr|standing}} – luxury, prestige<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|surf}} – [[surfing]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:tennisman|tennisman]]}} – a tennis player |
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* |
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====Italian==== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''[[Balconing]]'' - The act of jumping into a swimming pool from a balcony or falling from height while climbing from one balcony to another, recently popular among foreign tourists during holidays. |
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* ''KOM (Kick Off Meeting)'' – planning meeting, Project launch meeting. |
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* ''Play, Hipermegaplay'' (in Colombia) – Used in the same way American English speakers would use the slang term "Cool". |
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* ''Round Point'' (in [[Colombian Spanish]]) – [[roundabout]] (from French ''rond-point'') |
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* ''rebajjing'' – in Spain, roughly, "ongoing sales", from ''rebajas'' (sales) + -ing.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Calidoscópio |last=González-Cruz |first=María-Isabel |title=Anglicising leisure: The multimodal presence of English in Spanish TV adverts |volume=13 |issue=3 |url=http://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/calidoscopio/article/viewFile/cld.2015.133.06/5064 |date=2015-08-28 |page=345 |website= |accessdate=2018-11-16 |quote=This is the case of the pseudo-anglicism rebajjing, which is used in a commercial advertising one of the most important shopping centres in the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. In this advert... the English suffix -ing is added to the Spanish term ‘rebajas” (sales), and the consonant –j is doubled, following the English rules.}}</ref> |
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* ''autobus –'' a bus''<ref name=":0" />'' |
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===[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]=== |
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* ''autogrill'' ({{IPA-it|autoˈɡril}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autogrill/ «Autogrill»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[rest area]] (used for any brand, not only for [[Autogrill]] chain) |
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* ''beauty farm''<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/beauty-farm/ «Beauty farm»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> ({{IPA-it|bjutiˈfarm}}) – [[spa]] |
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* The French borrowing ''[[:it:Taccuino|bloc-notes]]'' ({{IPA-fr|blɔknɔt}}) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form ''[[:it:Taccuino|block-notes]]'' ({{IPA-it|blɔkˈnɔts|blɔkˈnotes}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/tag/block-notes// «Bloc-Notes»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[notebook]] |
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* ''jolly'' – the joker in a pack of cards<ref name="anderson"/><ref>Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the ''Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA)''. Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005</ref> |
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* ''pullman'' – a bus<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=English Translation of "autobus" | Collins Italian-English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/italian-english/autobus}}</ref> |
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* ''smart working'' {{IPA-it|zmartˈworking}} – [[remote work]], where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as [[smartphone]]s and [[smartwatch]]es. |
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===Germanic=== |
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====[[Danish language|Danish]]==== |
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====Danish==== |
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* ''Babylift'' – [[baby transport]]/[[baby transport|carrycot]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=babylift babylift], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* '' |
* ''babylift'' – [[baby transport]]/[[baby transport|carrycot]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=babylift babylift], Den Danske Ordbog</ref><ref name="anderson"/> |
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* '' |
* ''butterfly'' – [[bow tie]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=butterfly butterfly], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''cottoncoat'' – [[trench coat]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=cottoncoat cottoncoat], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''Grillparty'' – a [[barbecue]] party<ref>[https://shopping.coop.dk/vare/smoby-grill-med-burger-og-poelser-nu-kan-de-mindste-holde-grillparty/3032160244977 Smoby grill med burger og pølser – Nu kan de mindste holde grillparty]</ref> |
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* '' |
* ''cowboytoast'' – [[ground meat|minced meat]] [[sandwich]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=cowboytoast cowboytoast], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* '' |
* ''doorstep'' – a short and informal [[press conference]]<ref>[https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/doorstep doorstep], Wiktionary</ref> |
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* ''grillparty'' – a [[barbecue]] party<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shopping.coop.dk/legetoej/indeleg/rolleleg/legekoekken|title=Legekøkken | Køb dit legetøjskøkken online her | Coop.dk|website=shopping.coop.dk}}</ref> |
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* ''Stationcar'' – a contraction of [[station wagon]] (US) and [[estate car]] (UK)<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=stationcar stationcar], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* '' |
* ''monkeyclass'' – [[economy class]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=monkeyclass monkeyclass], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''speedmarker'' – a [[felt-tip pen]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=speedmarker speedmarker], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''stationcar'' – conflation of [[station wagon]] (US) and [[estate car]] (UK)<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=stationcar stationcar], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''timemanager'' – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark [[Time Manager]])<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=timemanager timemanager], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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==== |
====Dutch==== |
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{{Refimprove|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''beamer'' – a [[video projector]] (via German pseudo-anglicism ''Beamer'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Beamer (LaTeX) |last=Vullers |first=Pim |url=http://www.cs.ru.nl/~pim/beamer.php |year=2012 |website=Radboud University |publisher= |access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Ph.D. student webspace at univeristy|date=December 2020}} |
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* ''Airco'' – [[air conditioning]] |
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* '' |
* ''oldtimer'' – an [[antique car]] |
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* '' |
* ''sport'' – to [[exercise]] or engage in a [[sport]] |
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* '' |
* ''touringcar'' – a [[coach (bus)]] |
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* ''Space cake'' – a cake filled with hashish{{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=10–11}} |
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* ''Touringcar'' – a [[Coach (bus)|motor coach]]; not a touring car, which is either an [[touring car|obsolete automobile body shape]] or a [[Touring car racing|classification of racing car]]. |
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==== |
====German==== |
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{{See also|Denglisch}} |
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Many of the following examples{{which|date=February 2018}} may be found in several words (Fun Sport), hyphenated (Fun-Sport), in one word (Funsport) or [[CamelCase]] (FunSport). |
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German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated ''(Home-Office)'' or in one word ''(Homeoffice)''.<ref name="duden.de">{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Homeoffice {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Homeoffice|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> Infrequently, [[CamelCase]] may also be used.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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* ''Beamer'' – a [[video projector]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Beamer {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Beamer|access-date=2021-03-14|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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* ''Dressman'' – male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}) |
