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Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell have provided a concise, workable definition of [[propaganda]]: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist."<ref>Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 4th ed. Sage Publications, p. 7</ref> Propaganda can be disseminated through any medium, television, film, newspaper, posters, murals, political actions, rallies, violence, and websites. [[Propaganda]] in [[Iran|The Islamic Republic of Iran]] is also about the information that is not broadcast to the masses due to [[censorship]]. |
Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell have provided a concise, workable definition of [[propaganda]]: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist."<ref>Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 4th ed. Sage Publications, p. 7</ref> Propaganda can be disseminated through any medium, television, film, newspaper, posters, murals, political actions, rallies, violence, and websites. [[Propaganda]] in [[Iran|The Islamic Republic of Iran]] is also about the information that is not broadcast to the masses due to [[censorship]]. |
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Information is seen as a weapon within The Islamic Republic of Iran. Like any other [[weapon]], the use of this information can be used for constructive or destructive purposes. Within Iran, [[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Khamenei]] knows and understands this concept as those who try to speak truth to power, or use information in a way that is critical of the Iranian government, are in most cases, silenced.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_9451000/9451492.stm | work=BBC News | title=Iranian regime 'fears information' | date=10 April 2011}}</ref> The Iranian government uses information as a means to control the population of Iran through various methods and mediums. |
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[[File:Presidentail Propaganda Iran.jpg|thumb|Presidential Propaganda in Iran]] |
[[File:Presidentail Propaganda Iran.jpg|thumb|Presidential Propaganda in Iran]] |
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==Censorship in Iran== |
==Censorship in Iran== |
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{{see also| Censorship in Iran}} |
{{see also| Censorship in Iran}} |
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One of the biggest issues Iran is criticized for is censorship. Aided by Western technology from [[Nokia]] and [[Siemens]], the Iranian government has created one of the most sophisticated censorship platforms created in modern times.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rhoads|first=Christopher|title=Iran's Web SPying Aided By Western Technology: European Gear Used in Vast Effort to Monitor Communications|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124562668777335653.html|publisher=The Wallstreet Journal|accessdate=2011-11-30|date=22 June 2009}}</ref> |
One of the biggest issues Iran is criticized for is censorship. Aided by Western technology from [[Nokia]] and [[Siemens]], the Iranian government has created one of the most sophisticated censorship platforms created in modern times.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rhoads|first=Christopher|title=Iran's Web SPying Aided By Western Technology: European Gear Used in Vast Effort to Monitor Communications|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124562668777335653.html|publisher=The Wallstreet Journal|accessdate=2011-11-30|date=22 June 2009}}</ref> Not only is this practice unethical but it violates Iranian citizen's [[Freedom of Speech]] which is a [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] matters because the declaration was adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]], of which [[The Islamic Republic of Iran]] is a member.<ref>http://www.iran-un.org/</ref> |
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== Methods == |
== Methods == |
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=== Historical Revisionism === |
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{{see also|Negationism}} |
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[[Historical Revisionism]] in [[Iran|The Islamic Republic of Iran]] is used to make the past of the government look more favorable to Iranian citizens and the rest of the world. |
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The use of World events which Iran can then compare itself too in order to look better. |
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Iran used the Riots in Britain to denounce the British for Human Rights violoations and offered to send an investigative team to find out what happened. The riots in Britain occurred after the [[Iranian Green Movement]] was brutally oppressed in 2009, which tried to erase the memory of [[Death of Neda Agha-Soltan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Holland|first=Lisa|title=Iranians Use London Riots as Propaganda|url=http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/16046569|publisher=Sky News|accessdate=2011-11-11}}</ref> |
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=== Symbolism === |
=== Symbolism === |
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=== Violence/Fear === |
=== Violence/Fear === |
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Through violent crackdowns on protests and the kidnapping of Iranian citizens, both at home and abroad, the Iranian government hopes to shape the political will of its citizens. With artists, film-makers, musicians, political activists, former politicians, and minority persecution, the [[UN]] human rights body has expressed its concern over [[Human rights in Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40304&Cr=iran&Cr1=|work=United Nations Human Rights|accessdate=2011-11-11|format=Webpage|date=3 November 2011 |title=Iran: UN human rights body concerned over executions and minority rights |quote=The UN Human Rights Committee said it was disturbed by the continuing discrimination and arrest of religious and ethnic minorities and homosexuals, as well as by the frequency of capital punishment imposed on juveniles, expressing alarm at the vague definition and the wide range of offences for which it is used.}}</ref><ref>http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2011/111020_Iran.doc.htm</ref> It is the hope of |
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⚫ | On October 8, 2006, cleric [[Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi|Seyyed Hossein Kazemeini Boroujerdi]] was arrested for opposing Velaayat-e Faghih, advocating the separation of religion from state, and defending the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/10/irgc-propaganda-arm-includes-15000-reporters.html</ref> |
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⚫ | On October 8, 2006, cleric [[Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi|Seyyed Hossein Kazemeini Boroujerdi]] was arrested for opposing Velaayat-e Faghih, advocating the separation of religion from state, and defending the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/10/irgc-propaganda-arm-includes-15000-reporters.html</ref> By censoring, and jailing all dissidents, the Iranian government promotes what it feels to be the correct ideology over the people. It then propagandizes the arrests, calling political prisoners enemies of the state, which strikes fear into the population of Iran. This creates a situation where the population can live in fear, or lash out, like it did after the [[Iranian presidential election, 2009|2009 Iranian Presidential election]]. |
