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{{Short description|Skin condition}} |
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|specialty = [[Dermatology]] |
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'''Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation''' (PIH) is a skin condition characterized by the darkening of the [[skin]] ([[hyperpigmentation]]) following an [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] injury, such as [[acne]], dermatitis, infectious disease, or trauma. Less frequently, it may occur as a [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of a medical procedure performed on the skin. It is a common cause of skin discoloration and can affect individuals of all skin types. |
'''Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation''' ('''PIH''') is a skin condition characterized by the darkening of the [[skin]] ([[hyperpigmentation]]) following an [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] injury, such as [[acne]], dermatitis, infectious disease, or trauma. Less frequently, it may occur as a [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] of a medical procedure performed on the skin. It is a common cause of skin discoloration and can affect individuals of all skin types.<ref name="ref">{{cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Al Aboud |first2=Khalid M. |title=StatPearls |date=2024 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559150/#article-27519.s8 |chapter=Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation}}</ref> |
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== Symptoms == |
== Symptoms and signs== |
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PIH manifests as areas of increased pigmentation or darkened skin. The color can range from light brown to deep brown or grey to black. Individuals with darker skin typically develop lesions that are darker and last longer compared to people with lighter skin color. Without any treatment, PIH usually fades in the 6-12 months following its appearance, until it is no longer visible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Sigrid M. |title=The Color Atlas and Synopsis of Family Medicine |last2=Krejci-Manwaring |first2=Jennifer |last3=Usatine |first3=Richard P. |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2019 |edition=3rd |location=New York |language=English |chapter=Chapter 207: Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation}}</ref> |
PIH manifests as areas of increased pigmentation or darkened skin. The color can range from light brown to deep brown or grey to black. Individuals with darker skin typically develop lesions that are darker and last longer compared to people with lighter skin color. Without any treatment, PIH usually fades in the 6-12 months following its appearance, until it is no longer visible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Sigrid M. |title=The Color Atlas and Synopsis of Family Medicine |last2=Krejci-Manwaring |first2=Jennifer |last3=Usatine |first3=Richard P. |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2019 |edition=3rd |location=New York |language=English |chapter=Chapter 207: Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation}}</ref> |
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== Causes == |
== Causes == |
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Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation develops after the original symptoms of an inflammatory skin condition disappear. Common triggers include acne lesions, cuts, burns, or skin conditions like [[eczema]]. Additionally, [[Ultraviolet|UV]] sun exposure and [[sunburn]] are involved in the development, darkening, and expansion of hyperpigmented skin lesions.<ref name=":0" /> Some [[Medical procedure|medical procedures]] performed on the skin can cause an inflammatory reaction, which may lead to hyperpigmentation, even if the inflammation itself is temporary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chaowattanapanit |first=Suteeraporn |last2=Silpa-archa |first2=Narumol |last3=Kohli |first3=Indermeet |last4=Lim |first4=Henry W. |last5=Hamzavi |first5=Iltefat |date=Oct 2017 |title=Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A comprehensive overview |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.036 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=607–621 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.036 |issn=0190-9622}}</ref> |
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation develops after the original symptoms of an inflammatory skin condition disappear. Common triggers include acne lesions, cuts, burns, or skin conditions like [[eczema]].<ref name="ref" /> Additionally, [[Ultraviolet|UV]] sun exposure and [[sunburn]] are involved in the development, darkening, and expansion of hyperpigmented skin lesions.<ref name=":0" /> Some [[Medical procedure|medical procedures]] performed on the skin can cause an inflammatory reaction, which may lead to hyperpigmentation, even if the inflammation itself is temporary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chaowattanapanit |first=Suteeraporn |last2=Silpa-archa |first2=Narumol |last3=Kohli |first3=Indermeet |last4=Lim |first4=Henry W. |last5=Hamzavi |first5=Iltefat |date=Oct 2017 |title=Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A comprehensive overview |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.036 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=607–621 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.036 |issn=0190-9622}}</ref> |