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*''Bodybag –'' a [[messenger bag]] |
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* ''Wellfit-Bar'' – a bar that carries a variety of healthy drinks {{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}} |
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* ''Charity-Lady'' (pl.: ''Charity-Lad'''y'''s''): upper-class woman who uses her fortune and her social influence to do charity work |
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* ''Beamer'' – a [[video projector]] |
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* ''Dressman'' – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}) |
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* ''Flipper'' – a [[pinball machine]]<ref name="german.yabla.com">{{Cite web|url=https://german.yabla.com/lesson-German-Pseudo-Anglicisms-542|title = German Pseudo-Anglicisms – Yabla German – Free German Lessons}}</ref> |
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* ''Funsport'' – a sport played for amusement, such as [[skateboarding]] or [[frisbee]]<ref name="anderson" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Funsport {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Funsport|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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* ''Handy'' – a mobile phone<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparhandy.de/handy-kaufen/|title=Handy ohne Vertrag: Angebote März 2023|website=www.sparhandy.de}}</ref> |
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* ''Homeoffice'' – working from home, used as a noun<ref name="duden.de"/> |
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* ''Jobticket'' – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Jobticket {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Jobticket|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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* ''Oldtimer'' – an [[antique car]]<ref name="anderson"/> |
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* ''Public Viewing'' – a public viewing event (party) of a [[Association football|football]] match or similar |
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* ''Shooting'' – a photoshoot<ref name="german.yabla.com"/> |
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<!--* ''Wellfit-Bar'' – a bar that carries a variety of healthy drinks {{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}} << This is not a well known term in Germany and actually sounds like a trademark to me. --> |
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* ''trampen'' (verb) – hitchhiking<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Trampen {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/trampen|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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* ''mobbing'' – bullying |
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==== |
====Norwegian==== |
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* ''After work'' – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished<ref>{{cite web|title=After work ett svenskt påhitt|url=http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/after-work-ett-svenskt-pahitt/|publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|accessdate=12 December 2015|language=Swedish}}</ref> |
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* ''Backslick'' – slick-back hairdo |
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* ''Homestyling'' – [[Home staging]], making a home look better when presenting for sale, when done by professionals. Homestyling is used in the UK when helping residents fix their home for their own well-being. |
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* ''sixpence'' – Flat cap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixpence |url=https://www.skittfiske.no/klaer/hodeplagg/sixpence |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.skittfiske.no}}</ref> |
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====[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]==== |
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* ''cherry lights'' (טשערי לייץ [[Help:IPA for Yiddish|[tʃɛrɪ lɛɪts]]]) – red headlights{{cn|date=January 2018}} |
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* ''payday'' (פּיידיי [[Help:IPA for Yiddish|[pɛɪdɛɪ]]]) – salary/payment |
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====Swedish==== |
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=== [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]=== |
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====[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]==== |
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* ''after work'' – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished<ref>{{cite news|title=After work ett svenskt påhitt|url=http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/after-work-ett-svenskt-pahitt/|newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|date=11 March 2015|access-date=12 December 2015|language=Swedish}}</ref> |
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* ''Shop tour'' (''шоп-тур, šop-tur'') – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping. |
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* ''backslick'' – A wet, combed-back hair style{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} |
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* ''pocket'' – A paper-back book<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akademibokhandeln.se/lista/pockettoppen|title=Topplistan Pocket – Akademibokhandeln|website=www.akademibokhandeln.se}}</ref> |
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=== |
=== Slavic === |
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====Polish==== |
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* ''Boks'' – [[boxing]]<ref>{{cite web|title=boks|url=http://sjp.pwn.pl/so/boks;4416439.html|work=Słownik języka polskiego|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=19 August 2015|language=Polish}}</ref> |
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* '' |
* ''dres'' – [[tracksuit]];<ref>{{cite web|title=dres|url=http://swo.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=6162|work=Słownik wyrazów obcych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|access-date=11 April 2012|language=Polish}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sometimes also short for ''[[dresiarz]]'' ([[chav]], [[gopnik]]) |
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* ''{{lang|pl|[[:pl:wikt:pendrive|pendrive]]}}'' – [[USB flash drive]] |
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* ''Dres'' – [[tracksuit]];<ref>{{cite web|title=dres|url=http://swo.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=6162|work=Słownik wyrazów obcych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=11 April 2012|language=Polish}}</ref> sometimes also [[chav]](s) (short for ''dresiarz'') |
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* ''{{lang|pl|[[:pl:wikt:camping|camping]]}}'' – [[campsite]] |
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==== |
====Russian==== |
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* Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – [[clothing swap]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brjunetka.ru/chto-takoe-dress-krossing-i-v-chem-ego-preimushhestva/ | title=Преимущества и недостатки дресс-кроссинга | date=19 September 2015 }}</ref> (analogous to [[postcrossing]], [[bookcrossing]]); not to be confused with [[cross-dressing]] |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}} |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:клипмейкер|Клипмейкер]]}} ("Clip maker") – [[music video director]]{{sfn|Baldwin|2020|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bJb-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 Клипмейкер]}} |
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* ''Clipmaker'' (''клипмейкер, klipmeyker'') – [[music video director]] |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:страйкбол|Страйкбол]]}} ("strikeball")<ref>[https://translate.academic.ru/страйкбол/en/ru/страйкбол «страйкбол»], ''«Словари и энциклопедии на Академике»''</ref><ref>[[:ru:Страйкбол|Страйкбол]], ''«Википедия»''</ref> – [[airsoft]] |
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* ''[[Face control]]'' (''фейсконтроль, feyskontrol’'') – checking whether a person looks appropriate (a common practice at Russian night clubs) |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:фейсконтроль|Фейсконтроль]]}} ("[[Face control]]") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} |
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* ''Metallist'' (''металлист, metallist'') – fan of [[heavy metal subculture]] |
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*Аниматор ("Animator") – children's entertainer |
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* ''Safing'' (''сейфинг, seyfing'') – providing [[safe deposit box]]es |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:кемпинг|Кемпинг]]}} ("camping") – [[campsite]] |
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* ''Shop tour'' (''шоп-тур, shop-tur'') – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:рекордсмен|Рекордсмен]]}} ("records man") – record holder |