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=== Political === |
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Political messages are printed, painted, and distributed in all forms in Iran. Not running up to elections, but in murals or large posters, this type of propaganda can have the [[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]] effect. |
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=== Judicial system of Iran === |
=== Judicial system of Iran === |
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=== The Basij === |
=== The Basij === |
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The [[Basij]] are the local and grassroot supporters of the Iranian government. "The mission of the [[Basij]] as a whole can be broadly defined as helping to maintain law and order; enforcing ideological and Islamic values and combating the "Western cultural onslaught"; assisting the IRGC in defending the country against foreign threats; and involvement in state-run economic projects."<ref>http://www.rferl.org/content/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html</ref> |
The [[Basij]] are the local and grassroot supporters of the Iranian government. "The mission of the [[Basij]] as a whole can be broadly defined as helping to maintain law and order; enforcing ideological and Islamic values and combating the "Western cultural onslaught"; assisting the IRGC in defending the country against foreign threats; and involvement in state-run economic projects."<ref>http://www.rferl.org/content/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html</ref> The [[Basij]] are groomed from a young age to love and respect the government, often being rewarded for their loyalty. They act as the secret police of the [[Soviet Union]], the [[KGB]] did, and now the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]] does. Within the [[police state]] of [[Iran]], the [[Basij]] create intelligence networks of citizens to spy on one another, monitor online conversations, cell phone conversations, and frequently target intellectuals, journalists, opposition leaders and political organizers.<ref>{{cite news|title=On Tehran's Streets, the Basij's Fearsome Reign|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912377,00.html|publisher=TIME|accessdate=2011-11-15|author=TIME Staff|date=23 July 2009}}</ref> |
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With the IRGC's help and support, [[Basij]] members are trained in propaganda and political warfare techniques using media outlets. There are about 21,000 volunteer "reporters" that have trained with the IRGC on multiple waves of communication and media, which include social networks, television, radio, print media, and the internet.<ref>http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13900715000326</ref><ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/10/irgc-propaganda-arm-includes-15000-reporters.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tehranbureau+%28tehran+bureau%29</ref> |
With the IRGC's help and support, [[Basij]] members are trained in propaganda and political warfare techniques using media outlets. There are about 21,000 volunteer "reporters" that have trained with the IRGC on multiple waves of communication and media, which include social networks, television, radio, print media, and the internet.<ref>http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13900715000326</ref><ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/10/irgc-propaganda-arm-includes-15000-reporters.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tehranbureau+%28tehran+bureau%29</ref> |
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According to [[Reporters Without Borders]], "In Iran, the Revolutionary Guards recently announced their ambition to build their own spinternet by launching 10,000 blogs for the Basij, a paramilitary force under the Guards. This comes at a time when the Internet has become a major force in exposing corruption in the highest ranks of the Iranian leadership."<ref>{{cite news|last=Morozov|first=Evgeny|title=Propaganda.com|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/30/opinion/30iht-edmorozov.html|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2011-11-28|date=30 March 2009}}</ref> As well, cyber-police "are here to create a cyber police force inside the people’s mind,” said Hesamedin Mojtahed, the officer in charge of the booth. “People want to be informed of the dangers on the Internet,” he said. “We are here for them.”<ref>{{cite news|last=Erdbrink|first=Thomas|title=Iran Cyber Police Cite U.S. Threat|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-cyber-police-cite-us-threat/2011/10/27/gIQA1yruSM_story_1.html|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=2011-11-28|date=29 October 2011}}</ref> |
According to [[Reporters Without Borders]], "In Iran, the Revolutionary Guards recently announced their ambition to build their own spinternet by launching 10,000 blogs for the Basij, a paramilitary force under the Guards. This comes at a time when the Internet has become a major force in exposing corruption in the highest ranks of the Iranian leadership."<ref>{{cite news|last=Morozov|first=Evgeny|title=Propaganda.com|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/30/opinion/30iht-edmorozov.html|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2011-11-28|date=30 March 2009}}</ref> As well, cyber-police "are here to create a cyber police force inside the people’s mind,” said Hesamedin Mojtahed, the officer in charge of the booth. “People want to be informed of the dangers on the Internet,” he said. “We are here for them.”<ref>{{cite news|last=Erdbrink|first=Thomas|title=Iran Cyber Police Cite U.S. Threat|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-cyber-police-cite-us-threat/2011/10/27/gIQA1yruSM_story_1.html|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=2011-11-28|date=29 October 2011}}</ref> |
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=== Secret Police === |
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====Savak==== |
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The [[SAVAK]] was the National Intelligence and Security Organization of Iran from 1961 until 1979. They were the official [[secret police]], domestic security and [[intelligence service]] established by [[Iran]]'s [[Mohammad Reza Shah]].<ref>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0187)</ref> After Khomeini took over, SAVAK was dissolved and replaced with [[SAVAMA]]<ref>http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-6549.html</ref> |
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[[SAVAK]] had its own censorship office, "established to monitor journalists, literary figures, and academics throughout the country; it took appropriate measures against those who fell out of line. Universities, labor unions, and peasant organizations, among others, were all subjected to intense surveillance by SAVAK agents and paid informants. The agency was also active abroad, especially in monitoring Iranian students who publicly opposed Pahlavi rule."<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iran/savak.htm</ref> |
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==== SAVAMA ==== |