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=== |
=== Austronesian === |
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==== Tagalog ==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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{{main|Philippine English}} |
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* ''Goalman'' (''Golman'' / ''Голман'') – Goalkeeper, Goalie |
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{{further|Taglish}} |
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* ''Recorder'' (''Rekorder'' / ''Рекордер'') – record holder (in sports) |
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* ''[[jeepney]]'' – a [[mode of transport|mode of]] [[public transport]] in the [[Philippines]], much like a form of [[share taxi]]<ref name=culturetrip>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/16-english-words-and-sayings-travellers-wont-understand-in-the-philippines/|title=16 English Words and Sayings Travellers Won't Understand in the Philippines|last=Escalona|first=Katrina|date=5 September 2017|publisher=theculturetrip.com|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=Might be a pseudoanglicism, but this ref says nothing about it.|date=January 2019}} |
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==== |
==== Malaysian Malay ==== |
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* ''action'' – boast; boastful<ref name="Johari">{{cite web|url=https://says.com/my/seismik/perkataan-english-orang-kita-pakai-yang-beri-maksud-berbeza|title=21 'English Words' Yang Menyimpang Jauh Maksudnya Bila Orang Kita Guna Untuk Bersembang|last=Johari|first=Farouq|date=|publisher=says.com|access-date=}}</ref> |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''best'' – good<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my">{{cite web|url=https://soscili.my/perkataan-inggeris-salahguna-dimelayukan/|title=9 perkataan English yang terpesong maknanya bila di-Melayukan|last=|first=|date=13 August 2016|publisher=soscili.my|access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> |
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{{empty section|date=March 2018}} |
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* ''cable'' – personal connection or insider<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="Roslan">{{cite web|url=https://www.thevocket.com/perkataan-english-di-melayukan/|title=10 Perkataan English Yang Telah Di Melayukan. Mat Salleh Pun Takkan Faham|last=Roslan|first=Rizmi|date=18 January 2015|publisher=The Vocket|access-date=}}</ref> |
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* ''power'' – great<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/> |
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* ''sound'' – scold<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/> |
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* ''spender'' – [[undergarment]] for lower body e.g. [[briefs]] and [[panties]]<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/><ref name="Roslan"/> |
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* ''terror'' – great<ref name="Roslan"/> |
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==== |
==== Indonesian ==== |
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* ''cross boy/girl'' – delinquent person<ref name="gustaafkusno">{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2012-09-05 |title=Istilah Bahasa Inggris Kreasi Orang Indonesia |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/gustaafkusno/55175b3fa333114607b65c5f/istilah-bahasa-inggris-kreasi-orang-indonesia |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''outbound'' – [[outdoor education]] or recreational activities<ref name="gustaafkusno"/> |
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* ''Dbest'' {{IPA-sl|dəˈbɛst|}} – slang term meaning 'cool' |
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* ''Full'' {{IPA-sl|ful|}} – slang term meaning 'very' |
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===Other |
=== Other languages === |
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==== Chinese ==== |
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* ''coser'' – [[cosplayer]], modelled after the verb "cos" (to cosplay) |
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==== |
====Maltese==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''Barwoman (μπαργούμαν)'' – [[Bartender|barmaid]] |
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===Other non-Indo-European=== |
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====[[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]]==== |
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{{multiple issues|section=section| |
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{{unreferenced|section|discuss=Pseudo-anglicism#Original research |date=February 2018}} |
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{{too many examples|talk=Not an indiscriminate list|Reason=This article is not a [[WP:SAL|list article]], and this section doesn't need [[WP:EXAMPLEFARM|so many examples]]. One or two for each kind of formation mechanism would be sufficient. |date=February 2018}} |
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}} |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''Back-Axe'' (בק-אקס) – rear axle |
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* ''Chaser'' (צ'ייסר) – small [[Shot glass#Sizes|shot glass]] |
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* ''Coacher'' (קואוצ'ר) – practitioner of life-coaching, a coach. ("Coacher" is a valid, but rare, English variant) |
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* ''Combinator'' (קומבינטור) – a swindler/cheater/con-artist, but also less negatively just someone who's good at smooth talking and getting out of trouble, or finding quick-fix solutions to problems. |
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* ''Front Back-Axe'' (פרונט בק-אקס) – front axle |
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* ''Golf'' (גולף) – [[turtleneck]] sweater/jersey |
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* ''Maniac'' (manyak מניאק) – an undesirable person, akin to "asshole" or "son of a bitch" in English. (Probably derived from Arabic, where it has some negative sexual connotation) |
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* ''Money time'' (מאני טיים) – [[wikt:crunch time|crunch time]] (in sports) |
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* ''Nylon'' (ניילון) – any form of flexible [[plastic]] |
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* ''Patent'' (patent פטנט) – an improvisation/innovation |
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* ''Presenter'' (פרזנטור) – [[celebrity endorser]] |
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* ''Punch'' (פאנצ׳) – a short joke, one-liner (not the [[punch line]]!) |
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* ''Puncture'' (pancher פנצ'ר) – any mishap causing a delay <!--(Puncture is used metaphorically for mishaps, so probably should be removed from this list)--> |
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* ''Scouter'' (סקאוטר) – talent scout. ("Scouter" is a valid, but rare, English variant) |
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* ''Selector'' (סלקטור) – airport security screener, club bouncer |
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* ''Snappling'' (snepling סנפלינג) – [[abseiling]] |
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* ''Talkback'' (tokbek טוקבק) – A comment on a [[blog]] or an internet news site |
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* ''V'' (וי) – [[check mark]] (✓). Used in the expression "לעשות וי" ("to do a V") meaning "to check off, indicate as done". |
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====[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''Mini Market'' – [[Convenience store]] |
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====[[Thai language|Thai]]==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''Air'' (แอร์) – Air conditioner. |
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* ''Check-bill'' (เช็กบิล ''Chĕkh bil'') – A combination of the US English "check" and the British English "bill" (adapted to Thai pronunciation), meaning the bill presented in a restaurant or bar. |
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* ''Freshy'' (เฟรชชี่ ''Ferch chī̀'') – A college fresher or freshman. |
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* ''Goal'' (โกล ''Kol'') – means "goal keeper". "No goal" means to play football(soccer) without goal keepers. |
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* ''Hi-so'' (ไฮโซ ''Ḥịso'') – [[High society (group)|High Society]] describing someone who insists on designer labels. |
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* ''Inter'' (อินเตอร์ ''Xintexr̒'') – means "international". "I am so inter" means the person has been abroad and is interested in foreign, mostly Western things. |
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* ''In-trend'' (อินเทรนด์ ''Xin the rnd̒'') – Trendy. The word "trend" is usually pronounced in Thai accent as "tren" because final consonants are not as pronounced in Thai as in English. |