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[[SAVAMA]] is the original name for the Ministry of Intelligence and National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MISIRI). While it goes by other names, it operates in the same manner. It closely monitors and puts surveillance on those it deems a threat to the Iranian government, both at home and abroad.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} |
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=== Military === |
=== Military === |
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The Islamic Republic of Iran held an anti-terrorism conference which featured representatives from "neighboring countries Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan as well as Sudan, Tajikistan, Mauritania and the Vice-President of Cuba and Ministers and other high-level delegates from 60 States, representatives of the United Nations (Officer in Charge of CTITF), the OIC, and other regional organizations as well as distinguished scholars and researchers and peace activists from all around the world participated in the Conference."<ref>http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9004052538</ref> With Iran being a state-sponsor of terrorist activities, and many of the nations in attendance, including many of the African representatives, users of terrorism, the anti-terrorism conference is propaganda.<ref>http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/middle-east/Iranian-Government--124890829.html</ref><ref>http://www.theblaze.com/stories/un-chief-actually-applauds-iranian-counterterrorism-conference-bashing-us-uk-israeli-regime/</ref><ref name="unwatch.org">http://www.unwatch.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=bdKKISNqEmG&b=1319279&ct=10890065</ref> It was quite successful as well because the [[United Nations]] endorsed the meeting and sent a delegation to partake in the event.<ref name="unwatch.org"/> During the event, "Iran's Supreme leader Ali Khamenei took the opportunity to excoriate western nations for "terrorist behaviors," and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad expressed his doubts about the September 2001 terrorist attacks on America – outrageously claiming that the U.S has benefited from those attacks, as it has, he added, from the Holocaust."<ref>{{cite web|title=Iranian Government Holds Terrorism Conference|url=http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/middle-east/Iranian-Government--124890829.html|publisher=Voice of America|accessdate=12/1/2011|author=Voice of America}}</ref> |
The Islamic Republic of Iran held an anti-terrorism conference which featured representatives from "neighboring countries Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan as well as Sudan, Tajikistan, Mauritania and the Vice-President of Cuba and Ministers and other high-level delegates from 60 States, representatives of the United Nations (Officer in Charge of CTITF), the OIC, and other regional organizations as well as distinguished scholars and researchers and peace activists from all around the world participated in the Conference."<ref>http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9004052538</ref> With Iran being a state-sponsor of terrorist activities, and many of the nations in attendance, including many of the African representatives, users of terrorism, the anti-terrorism conference is propaganda.<ref>http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/middle-east/Iranian-Government--124890829.html</ref><ref>http://www.theblaze.com/stories/un-chief-actually-applauds-iranian-counterterrorism-conference-bashing-us-uk-israeli-regime/</ref><ref name="unwatch.org">http://www.unwatch.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=bdKKISNqEmG&b=1319279&ct=10890065</ref> It was quite successful as well because the [[United Nations]] endorsed the meeting and sent a delegation to partake in the event.<ref name="unwatch.org"/> During the event, "Iran's Supreme leader Ali Khamenei took the opportunity to excoriate western nations for "terrorist behaviors," and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad expressed his doubts about the September 2001 terrorist attacks on America – outrageously claiming that the U.S has benefited from those attacks, as it has, he added, from the Holocaust."<ref>{{cite web|title=Iranian Government Holds Terrorism Conference|url=http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/middle-east/Iranian-Government--124890829.html|publisher=Voice of America|accessdate=12/1/2011|author=Voice of America}}</ref> |
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=== Internet === |
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There are numerous State Sponsored websites which are considered the official mouthpieces of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]'s government. These are examples of political propaganda, which either put a pro-Shah, pro-Government, pro-[[Iran]]ian, [[Spin (public relations)|spin]] on neutral material. The following [[website]]s also place [[Spin (public relations)|spin]] or omit/[[Censorship|censor]] any negative reporting on the Iranian government, and promote the Iranian leadership's point of view on specific issues. |
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==== Cyber Police ==== |
==== Cyber Police ==== |
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Iran has created a [[Iranian Cyber Police|Cyber Police]] unit in January 2011, known by the acronym FATA. Since then it has arrested several bloggers critical of Iran’s leaders, as well as a group of youths who had created a “hot or not” contest on Facebook rating profile pictures of boys and girls<ref name=not>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/middleeast/iran-says-sattar-beheshti-was-not-tortured-before-death.html?_r=0 Jailed Blogger Not Tortured Before Death, Iran Says]| By THOMAS ERDBRINK |
Iran has created a [[Iranian Cyber Police|Cyber Police]] unit in January 2011, known by the acronym FATA. Since then it has arrested several bloggers critical of Iran’s leaders, as well as a group of youths who had created a “hot or not” contest on Facebook rating profile pictures of boys and girls<ref name=not>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/middleeast/iran-says-sattar-beheshti-was-not-tortured-before-death.html?_r=0 Jailed Blogger Not Tortured Before Death, Iran Says]| By THOMAS ERDBRINK |
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|November 12, 2012</ref> The unit was created to "control which sites Iranians are able to visit, to prevent spying and protect the public from `immoral` material. The United States, they charge, is waging a `soft war` against Iran by reaching out to Iranians online and inciting them to overthrow their leaders<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-cyber-police-cite-us-threat/2011/10/27/gIQA1yruSM_story.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Iran cyber police cite U.S. threat | date=29 October 2011 | first=William | last=Wan}}</ref>". From the Iranian regime's standpoint, any free information is a threat to power. The internet was a major factor for organizing and showing the world what was happening during the 2009 presidential election. The United States asked [[Twitter]] to postpone online maintenance in 2009 so that it would be available for Iranian protesters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Erdbrink|first=Thomas|title=Iran cyber police cite U.S. threat|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-cyber-police-cite-us-threat/2011/10/27/gIQA1yruSM_story.html|accessdate=2011-11-30|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 29, 2011}}</ref> On 1 December 2012, General Saeed Shokrian, commander of FATA, was dismissed by Iranian’s national police chief, Ismael Ahmadi-Moqaddam, for negligence in death of blogger [[Sattar Beheshti]] while in FATA custody one month earlier. The dismissal followed international outcry over the death. Shokrian stated “Tehran’s FATA should be held responsible for the death of Sattar Beheshti”.<ref name=fired>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/world/middleeast/after-death-of-sattar-beheshti-iranian-blogger-head-of-tehrans-cybercrimes-unit-is-fired.html?_r=0 Head of Tehran’s Cybercrimes Unit Is Fired Over Death of Blogger]| By THOMAS ERDBRINK| nytimes.com| 1 December 2012</ref> |