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* ''Too fast to sleep'' – Too early to sleep. The Thai word /rēw/ (เร็ว ''rĕw'') means either fast or early, depending on context. |
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* ''Ver'' or ''Over'' (เวอร์ ''Wexr̒'' or โอเวอร์ ''Xowexr̒'') – Exaggerated or overstated. |
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====[[Turkish language|Turkish]]==== |
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{{empty section |date=November 2018}} |
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====[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''Coca'' ({{lang|vi|cô ca}}) – [[Coca-Cola]] |
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* ''MC'' ({{lang|vi|em xi}}) – TV host, talk show host, television presenter; originating from hip-hop slang |
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* ''Film'' ({{lang|vi|phim}}) – both [[Film|movies]] and [[soap opera]] |
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* ''Photo'' ({{lang|vi|phô tô}}) – [[Photocopier|photocopy]] |
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* ''Sex'' ({{lang|vi|sét}}) – wearing revealing clothes that make the wearer appear lustful |
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* ''Style'' ({{lang|vi|xì tin}}) – appearing teenage, active, playful and modern |
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* ''Vest'' ({{lang|vi|vét}}) – Western [[suit (clothing)|suit]] in clothing |
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* ''goaler'' – [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chucky |date=2016-11-26 |title=5 Kelmiet Li Taħsibhom Ingliżi Imma Mhumiex |url=https://lovinmalta.com/lifestyle/language/5-kelmiet-li-tahsibhom-inglizi-imma-mhumiex/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Lovin Malta |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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===Multiple languages=== |
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{{Refimprove|section|date=May 2018}} |
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* ''Air-Condition'' (German, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – [[air conditioning]] |
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* ''Autostop'' (or in some languages ''stop'') (Bulgarian, Czech, French, Greek, Hungarian, Italian,<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autostop/ «Autostop»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Spanish, Turkish) – [[hitchhiking]] |
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* ''Beauty farm'' (Dutch, German ''Beauty-Farm'' and ''Beautyfarm'', Italian<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/beauty-farm/ «Beauty farm»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref>) – [[spa]] |
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* ''Camping-car'' (French, Japanese キャンピングカー) – [[campervan]] or "[[recreational vehicle]]" |
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* ''Fotoshooting'' (Danish, German, Romanian) – photo session, photo shoot |
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* ''Fotoshop'' (Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese, Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Turkish) – manipulated photo (from the name of [[Adobe Photoshop]]) |
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* ''Frac'' (French, Italian, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, also ''Frack'' in German), from "frock coat" – evening tailcoat |
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* ''Goalman'' (Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian) – [[Goalkeeper]] |
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* ''Handphone'' (Indonesian, Korean 핸드폰) – [[mobile phone]] (compare German ''Handy'') |
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* ''Hometrainer'' (Dutch, German, Portuguese) – [[Stationary bicycle|exercise bicycle]] or other low-level consumer fitness machine |
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* ''IC'' (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) – [[Interchange (road)|interchange]]{{cn|reason=I don't think just initials apply; how does this "look like" English?|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''K-Way'' (French {{IPA-fr|kawe|}}, Italian) – [[windbreaker]]{{cn|reason=This is a trademark not a word, so not sure that counts. This needs a sources that describes it as a pseudo-anglicism.|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''Luna park'' (Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Polish, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Russian) – [[amusement park]] (derived from the name of an amusement park in New York) |
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* ''MV'' (Chinese, Korean) – [[music video]]{{cn|reason=only initials; doesn't apply|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''PK'' (Chinese) – [[play-kill]] (this term usually refers to a lighthearted competition/conflict and originates from arcade games){{cn|reason=only initials; doesn't apply|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''Recordman'' (French, Greek, Italian, Romanian, Russian ''recordsman'', Turkish) – record holder in sports* |
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* ''Topfit'' (Dutch, German) – perfectly physically fit |
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* ''Zapping'' (Danish ''zappe'', French, German ''zappen'' (verb), Greek, Italian {{IPA-it|ˈdzappiŋɡ|}}, Portuguese, Dutch ''zappen'', Swedish ''zappa'') – (TV) channel-surfing, channel-hopping {{cn|reason=dubious;'to zap' exists in English, so derived 'zapping' exists|date=February 2018}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
||
Line 257: | Line 194: | ||
* [[List of pseudo-French words adapted to English]] |
* [[List of pseudo-French words adapted to English]] |
||
* [[Phono-semantic matching]] |
* [[Phono-semantic matching]] |
||
* [[Wasei-eigo]] |
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{{colend}} |
{{colend}} |
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Line 263: | Line 201: | ||
==Sources== |
==Sources== |
||
* <!--Anderman|2005-->{{cite book |last1=Anderman |first1=Gunilla M. |last2=Rogers |first2=Margaret |last3=Gottlieb | first3=Henrik |title=In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA59WvmQOQC&pg=PA167 |series=Translating Europe. |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |location=Clevedon |isbn=978-1-85359-787-9 |page=164 |chapter=11 Anglicisms and Translation |oclc=812195823 |ref={{harvid|Anderman|2005}} }} |
|||
* <!-- |
* <!--Ayres-Bennett|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Ayres-Bennett |first1=Wendy |last2=Carruthers |first2=Janice |last3=Temple |first3=Rosalind |title=Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQftAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |series=Longman linguistics library. |date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-88652-5 |page=335 |chapter=12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms |oclc=871224464 |ref={{harvid|Ayres-Bennett|2014}} }} |
||
* <!--Baldwin|2020-->{{cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=Yuliya |title=English Loans in Contemporary Russian |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-20618-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJb-DwAAQBAJ |language=en}} |
|||
* <!--Ayres-Bennett|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Ayres-Bennett |first1=Wendy |last2=Carruthers |first2=Janice |last3=Temple |first3=Rosalind |title=Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQftAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |series=Longman linguistics library. |date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-88652-5 |page=335 |chapter=12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms |oclc=871224464 |ref={{harvid|Ayres-Bennett|2014}} }} |
|||
* <!--Betz|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last1=Betz |first1=Werner |last2=Kolb |first2=Herbert |last3=Lauffer |first3=Hartmut |title=Sprachliche Interferenz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqgdAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=978-3-484-10285-9 |ref={{harvid|Betz|1977}} }} |
* <!--Betz|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last1=Betz |first1=Werner |last2=Kolb |first2=Herbert |last3=Lauffer |first3=Hartmut |title=Sprachliche Interferenz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqgdAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=978-3-484-10285-9 |ref={{harvid|Betz|1977}} }} |
||
* <!--Carstensen|2015-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Carstensen |first=Broder |editor1-last=Viereck |editor1-first=Wolfgang |title=Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache auf das Deutsche |trans-title=Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy7tCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|date=16 November 2015 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |orig-year=1st pub. Gunter Narr:1980 |series=Tübingener beigrag zur Linguistik #132 |isbn=978-3-87808-132-6 |oclc=1006045710 |page=77 |chapter=Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen |
* <!--Carstensen|2015-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Carstensen |first=Broder |editor1-last=Viereck |editor1-first=Wolfgang |title=Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache auf das Deutsche |trans-title=Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy7tCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|date=16 November 2015 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |orig-year=1st pub. Gunter Narr:1980 |series=Tübingener beigrag zur Linguistik #132 |isbn=978-3-87808-132-6 |oclc=1006045710 |page=77 |chapter=Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen }} |
||
*<!--Campos-Pardillos|2015-->{{cite journal |journal=Atlantis Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies |last=Campos-Pardillos |first=Miguel Ángel |title=All Is not English that Glitters: False Anglicisms in the Spanish Language of Sports |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32326153.pdf |volume=37 |issue=2 |year=2015 |publisher=AEDEAN: Asociación española de estudios anglo-americanos |jstor=24757788 |doi= |issn=0210-6124 |eissn=1989-6840 |pages=155–174 }} |
|||
* <!--Duckworth|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Duckworth |first=David |editor1-last=Best |editor1-first=Werner |editor2-last=Kolb |editor2-first=Werner |editor3-last=Lauffer |editor3-first=Hartmut |title=Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag |trans-title=The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal. |url= |page= |location=Tübingen |publisher=[[:de:Max Niemeyer Verlag|Niemeyer]] |date=1977 |isbn=9783484102859 |oclc=185584225 |access-date= |quote=Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial. |ref=harv }} |
|||
* <!--Duckworth|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Duckworth |first=David |editor1-last=Best |editor1-first=Werner |editor2-last=Kolb |editor2-first=Werner |editor3-last=Lauffer |editor3-first=Hartmut |title=Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag |trans-title=The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal. |url= |page= |location=Tübingen |publisher=[[:de:Max Niemeyer Verlag|Niemeyer]] |date=1977 |isbn=9783484102859 |oclc=185584225 |access-date= |quote=Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial. }} |
|||
* <!--Filipovic|1990-->{{cite book |last1=Filipović |first1=Rudof |last2=Partridge |first2=Monica |last3=Herrity |first3=Peter |last4=Jones |first4=Malcolm V. |last5=Terry |first5=Garth M. |title=The Bell of freedom: essays presented to Monica Partridge on the occasion of her 75th birthday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTsMAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2018 |year=1990 |publisher=Astra Press |location=Nottingham |isbn=978-0-946134-17-5 |chapter=Secondary Anglicisms in a Dictionary of Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian |oclc=246527030 |ref={{harvid|Filipović|1990}}}} |
|||
* <!-- |
* <!--Filipovic|1990-->{{cite book |last1=Filipović |first1=Rudof |last2=Partridge |first2=Monica |last3=Herrity |first3=Peter |last4=Jones |first4=Malcolm V. |last5=Terry |first5=Garth M. |title=The Bell of freedom: essays presented to Monica Partridge on the occasion of her 75th birthday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTsMAAAAIAAJ |access-date=14 February 2018 |year=1990 |publisher=Astra Press |location=Nottingham |isbn=978-0-946134-17-5 |chapter=Secondary Anglicisms in a Dictionary of Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian |oclc=246527030 |ref={{harvid|Filipović|1990}}}} |
||
* <!--Furiassi| |
* <!--Furiassi|2010-->{{cite book |last=Furiassi |first=Cristiano |title=False Anglicisms in Italian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11_QwAEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Polimetrica |location=Monza (Milano) |isbn=978-88-7699-203-2 |oclc=712112149 }} |
||
* <!-- |
* <!--Furiassi|2012-->{{cite book |last1=Furiassi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Pulcini |first2=Virginia |last3=Rodríguez González |first3=Félix |title=The Anglicization of European Lexis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI3y6TJw4YIC&pg=PA158 |year=2012 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-272-1195-8 |pages=158 |ref={{harvid|Furiassi|2012}} }} |
||
* <!-- |
* <!--Furiassi|2015-->{{cite book |last1=Furiassi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Gottlieb |first2=Henrik |title=Pseudo-English: Studies on False Anglicisms in Europe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_BeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-1-5015-0023-7 |pages=17 |chapter=2 Qualifying pseudo-Anglicisms |ref={{harvid|Furiassi|2015}} }} |
||
* <!-- |
* <!--Geyer|1903-->{{cite book |title=Geyer's Stationer: Devoted to the Interests of the Stationery, Fancy Goods and Notion Trades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w587AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR19 |year=1903 |publisher=Andrew Geyer |location=New York |oclc=1009011742 |access-date=13 May 2018 |ref={{harvid|Geyer|1903}} }} |
||
* <!-- |
* <!--Görlach|2001-->{{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7YfZpQjeewC |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-823519-4 |oclc=429029188 |access-date=21 February 2018 }} |
||
* <!-- |
* <!--Görlach|2002-->{{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=English in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kma6Sipww4UC |date=23 May 2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-158069-7 |oclc=768118863 |access-date=21 February 2018 }} |
||
* <!-- |
* <!--Grossman|2008-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Großmann |first=Anja |title=Frequenz und Verwendungskontexte des Anglizismus Design in der deutschen Sprache |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOavrBvZu9MC&pg=PA4 |year=2008 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-640-17674-8 |pages=4– |chapter=2.2 Die Typologie der Anglizismen nach Jürgen Spitzmüller |type=Studienarbeit |ref={{harvid|Grossman<!--make it easier to type in sfn-->|2008}} }} |
||
* <!--Lujan-Garcia-2017-->{{cite journal |journal=Alicante Journal of English Studies |last=Luján-García |first=Carmen |title=Analysis of the presence of Anglicisms in a Spanish internet forum: some terms from the fields of fashion, beauty and leisure |volume=30 |year=2017 |issue=30 |page=277 |doi=10.14198/raei.2017.30.10 |ref={{harvid|Lujan-Garcia|2017}} |doi-access=free |hdl=10553/41634 |hdl-access=free }} |
|||
* <!--Rey-Debove|1990-->{{cite book |language=French |last1=Rey-Debove |first1=Josette |last2=Gagnon |first2=Gilberte |title=Dictionnaire des anglicismes : les mots anglais et américains en français |trans-title=Dictionary of Anglicisms: English and American Words in French |series=Usuels du Robert |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/dictionnaire-des-anglicismes-les-mots-anglais-et-americains-en-francais/oclc/756955952&referer=brief_results |location=Paris |publisher=Le Robert |date=1990 |orig-year= |isbn=9782850360275 |oclc=756955952 |access-date= |ref={{harvid|Rey-Debove|1990}}}} |
|||
* <!-- |
* <!--Onysko|2007-->{{cite book |last=Onysko |first=Alexander |title=Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbr2txEYSHAC&pg=PA52 |series=Linguistik: Impulse & Tendenzen, 23 |chapter=4 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms |year=2007 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-019946-8 |pages=52 |oclc=901310392 }} |
||
* <!-- |
* <!--Picone|1996-->{{cite book |last=Picone |first=Michael D. |title=Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcZBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA350 |access-date=14 February 2018 |series=Lingvisticae Investigationes Supplementa Ser.,18. |date=18 October 1996 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-272-7614-8 |page=350 |oclc=769341957 }} |
||
* <!--Rey-Debove|1990-->{{cite book |language=French |last1=Rey-Debove |first1=Josette |last2=Gagnon |first2=Gilberte |title=Dictionnaire des anglicismes : les mots anglais et américains en français |trans-title=Dictionary of Anglicisms: English and American Words in French |series=Usuels du Robert |location=Paris |publisher=Le Robert |date=1990 |orig-year= |isbn=9782850360275 |oclc=756955952 |ref={{harvid|Rey-Debove|1990}}}} |
|||
* <!--Rosenhouse|2008-->Rosenhouse, Judith, Rotem Kowner, eds., ''Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages'', 2008, {{isbn|1783091533}} |
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* <!--Saugera|2017-->{{cite book |last=Saugera |first=Valérie |title=Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yflKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=14 February 2018 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-062554-2 |oclc=1013564643 }} |
|||
* <!--Scheibel|2007-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Scheibel |first=Larissa |title=Anglizismen/Amerikanismen im Deutschen und Russischen am Beispiel von Online Zeitschriften |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFAtvCczC9wC&pg=PA10 |date=21 February 2007 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-638-59645-9 |pages=10– |chapter=2.2 Entlehnungen |type=Master's thesis }} |
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* <!--Sicherl|1999-->{{cite book |last1=Sicherl |first1=Eva |last2=Šabec |first2=Nada |last3=Gabrovšek |first3=Dušan |title=The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14 |series=Razprave Filozofske fakultete. |year=1999 |publisher=Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete |isbn=978-86-7207-114-6 |page=14 |oclc=442412304 |ref={{harvid|Sicherl|1999}} }} |