|November 12, 2012</ref> The unit was created to "control which sites Iranians are able to visit, to prevent spying and protect the public from `immoral` material. The United States, they charge, is waging a `soft war` against Iran by reaching out to Iranians online and inciting them to overthrow their leaders<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-cyber-police-cite-us-threat/2011/10/27/gIQA1yruSM_story.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Iran cyber police cite U.S. threat | date=29 October 2011 | first=William | last=Wan}}</ref>". From the Iranian regime's standpoint, any free information is a threat to power. The internet was a major factor for organizing and showing the world what was happening during the 2009 presidential election. The United States asked [[Twitter]] to postpone online maintenance in 2009 so that it would be available for Iranian protesters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Erdbrink|first=Thomas|title=Iran cyber police cite U.S. threat|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-cyber-police-cite-us-threat/2011/10/27/gIQA1yruSM_story.html|accessdate=2011-11-30|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 29, 2011}}</ref> On 1 December 2012, General Saeed Shokrian, commander of FATA, was dismissed by Iranian’s national police chief, Ismael Ahmadi-Moqaddam, for negligence in death of blogger [[Sattar Beheshti]] while in FATA custody one month earlier. The dismissal followed international outcry over the death. Shokrian stated “Tehran’s FATA should be held responsible for the death of Sattar Beheshti”.<ref name=fired>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/world/middleeast/after-death-of-sattar-beheshti-iranian-blogger-head-of-tehrans-cybercrimes-unit-is-fired.html?_r=0 Head of Tehran’s Cybercrimes Unit Is Fired Over Death of Blogger]| By THOMAS ERDBRINK| nytimes.com| 1 December 2012</ref> |
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The cyber police fall under the [[IRGC]] and the [[Basij]]. |
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==Iranian Propaganda Abroad== |
==Iranian Propaganda Abroad== |
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===United States=== |
===United States=== |
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====Voice of America==== |
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The [[Voice of America]]'s Persian Service has come under scrutiny for following a pro-[[Tehran]] line. The controversy started with the [[Death of Neda Agha-Soltan]] (which has its own propaganda implications). [[VOA]] and their parent organization, [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]], were very slow in reporting the events of the 2009 Iranian elections and subsequent student protests.<ref>http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/65628.pdf - p. 3</ref> With upwards of 80% of the Iranian population getting its information from official government news agencies like [[IRNA]], the [[VOA]] is supposed to report non-censored material or propaganda from the Iranian regime.<ref>http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/65628.pdf - p.25</ref> In Congressional testimony, it was shown that the VOA Persian network was broadcasting anti-American messages regularly and was being abused by the Persian networks staff to include: -Boycotting and even slandering people [VOA Staff] do not agree with, -Inadequate or late coverage of protests in Iran and complete lack of support for the freedom fighters (referring to the [[Death of Neda Agha-Soltan]]), - Not supporting and criticizing the US Policy, - and the list continues.<ref>http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/65628.pdf - pp. 35-37</ref> |
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====Iran Lobby in the United States==== |
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The [[Iran lobby in the United States]] is concerned with defending the Iranian government's image in the United States. By its nature, [[lobbying]] can be considered propaganda. As Lopez has written, "A complex network of individuals and organizations with ties to the clerical government in Tehran is pressing forward in seeming synchrony to influence the new U.S. administration’s policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran. Spearheaded by a de facto partnership between the National Iranian-American Council (NIAC), the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR) and other organizations serving as mouthpieces for the mullahs’ party line, the network includes well-known American diplomats, congressional representatives, figures from academia and the think tank world."<ref>http://www.analyst-network.com/articles/117/RiseoftheIranLobbyTeheransfrontgroupsmoveonandintotheObamaAdministration.pdf</ref> |
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====Alavi Foundation==== |
====Alavi Foundation==== |
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{{see also|Transnational organization}} |
{{see also|Transnational organization}} |
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The [[FBI]] laid out a case against the [[Alavi Foundation]] that it was being used as a [[front group]] for the Iranian government. It was built in the 1970s by the [[Mostazafen Foundation of Islamic Revolution#Pahlavi Foundation|Pahlavi Foundation]] to further the interest of then Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Farrell|first=Michael|title=What's known about Iran-linked Alavi Foundation?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2009/1114/p02s10-usgn.html|publisher=The Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=12/1/2011}}</ref> Some of the tenants of the foundation's properties are Islamic centers and schools.<ref>{{cite news|last=Glovin|first=David|title=Alavi Foundation Is Iran Front, U.S. Says in Lawsuit (Correct)|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aA6SZIk_JW04|publisher=Bloomberg News|accessdate=12/1/2011|date=30 December 2009}}</ref> |
The [[FBI]] laid out a case against the [[Alavi Foundation]] that it was being used as a [[front group]] for the Iranian government. It was built in the 1970s by the [[Mostazafen Foundation of Islamic Revolution#Pahlavi Foundation|Pahlavi Foundation]] to further the interest of then Shah of Iran, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Farrell|first=Michael|title=What's known about Iran-linked Alavi Foundation?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2009/1114/p02s10-usgn.html|publisher=The Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=12/1/2011}}</ref> Some of the tenants of the foundation's properties are Islamic centers and schools.<ref>{{cite news|last=Glovin|first=David|title=Alavi Foundation Is Iran Front, U.S. Says in Lawsuit (Correct)|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aA6SZIk_JW04|publisher=Bloomberg News|accessdate=12/1/2011|date=30 December 2009}}</ref> |