* <!--Sicherl|1999-->{{cite book |last1=Sicherl |first1=Eva |last2=Šabec |first2=Nada |last3=Gabrovšek |first3=Dušan |title=The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14 |series=Razprave Filozofske fakultete. |year=1999 |publisher=Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete |isbn=978-86-7207-114-6 |page=14 |oclc=442412304 |ref={{harvid|Sicherl|1999}} }} |
||
* <!--Winter|1995-->{{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Werner |author2=Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting |title=On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWQb7pQvx08C&pg=PA139 | |
* <!--Winter|1995-->{{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Werner |author2=Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting |title=On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWQb7pQvx08C&pg=PA139 |access-date=14 February 2018 |series=Trends in linguistics., Studies and monographs; 78. |year=1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-013257-1 |oclc=924736602 }} |
||
* <!--Winter-Froemel|2011-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Winter-Froemel |first=Esme |title=Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Zx8xmDm7mEC&pg=PA45 |edition=Berlin |date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-023506-7 |pages=45– |chapter=3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen |
* <!--Winter-Froemel|2011-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Winter-Froemel |first=Esme |title=Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Zx8xmDm7mEC&pg=PA45 |edition=Berlin |date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-023506-7 |pages=45– |chapter=3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen }} |
||
* <!--Yang|1990-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Yang |first=Wenliang |title=Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRiYUpTcEm0C&pg=PA12 |series=Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 |date=1 January 1990 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Tuebingen |isbn=978-3-11-167615-9 |pages=12– |chapter=1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort |
* <!--Yang|1990-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Yang |first=Wenliang |title=Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRiYUpTcEm0C&pg=PA12 |series=Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 |date=1 January 1990 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Tuebingen |isbn=978-3-11-167615-9 |pages=12– |chapter=1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort }} |
||
* <!--Zenner|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Zenner |first1=Eline |last2=Kristiansen |first2=Gitte |title=New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing: Onomasiological, Methodological and Phraseological Innovations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbDmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |date=1 January 2014 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-61451-430-5 |pages=2, 10 |ref={{harvid|Zenner|2014}} }} |
* <!--Zenner|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Zenner |first1=Eline |last2=Kristiansen |first2=Gitte |title=New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing: Onomasiological, Methodological and Phraseological Innovations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbDmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |date=1 January 2014 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-61451-430-5 |pages=2, 10 |ref={{harvid|Zenner|2014}} }} |
||
==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
||
{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
||
* James Stanlaw 2004, ''Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact'', Hong Kong University Press. |
* James Stanlaw 2004, ''Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact'', Hong Kong University Press. |
||
* Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139. |
* Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139. |
||
* Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group. |
* Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group. |
||
* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] 2003, [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’], Houndmills: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). {{ISBN|1-4039-1723-X}}. |
* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] 2003, [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235515/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X |date=1 February 2014 }}, Houndmills: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). {{ISBN|1-4039-1723-X}}. |
||
140. |
|||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/wasei-eigo.html Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms] |
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Revision as of 05:17, 14 May 2024
A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.[1][2][3][4][5]
For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as rallye-paper, shake-hand, baby-foot, or baby-parc)".[6]
This is different from a false friend, which is a word with a cognate that has a different main meaning. Sometimes pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.[7]
Definition and terminology
Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,[8] false anglicisms,[9] or pseudo-English.[10]
Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language.[11][12]
The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."[11][13] Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".[14]
Typology and mechanism
Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.[15]
Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.[11]
According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word man, as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving golman. In derivation, a suffix -er or -ist is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as teniser, or vaterpolist. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops -ing, as in boks from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".[16]
Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].[17]
Scope
Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.[18]
The equivalent of pseudo-Anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "double entendre", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see dog Latin, list of pseudo-French words adapted to English, and list of pseudo-German words adapted to English.
Examples
Many languages
Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",[19] often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:[20]
- autostop – hitchhiking in French,[21] Italian,[22] Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,[23] Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dutch, etc.[24]
- basket – basketball in Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,[25] Greek μπάσκετ,[23] Turkish, etc.;[24] also sneakers in French
- camping – campsite or campground in French,[21] Greek κάμπινγκ,[23] Bulgarian къмпинг,[26] Russian ке́мпинг,[27] Polish kemping,[28] Portuguese,[29] etc.
- smoking – dinner jacket, tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,[30] French,[21] Portuguese,[31] German,[32] Italian,[33] Greek σμόκιν,[23] Russian, etc.[24]
Japanese
- salaryman (サラリーマン, sararīman)[34] – a white collar employee (salaried worker)
- Pokémon (ポケモン, "pocket monster")[34]
Korean
- one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])[35]
- hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])[36]
- skinship – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)[37]
Romance
French
French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.[38]
- baby-foot[39] (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
- baby-parc[39] – playpen
- blind test – music quiz / 'name that tune'
- brushing – blow-dry and styling[40][41]
- building – high-rise building, tower block[40][21]
- box – wifi router or parking space[38]
- dancing – dance hall[38]
- flirt – a brief romance, flirtation, a boyfriend or girlfriend[21]
- footing – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning)
- night shop (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop
- pressing – dry cleaning shop,
- rallye-paper[39] – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes[42]
- recordman (m; pl: recordmans; f:recordwoman) – record holder, especially in sports
- relooker (verb) to make over; also: relooking (n; masc.) – a makeover
- rugbyman (n; masc.) – rugby player
- shake-hand[39]
- shampooing – shampoo[38]
- speaker, speakerine (feminine) – radio or television announcer[38]
- standing – luxury, prestige[38]
- surf – surfing[38]
- tennisman – a tennis player
Italian
- autobus – a bus[43]
- autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])[44] – rest area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
- beauty farm[45] (Italian pronunciation: [bjutiˈfarm]) – spa
- The French borrowing bloc-notes (French pronunciation: [blɔknɔt]) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form block-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔts])[46] – notebook
- jolly – the joker in a pack of cards[40][47]
- pullman – a bus[43]
- smart working Italian pronunciation: [zmartˈworking] – remote work, where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as smartphones and smartwatches.