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===Israel=== |
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{{see also|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel|Iran–Israel relations}} |
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Through [[Press TV]], Iran places [[agent of influence]] throughout the world, which is what has occurred in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Izikovich|first=Gili|title=Israeli MK: Iran TV's Palestinian correspondent is a foreign agent|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israeli-mk-iran-tv-s-palestinian-correspondent-is-a-foreign-agent-1.395684|publisher=Ha'aretz}}</ref> |
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===China=== |
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{{see also|People's Republic of China–Iran relations}} |
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===Russia=== |
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{{see also|Iran–Russia relations}} |
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==Nuclear Propaganda== |
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{{see also|Nuclear program of Iran|Iran and weapons of mass destruction}} |
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The [[Iranian nuclear program|Iranian Nuclear Program]] utilizes [[propaganda]] through [[disinformation]]. Due to the multiple nations and foreign governing bodies that have [[Sanctions against Iran]], Iran has had no choice but to pursue its perceived nuclear weapons program covertly. Iran has claimed that the nuclear program is peaceful,<ref>http://www.un.int/iran/facts_about_peaceful_nuclear_program.pdf</ref><!-- LONG FOOTNOTE ENDS --> however, the most recent [[IAEA]] report<ref>http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/IAEA_Iran_8Nov2011.pdf</ref><!-- LONG FOOTNOTE ENDS --> highlights research that may bring the world to a different conclusion. |
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The government of Iran has made serial denials about the weaponizing the atom and claims that the [[IAEA]] is controlled and biased by Western nations, especially the [[United States of America]]. |
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Based on an [[Associated Press]] article, the re-defection of [[Shahram Amiri]] to [[Iran]] was to be used as a great propaganda campaign against the [[United States]] and the West.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.boston.com/2010-07-16/news/29314226_1_amiri-washington-and-tehran-nuclear-program | work=The Boston Globe | title=As propaganda battle rages, Iranian scientist returns home}}</ref><!-- LONG FOOTNOTE ENDS --> The Iranian government spun the news of Amiri's defection to the United States and subsequent re-defection back to Iran as a kidnapping plot. The reason's for his re-defection range in Iranian media, but most claim that he was kidnapped and/or tortured, and "escaped" back to Iran. This type of publicity is viewed in the West as a cover up, but the way it is portrayed from the Iranian standpoint, shows that a devout Iranian, who would never betray the government, escaped the "Great Satan" to return to Iran. |
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On 13 November 2011, it was reported that a major blast at a military base killed Brig. Gen. Hassan Moghaddam, along with 16 other [[IRGC]] members.<ref name="blast_kills_commander">{{cite news|title=Blast Kills Commander at Iran Base|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/14/world/middleeast/iran-blast-kills-revolutionary-guards-commander-at-base.html?_r=1|accessdate=2011-11-30|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 November 2011}}</ref> "Under General Moghaddam, Iran’s missile program has tested several longer-range designs, including the Shahab-3 missile. According to intelligence estimates, the Shahab-3 is able to reach to {{convert|1250|mi|km|disp=sqbr|sigfig=1}} – far enough to hit Israel, Iran’s archenemy, and the Iranian government has emphasized that that is precisely the reason for its development."<ref name="blast_kills_commander"/> Iran officially claims that the explosion was an accident that occurred while moving ammunition to a more appropriate site.<ref name="Bennett">{{cite web|last=Bennett|first=Dashiell|title=Did Israel Blow Up an Iranian Missile Base?|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/11/did-israel-blow-irans-missile-base/44931/|publisher=The Atlantic Wire|accessdate=2011-11-30}}</ref> Speculation is that the Israeli's blew up the base but Iran has stuck to its formal explanation. Following the explosion, "...because of concerns about Israel spies — [Iran] increased the prison term for Iranian citizens who travel to Israel from three months to five years".<ref name="Bennett"/> Upon further satellite evidence released on 30 November 2011, the destruction of the military base was much greater than the Iranian government led on.<ref>{{cite news|last=Broad|first=William J.|title=Images Show Devastation at Iran Base After Blast|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/30/world/middleeast/satellite-images-suggest-blast-obliterated-iran-military-base.html|accessdate=2011-11-30|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 November 2011}}</ref> When it comes to military matters and capabilities, this propaganda response is to be expected. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{columns-list|3| |
{{columns-list|3| |
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*[[Asymmetric Warfare]] |
*[[Asymmetric Warfare]] |
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*[[Hezbollah]] |
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*[[Covert Operations]] |
*[[Covert Operations]] |
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*[[Front organization]] |
*[[Front organization]] |
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*[[Information Warfare]] |
*[[Information Warfare]] |
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*[[Insurgency]] |
*[[Insurgency]] |
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*[[Iran lobby in the United States]] |
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*[[Low Intensity Conflict]] |
*[[Low Intensity Conflict]] |
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*[[Music and political warfare]] |
*[[Music and political warfare]] |
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* ''[[Mutiny of |
* ''[[Mutiny of colours]],'' a documentary about graffiti and street art in the Islamic republic of Iran |
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*[[Netwar]] |
*[[Netwar]] |
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*[[Propaganda]] |
*[[Propaganda]] |
Revision as of 20:47, 31 August 2015
Propaganda in The Islamic Republic of Iran originates from the Iranian government and "private" entities, which are usually state controlled.
Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell have provided a concise, workable definition of propaganda: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist."[1] Propaganda can be disseminated through any medium, television, film, newspaper, posters, murals, political actions, rallies, violence, and websites. Propaganda in The Islamic Republic of Iran is also about the information that is not broadcast to the masses due to censorship.
Information is seen as a weapon within The Islamic Republic of Iran. Like any other weapon, the use of this information can be used for constructive or destructive purposes. Within Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei knows and understands this concept as those who try to speak truth to power, or use information in a way that is critical of the Iranian government, are in most cases, silenced.[2] The Iranian government uses information as a means to control the population of Iran through various methods and mediums.
Censorship in Iran
One of the biggest issues Iran is criticized for is censorship. Aided by Western technology from Nokia and Siemens, the Iranian government has created one of the most sophisticated censorship platforms created in modern times.[3] Not only is this practice unethical but it violates Iranian citizen's Freedom of Speech which is a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights matters because the declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, of which The Islamic Republic of Iran is a member.[4]
Methods
Historical Revisionism
Historical Revisionism in The Islamic Republic of Iran is used to make the past of the government look more favorable to Iranian citizens and the rest of the world.
The use of World events which Iran can then compare itself too in order to look better.
Iran used the Riots in Britain to denounce the British for Human Rights violoations and offered to send an investigative team to find out what happened. The riots in Britain occurred after the Iranian Green Movement was brutally oppressed in 2009, which tried to erase the memory of Death of Neda Agha-Soltan.[5]
Symbolism
Flag
The flags of nations are considered propaganda. Not only is the flag itself a representation of propaganda, but the flags of other nations, such as the United States and Israel, are used in Iranian Propaganda. Burning of the U.S. flag and Israeli Flag seem to occur at rallies against each. Flag burning is a propaganda tool, such as burning Effigies of world leaders.
Violence/Fear
Through violent crackdowns on protests and the kidnapping of Iranian citizens, both at home and abroad, the Iranian government hopes to shape the political will of its citizens. With artists, film-makers, musicians, political activists, former politicians, and minority persecution, the UN human rights body has expressed its concern over Human rights in Iran.[6][7] It is the hope of
On October 8, 2006, cleric Seyyed Hossein Kazemeini Boroujerdi was arrested for opposing Velaayat-e Faghih, advocating the separation of religion from state, and defending the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[8] By censoring, and jailing all dissidents, the Iranian government promotes what it feels to be the correct ideology over the people. It then propagandizes the arrests, calling political prisoners enemies of the state, which strikes fear into the population of Iran. This creates a situation where the population can live in fear, or lash out, like it did after the 2009 Iranian Presidential election.
Political
Political messages are printed, painted, and distributed in all forms in Iran. Not running up to elections, but in murals or large posters, this type of propaganda can have the Big Brother effect.
Judicial system of Iran
Iranian Justice System has also been known to espouse propaganda. This is especially true in the prison system of Iran where Political prisoners were "incessantly bombarded with propaganda from all sides ... radio and closed-circuit television ... loudspeakers blaring into all cells even into solitary cells and `the coffins` [where some prisoners were kept] ... ideological sessions." Any reading material of a secular nature such as Western novelists, or even religious material that didn't agree ideologically with the Islamic Republic such as work by Ali Shariati was banned.[9][10]
The Basij
The Basij are the local and grassroot supporters of the Iranian government. "The mission of the Basij as a whole can be broadly defined as helping to maintain law and order; enforcing ideological and Islamic values and combating the "Western cultural onslaught"; assisting the IRGC in defending the country against foreign threats; and involvement in state-run economic projects."[11] The Basij are groomed from a young age to love and respect the government, often being rewarded for their loyalty. They act as the secret police of the Soviet Union, the KGB did, and now the FSB does. Within the police state of Iran, the Basij create intelligence networks of citizens to spy on one another, monitor online conversations, cell phone conversations, and frequently target intellectuals, journalists, opposition leaders and political organizers.[12]
With the IRGC's help and support, Basij members are trained in propaganda and political warfare techniques using media outlets. There are about 21,000 volunteer "reporters" that have trained with the IRGC on multiple waves of communication and media, which include social networks, television, radio, print media, and the internet.[13][14]
According to Reporters Without Borders, "In Iran, the Revolutionary Guards recently announced their ambition to build their own spinternet by launching 10,000 blogs for the Basij, a paramilitary force under the Guards. This comes at a time when the Internet has become a major force in exposing corruption in the highest ranks of the Iranian leadership."[15] As well, cyber-police "are here to create a cyber police force inside the people’s mind,” said Hesamedin Mojtahed, the officer in charge of the booth. “People want to be informed of the dangers on the Internet,” he said. “We are here for them.”[16]
Secret Police
Savak
The SAVAK was the National Intelligence and Security Organization of Iran from 1961 until 1979. They were the official secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran's Mohammad Reza Shah.[17] After Khomeini took over, SAVAK was dissolved and replaced with SAVAMA[18]
SAVAK had its own censorship office, "established to monitor journalists, literary figures, and academics throughout the country; it took appropriate measures against those who fell out of line. Universities, labor unions, and peasant organizations, among others, were all subjected to intense surveillance by SAVAK agents and paid informants. The agency was also active abroad, especially in monitoring Iranian students who publicly opposed Pahlavi rule."[19]
SAVAMA
SAVAMA is the original name for the Ministry of Intelligence and National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MISIRI). While it goes by other names, it operates in the same manner. It closely monitors and puts surveillance on those it deems a threat to the Iranian government, both at home and abroad.[citation needed]
Military
The Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution, a special unit within the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran has practiced for Psychological Operations against military targets.[20] According to Ayatollah Khamenei, "the main priority of the country is to confront (enemy's) soft warfare which is aimed at creating doubt, discord and pessimism among the masses of the people," Ayatollah Khamenei said last year, addressing a large and fervent congregation of Basij (volunteer) forces."[21]
Media
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting is the sole, official provider, of broadcast news to both the Iranian people and the rest of the world. IRIB operates many channels in a multitude of languages and is known to broadcast propaganda.[22][23] IRIB is the main hub for which all Iranian propaganda is created, and disseminated, throughout the world. The multiple channels that make up IRIB all have a specific purpose.