Germanic
Danish
- babylift – baby transport/carrycot[48][40]
- butterfly – bow tie[49]
- cottoncoat – trench coat[50]
- cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich[51]
- doorstep – a short and informal press conference[52]
- grillparty – a barbecue party[53]
- monkeyclass – economy class[54]
- speedmarker – a felt-tip pen[55]
- stationcar – conflation of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)[56]
- timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)[57]
Dutch
- beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer)[58][better source needed]
- oldtimer – an antique car
- sport – to exercise or engage in a sport
- touringcar – a coach (bus)
German
German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice).[59] Infrequently, CamelCase may also be used.[citation needed]
- Beamer – a video projector[60]
- Bodybag – a messenger bag
- Charity-Lady (pl.: Charity-Ladys): upper-class woman who uses her fortune and her social influence to do charity work
- Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.[11])
- Flipper – a pinball machine[61]
- Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee[40][62]
- Handy – a mobile phone[63]
- Homeoffice – working from home, used as a noun[59]
- Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees[64]
- Oldtimer – an antique car[40]
- Public Viewing – a public viewing event (party) of a football match or similar
- Shooting – a photoshoot[61]
- trampen (verb) – hitchhiking[65]
- mobbing – bullying
Norwegian
- sixpence – Flat cap[66]
Swedish
- after work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished[67]
- backslick – A wet, combed-back hair style[citation needed]
- pocket – A paper-back book[68]
Slavic
Polish
- dres – tracksuit;[69] sometimes also short for dresiarz (chav, gopnik)
- pendrive – USB flash drive
- camping – campsite
Russian
- Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – clothing swap[70] (analogous to postcrossing, bookcrossing); not to be confused with cross-dressing
- Клипмейкер ("Clip maker") – music video director[71]
- Страйкбол ("strikeball")[72][73] – airsoft
- Фейсконтроль ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance[citation needed]
- Аниматор ("Animator") – children's entertainer
- Кемпинг ("camping") – campsite
- Рекордсмен ("records man") – record holder
Austronesian
Tagalog
- jeepney – a mode of public transport in the Philippines, much like a form of share taxi[74][failed verification]
Malaysian Malay
- action – boast; boastful[75]
- best – good[75][76]
- cable – personal connection or insider[75][77]
- power – great[75][76]
- sound – scold[75][76]
- spender – undergarment for lower body e.g. briefs and panties[75][76][77]
- terror – great[77]
Indonesian
- cross boy/girl – delinquent person[78]
- outbound – outdoor education or recreational activities[78]
Other languages
Chinese
- coser – cosplayer, modelled after the verb "cos" (to cosplay)
Maltese
- goaler – goalkeeper[79]
See also
References
- ^ Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 325,335.
- ^ Ilse Sørensen, English im deutschen Wortschatz, 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"
- ^ Sicherl 1999, p. 14.
- ^ Duckworth 1977.
- ^ Onysko 2007, p. 52The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL['receptor language'; p.14] uses lexical elements of the SL['source language'; p.14] to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.
- ^ Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335
- ^ Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015
- ^ Filipović 1990.
- ^ Saugera 2017, p. 54, 3.4.2 False anglicisms.
- ^ Picone 1996, p. 316.
- ^ a b c d Onysko 2007, p. 52.
- ^ Carstensen 2015, p. 77
The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them. Den intensiven Einfluß einer donor language auf eine recipient language zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an. - ^ Duckworth 1977, [page needed] : Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.; as quoted in: Carstensen (2015, p. 77)
- ^ Furiassi 2010, p. 34, quoted in Lujan-Garcia (2017, p. 281)
"[A] word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different meaning in English." - ^ Anderman 2005, p. 164.
- ^ Filipović 1990, p. 138–139, 4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms.
- ^ Rey-Debove 1990, p. 1018.
- ^ Furiassi 2015, p. 17.
- ^ Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak..., 2, in Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 32, 1986, p. 831
- ^ e.g., Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής s.v. σμόκιν
- ^ a b c d e Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v.
- ^ «Autostop», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ a b c d Georgios Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, 1998, s.v.
- ^ a b c Gorlach, 2001, s.v.
- ^ "SBL Herr". www.sblherr.se.
- ^ PONS Online Dictionary
- ^ PONS Online Dictionary
- '^ PONS Online Dictionary
- ^ "Camping".
- ^ smoking, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ "Smoking".
- ^ "Duden | Smoking | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ Oxford Paravia Italian Dictionary, 2001, ISBN 0198604378, s.v.
- ^ a b Furiassi 2015, p. 42.
- ^ "Search result for '원샷'". Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "Search result for '핸드폰'". Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "8 words that look like English but actually aren't – ESL language studies abroad". ESL Stories. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Clyde Thogmartin, "Some 'English' Words in French", The French Review 57:4:447-455 (March 1984) JSTOR 393310
- ^ a b c d Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 335.
- ^ a b c d e f Matthew Anderson, "The foreign words that seem like English – but aren't", BBC Culture 13 October 2016
- ^ Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v. (usage note)
- ^ Geyer 1903, p. 19.
- ^ a b "English Translation of "autobus" | Collins Italian-English Dictionary".
- ^ «Autogrill», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Beauty farm», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Bloc-Notes», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA). Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005
- ^ babylift, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ butterfly, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cottoncoat, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cowboytoast, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ doorstep, Wiktionary
- ^ "Legekøkken | Køb dit legetøjskøkken online her | Coop.dk". shopping.coop.dk.
- ^ monkeyclass, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ speedmarker, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ stationcar, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ timemanager, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ Vullers, Pim (2012). "Beamer (LaTeX)". Radboud University. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Duden | Homeoffice | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ "Duden | Beamer | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ a b "German Pseudo-Anglicisms – Yabla German – Free German Lessons".
- ^ "Duden | Funsport | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ "Handy ohne Vertrag: Angebote März 2023". www.sparhandy.de.