Conferences and Lectures
Ahmadinejad's visit to Cornell was exclusively for propaganda purposes. Ahmadinejad firmly believes he can convince global opinion and the American people of the rightness of his cause.[25][26]
The Islamic Republic of Iran held an anti-terrorism conference which featured representatives from "neighboring countries Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan as well as Sudan, Tajikistan, Mauritania and the Vice-President of Cuba and Ministers and other high-level delegates from 60 States, representatives of the United Nations (Officer in Charge of CTITF), the OIC, and other regional organizations as well as distinguished scholars and researchers and peace activists from all around the world participated in the Conference."[27] With Iran being a state-sponsor of terrorist activities, and many of the nations in attendance, including many of the African representatives, users of terrorism, the anti-terrorism conference is propaganda.[28][29][30] It was quite successful as well because the United Nations endorsed the meeting and sent a delegation to partake in the event.[30] During the event, "Iran's Supreme leader Ali Khamenei took the opportunity to excoriate western nations for "terrorist behaviors," and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad expressed his doubts about the September 2001 terrorist attacks on America – outrageously claiming that the U.S has benefited from those attacks, as it has, he added, from the Holocaust."[31]
Internet
There are numerous State Sponsored websites which are considered the official mouthpieces of the Islamic Republic of Iran's government. These are examples of political propaganda, which either put a pro-Shah, pro-Government, pro-Iranian, spin on neutral material. The following websites also place spin or omit/censor any negative reporting on the Iranian government, and promote the Iranian leadership's point of view on specific issues.
Cyber Police
Iran has created a Cyber Police unit in January 2011, known by the acronym FATA. Since then it has arrested several bloggers critical of Iran’s leaders, as well as a group of youths who had created a “hot or not” contest on Facebook rating profile pictures of boys and girls[32] The unit was created to "control which sites Iranians are able to visit, to prevent spying and protect the public from `immoral` material. The United States, they charge, is waging a `soft war` against Iran by reaching out to Iranians online and inciting them to overthrow their leaders[33]". From the Iranian regime's standpoint, any free information is a threat to power. The internet was a major factor for organizing and showing the world what was happening during the 2009 presidential election. The United States asked Twitter to postpone online maintenance in 2009 so that it would be available for Iranian protesters.[34] On 1 December 2012, General Saeed Shokrian, commander of FATA, was dismissed by Iranian’s national police chief, Ismael Ahmadi-Moqaddam, for negligence in death of blogger Sattar Beheshti while in FATA custody one month earlier. The dismissal followed international outcry over the death. Shokrian stated “Tehran’s FATA should be held responsible for the death of Sattar Beheshti”.[35] The cyber police fall under the IRGC and the Basij.
Iranian Propaganda Abroad
United States
Voice of America
The Voice of America's Persian Service has come under scrutiny for following a pro-Tehran line. The controversy started with the Death of Neda Agha-Soltan (which has its own propaganda implications). VOA and their parent organization, Broadcasting Board of Governors, were very slow in reporting the events of the 2009 Iranian elections and subsequent student protests.[36] With upwards of 80% of the Iranian population getting its information from official government news agencies like IRNA, the VOA is supposed to report non-censored material or propaganda from the Iranian regime.[37] In Congressional testimony, it was shown that the VOA Persian network was broadcasting anti-American messages regularly and was being abused by the Persian networks staff to include: -Boycotting and even slandering people [VOA Staff] do not agree with, -Inadequate or late coverage of protests in Iran and complete lack of support for the freedom fighters (referring to the Death of Neda Agha-Soltan), - Not supporting and criticizing the US Policy, - and the list continues.[38]
Iran Lobby in the United States
The Iran lobby in the United States is concerned with defending the Iranian government's image in the United States. By its nature, lobbying can be considered propaganda. As Lopez has written, "A complex network of individuals and organizations with ties to the clerical government in Tehran is pressing forward in seeming synchrony to influence the new U.S. administration’s policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran. Spearheaded by a de facto partnership between the National Iranian-American Council (NIAC), the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR) and other organizations serving as mouthpieces for the mullahs’ party line, the network includes well-known American diplomats, congressional representatives, figures from academia and the think tank world."[39]
Alavi Foundation
The Alavi Foundation is the successor organization to the Pahlavi Foundation, a nonprofit group used by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to advance Iran's charitable interests in America. Most of the charities income is from rent collected on the New York Fifth Avenue skyscraper the Piaget Building, which was built in 1978 under the Shah, who was overthrown in 1979.
The FBI laid out a case against the Alavi Foundation that it was being used as a front group for the Iranian government. It was built in the 1970s by the Pahlavi Foundation to further the interest of then Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[40] Some of the tenants of the foundation's properties are Islamic centers and schools.[41]
Israel
Through Press TV, Iran places agent of influence throughout the world, which is what has occurred in Israel.[42]
China
Russia
Nuclear Propaganda
The Iranian Nuclear Program utilizes propaganda through disinformation. Due to the multiple nations and foreign governing bodies that have Sanctions against Iran, Iran has had no choice but to pursue its perceived nuclear weapons program covertly. Iran has claimed that the nuclear program is peaceful,[43] however, the most recent IAEA report[44] highlights research that may bring the world to a different conclusion.
The government of Iran has made serial denials about the weaponizing the atom and claims that the IAEA is controlled and biased by Western nations, especially the United States of America.
Based on an Associated Press article, the re-defection of Shahram Amiri to Iran was to be used as a great propaganda campaign against the United States and the West.[45] The Iranian government spun the news of Amiri's defection to the United States and subsequent re-defection back to Iran as a kidnapping plot. The reason's for his re-defection range in Iranian media, but most claim that he was kidnapped and/or tortured, and "escaped" back to Iran. This type of publicity is viewed in the West as a cover up, but the way it is portrayed from the Iranian standpoint, shows that a devout Iranian, who would never betray the government, escaped the "Great Satan" to return to Iran.
On 13 November 2011, it was reported that a major blast at a military base killed Brig. Gen. Hassan Moghaddam, along with 16 other IRGC members.[46] "Under General Moghaddam, Iran’s missile program has tested several longer-range designs, including the Shahab-3 missile. According to intelligence estimates, the Shahab-3 is able to reach to 1,250 miles [2,000 km] – far enough to hit Israel, Iran’s archenemy, and the Iranian government has emphasized that that is precisely the reason for its development."[46] Iran officially claims that the explosion was an accident that occurred while moving ammunition to a more appropriate site.[47] Speculation is that the Israeli's blew up the base but Iran has stuck to its formal explanation. Following the explosion, "...because of concerns about Israel spies — [Iran] increased the prison term for Iranian citizens who travel to Israel from three months to five years".[47] Upon further satellite evidence released on 30 November 2011, the destruction of the military base was much greater than the Iranian government led on.[48] When it comes to military matters and capabilities, this propaganda response is to be expected.
See also
External links
References
- ^ Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 4th ed. Sage Publications, p. 7
- ^ "Iranian regime 'fears information'". BBC News. 10 April 2011.
- ^ Rhoads, Christopher (22 June 2009). "Iran's Web SPying Aided By Western Technology: European Gear Used in Vast Effort to Monitor Communications". The Wallstreet Journal. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ http://www.iran-un.org/
- ^ Holland, Lisa. "Iranians Use London Riots as Propaganda". Sky News. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Iran: UN human rights body concerned over executions and minority rights" (Webpage). United Nations Human Rights. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
The UN Human Rights Committee said it was disturbed by the continuing discrimination and arrest of religious and ethnic minorities and homosexuals, as well as by the frequency of capital punishment imposed on juveniles, expressing alarm at the vague definition and the wide range of offences for which it is used.
- ^ http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2011/111020_Iran.doc.htm
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/10/irgc-propaganda-arm-includes-15000-reporters.html
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (16 June 2008). Tortured confessions : prisons and public recantations in modern Iran ([Nachdr.] ed.). Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21866-3.
- ^ http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/A-Torrent-Of-Repression-In-Iran-133845403.html
- ^ http://www.rferl.org/content/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html
- ^ TIME Staff (23 July 2009). "On Tehran's Streets, the Basij's Fearsome Reign". TIME. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13900715000326
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/10/irgc-propaganda-arm-includes-15000-reporters.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tehranbureau+%28tehran+bureau%29
- ^ Morozov, Evgeny (30 March 2009). "Propaganda.com". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (29 October 2011). "Iran Cyber Police Cite U.S. Threat". Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0187)
- ^ http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-6549.html
- ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iran/savak.htm
- ^ FARS News Agency (20 November 2010). "Iran Uses Psychological Operations in Massive Air Drills" (Website). Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8908291226
- ^ Moaveni, Azadeh (22 June 2009). "State Television Becomes a Focus for Iranian Anger". Time.
- ^ Taheri, Amir (June 8, 2010). "Propaganda War Latest: Tehran 3 Israel 0". The Times (London) (Newspaper).
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "Iran's Propaganda Purveyors". CBS News.
- ^ BBC (25 September 2007). "Iran president in NY campus row" (Web Page). BBC. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ Bonifield, Alexandra (October 1, 2007). "Ahmadinejad visit, speech part of propaganda machine". USA Today.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9004052538
- ^ http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/middle-east/Iranian-Government--124890829.html
- ^ http://www.theblaze.com/stories/un-chief-actually-applauds-iranian-counterterrorism-conference-bashing-us-uk-israeli-regime/
- ^ a b http://www.unwatch.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=bdKKISNqEmG&b=1319279&ct=10890065
- ^ Voice of America. "Iranian Government Holds Terrorism Conference". Voice of America. Retrieved 12/1/2011.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Jailed Blogger Not Tortured Before Death, Iran Says| By THOMAS ERDBRINK |November 12, 2012
- ^ Wan, William (29 October 2011). "Iran cyber police cite U.S. threat". The Washington Post.
- ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (October 29, 2011). "Iran cyber police cite U.S. threat". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ Head of Tehran’s Cybercrimes Unit Is Fired Over Death of Blogger| By THOMAS ERDBRINK| nytimes.com| 1 December 2012
- ^ http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/65628.pdf - p. 3
- ^ http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/65628.pdf - p.25
- ^ http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/65628.pdf - pp. 35-37
- ^ http://www.analyst-network.com/articles/117/RiseoftheIranLobbyTeheransfrontgroupsmoveonandintotheObamaAdministration.pdf
- ^ Farrell, Michael. "What's known about Iran-linked Alavi Foundation?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12/1/2011.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Glovin, David (30 December 2009). "Alavi Foundation Is Iran Front, U.S. Says in Lawsuit (Correct)". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 12/1/2011.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Izikovich, Gili. "Israeli MK: Iran TV's Palestinian correspondent is a foreign agent". Ha'aretz.
- ^ http://www.un.int/iran/facts_about_peaceful_nuclear_program.pdf
- ^ http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/IAEA_Iran_8Nov2011.pdf
- ^ "As propaganda battle rages, Iranian scientist returns home". The Boston Globe.
- ^ a b "Blast Kills Commander at Iran Base". The New York Times. 13 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ a b Bennett, Dashiell. "Did Israel Blow Up an Iranian Missile Base?". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ Broad, William J. (29 November 2011). "Images Show Devastation at Iran Base After Blast". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-30.