- ^ "Duden | Jobticket | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ "Duden | Trampen | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Sixpence". www.skittfiske.no. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- ^ "After work ett svenskt påhitt". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "Topplistan Pocket – Akademibokhandeln". www.akademibokhandeln.se.
- ^ "dres". Słownik wyrazów obcych (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 11 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Преимущества и недостатки дресс-кроссинга". 19 September 2015.
- ^ Baldwin 2020, Клипмейкер.
- ^ «страйкбол», «Словари и энциклопедии на Академике»
- ^ Страйкбол, «Википедия»
- ^ Escalona, Katrina (5 September 2017). "16 English Words and Sayings Travellers Won't Understand in the Philippines". theculturetrip.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Johari, Farouq. "21 'English Words' Yang Menyimpang Jauh Maksudnya Bila Orang Kita Guna Untuk Bersembang". says.com.
- ^ a b c d "9 perkataan English yang terpesong maknanya bila di-Melayukan". soscili.my. 13 August 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Roslan, Rizmi (18 January 2015). "10 Perkataan English Yang Telah Di Melayukan. Mat Salleh Pun Takkan Faham". The Vocket.
- ^ a b Kompasiana.com (5 September 2012). "Istilah Bahasa Inggris Kreasi Orang Indonesia". KOMPASIANA (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ Chucky (26 November 2016). "5 Kelmiet Li Taħsibhom Ingliżi Imma Mhumiex". Lovin Malta. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
Sources
- Anderman, Gunilla M.; Rogers, Margaret; Gottlieb, Henrik (1 January 2005). "11 Anglicisms and Translation". In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse?. Translating Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-85359-787-9. OCLC 812195823.
- Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Carruthers, Janice; Temple, Rosalind (25 February 2014). "12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms". Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language. Longman linguistics library. London: Routledge. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-317-88652-5. OCLC 871224464.
- Baldwin, Yuliya (2020). English Loans in Contemporary Russian. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-20618-0.
- Betz, Werner; Kolb, Herbert; Lauffer, Hartmut (1977). Sprachliche Interferenz (in German). Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-10285-9.
- Carstensen, Broder (16 November 2015) [1st pub. Gunter Narr:1980]. "Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen". In Viereck, Wolfgang (ed.). Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache auf das Deutsche [Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German]. Tübingener beigrag zur Linguistik #132 (in German). BoD – Books on Demand. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-87808-132-6. OCLC 1006045710.
- Campos-Pardillos, Miguel Ángel (2015). "All Is not English that Glitters: False Anglicisms in the Spanish Language of Sports" (PDF). Atlantis Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies. 37 (2). AEDEAN: Asociación española de estudios anglo-americanos: 155–174. eISSN 1989-6840. ISSN 0210-6124. JSTOR 24757788.
- Duckworth, David (1977). Best, Werner; Kolb, Werner; Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.). Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag [The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal.] (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 9783484102859. OCLC 185584225.
Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.
- Filipović, Rudof; Partridge, Monica; Herrity, Peter; Jones, Malcolm V.; Terry, Garth M. (1990). "Secondary Anglicisms in a Dictionary of Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian". The Bell of freedom: essays presented to Monica Partridge on the occasion of her 75th birthday. Nottingham: Astra Press. ISBN 978-0-946134-17-5. OCLC 246527030. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- Furiassi, Cristiano (2010). False Anglicisms in Italian. Monza (Milano): Polimetrica. ISBN 978-88-7699-203-2. OCLC 712112149.
- Furiassi, Cristiano; Pulcini, Virginia; Rodríguez González, Félix (2012). The Anglicization of European Lexis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-272-1195-8.
- Furiassi, Cristiano; Gottlieb, Henrik (10 March 2015). "2 Qualifying pseudo-Anglicisms". Pseudo-English: Studies on False Anglicisms in Europe. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-5015-0023-7.
- Geyer's Stationer: Devoted to the Interests of the Stationery, Fancy Goods and Notion Trades. New York: Andrew Geyer. 1903. OCLC 1009011742. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- Görlach, Manfred (2001). A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823519-4. OCLC 429029188. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- Görlach, Manfred (23 May 2002). English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-158069-7. OCLC 768118863. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- Großmann, Anja (2008). "2.2 Die Typologie der Anglizismen nach Jürgen Spitzmüller". Frequenz und Verwendungskontexte des Anglizismus Design in der deutschen Sprache (Studienarbeit) (in German). GRIN Verlag. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-3-640-17674-8.
- Luján-García, Carmen (2017). "Analysis of the presence of Anglicisms in a Spanish internet forum: some terms from the fields of fashion, beauty and leisure". Alicante Journal of English Studies. 30 (30): 277. doi:10.14198/raei.2017.30.10. hdl:10553/41634.
- Onysko, Alexander (2007). "4 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms". Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching. Linguistik: Impulse & Tendenzen, 23. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 52. ISBN 978-3-11-019946-8. OCLC 901310392.
- Picone, Michael D. (18 October 1996). Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French. Lingvisticae Investigationes Supplementa Ser.,18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 350. ISBN 978-90-272-7614-8. OCLC 769341957. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- Rey-Debove, Josette; Gagnon, Gilberte (1990). Dictionnaire des anglicismes : les mots anglais et américains en français [Dictionary of Anglicisms: English and American Words in French]. Usuels du Robert (in French). Paris: Le Robert. ISBN 9782850360275. OCLC 756955952.
- Rosenhouse, Judith, Rotem Kowner, eds., Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages, 2008, ISBN 1783091533
- Saugera, Valérie (2017). Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062554-2. OCLC 1013564643. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- Scheibel, Larissa (21 February 2007). "2.2 Entlehnungen". Anglizismen/Amerikanismen im Deutschen und Russischen am Beispiel von Online Zeitschriften (Master's thesis) (in German). GRIN Verlag. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-3-638-59645-9.
- Sicherl, Eva; Šabec, Nada; Gabrovšek, Dušan (1999). The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects. Razprave Filozofske fakultete. Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete. p. 14. ISBN 978-86-7207-114-6. OCLC 442412304.
- Winter, Werner; Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting (1995). On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea. Trends in linguistics., Studies and monographs; 78. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013257-1. OCLC 924736602. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- Winter-Froemel, Esme (29 August 2011). "3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen". Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen (in German) (Berlin ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-3-11-023506-7.
- Yang, Wenliang (1 January 1990). "1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort". Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel'. Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 (in German). Tuebingen: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-3-11-167615-9.
- Zenner, Eline; Kristiansen, Gitte (1 January 2014). New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing: Onomasiological, Methodological and Phraseological Innovations. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2, 10. ISBN 978-1-61451-430-5.
Further reading
- James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
- Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
- Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’ Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.