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The exact pathogenesis of PIH is poorly understood.<ref name=":1" /> It is known to be driven by [[cytokine]]-mediated [[Paracrine signaling|paracrine]] interactions between [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]] and [[Melanocyte|melanocytes]], eventually stimulating the melanocytes to dramatically increase production of [[melanin]], which then deposits in the skin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Concha |first=J.S.S. |last2=Afarideh |first2=M. |last3=Werth |first3=V.P. |date=27 Dec 2021 |title=Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and erythema: new insights into the pathogenesis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.20938 |journal=British Journal of Dermatology |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=390–391 |doi=10.1111/bjd.20938 |issn=0007-0963}}</ref> |
The exact pathogenesis of PIH is poorly understood.<ref name=":1" /> It is known to be driven by [[cytokine]]-mediated [[Paracrine signaling|paracrine]] interactions between [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]] and [[Melanocyte|melanocytes]], eventually stimulating the melanocytes to dramatically increase production of [[melanin]], which then deposits in the skin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Concha |first=J.S.S. |last2=Afarideh |first2=M. |last3=Werth |first3=V.P. |date=27 Dec 2021 |title=Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and erythema: new insights into the pathogenesis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.20938 |journal=British Journal of Dermatology |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=390–391 |doi=10.1111/bjd.20938 |issn=0007-0963}}</ref> |
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==Diagnosis== |
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The evaluation of Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is clinical. Wood’s lamp evaluation can be used in the diagnosis as well.<ref name=ref/> |
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== Treatment == |
== Treatment == |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Pigmentation disorders}} |
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[[Category:Disturbances of human pigmentation]] |
Latest revision as of 02:31, 1 March 2024
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation | |
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Specialty | Dermatology |
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a skin condition characterized by the darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation) following an inflammatory injury, such as acne, dermatitis, infectious disease, or trauma. Less frequently, it may occur as a complication of a medical procedure performed on the skin. It is a common cause of skin discoloration and can affect individuals of all skin types.[1]
Symptoms and signs
PIH manifests as areas of increased pigmentation or darkened skin. The color can range from light brown to deep brown or grey to black. Individuals with darker skin typically develop lesions that are darker and last longer compared to people with lighter skin color. Without any treatment, PIH usually fades in the 6-12 months following its appearance, until it is no longer visible.[2]
Causes
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation develops after the original symptoms of an inflammatory skin condition disappear. Common triggers include acne lesions, cuts, burns, or skin conditions like eczema.[1] Additionally, UV sun exposure and sunburn are involved in the development, darkening, and expansion of hyperpigmented skin lesions.[2] Some medical procedures performed on the skin can cause an inflammatory reaction, which may lead to hyperpigmentation, even if the inflammation itself is temporary.[3]
The exact pathogenesis of PIH is poorly understood.[3] It is known to be driven by cytokine-mediated paracrine interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes, eventually stimulating the melanocytes to dramatically increase production of melanin, which then deposits in the skin.[4]
Diagnosis
The evaluation of Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is clinical. Wood’s lamp evaluation can be used in the diagnosis as well.[1]
Treatment
Treatment for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation may include topical agents like hydroquinone, retinoids, ascorbic acid, and azelaic acid, as well as chemical peels or laser therapy to promote skin renewal and reduce pigmentation. Sun protection is also crucial to prevent further darkening of the affected skin. In severe or recurrent cases, combination therapy of hydroquinone plus one or more additional topical agents is common.[2][3]
Topical medications and other non-procedural treatments are preferred over chemical peels, laser therapy, dermabrasion, and other "destructive therapies". This is because the topical treatments are often very effective in managing PIH and typically cost less, while also having lower potential for side effects or worsening of the condition. Some patients (especially those with darker skin) have been known to experience worsening of their PIH with destructive therapy, rather than improvement. The reason for this is often not known.[3]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Lawrence, Elizabeth; Al Aboud, Khalid M. (2024). "Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
- ^ a b c Collier, Sigrid M.; Krejci-Manwaring, Jennifer; Usatine, Richard P. (2019). "Chapter 207: Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation". The Color Atlas and Synopsis of Family Medicine (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
- ^ a b c d Chaowattanapanit, Suteeraporn; Silpa-archa, Narumol; Kohli, Indermeet; Lim, Henry W.; Hamzavi, Iltefat (Oct 2017). "Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A comprehensive overview". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 77 (4): 607–621. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.036. ISSN 0190-9622.
- ^ Concha, J.S.S.; Afarideh, M.; Werth, V.P. (27 Dec 2021). "Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and erythema: new insights into the pathogenesis". British Journal of Dermatology. 186 (3): 390–391. doi:10.1111/bjd.20938. ISSN 0007-0963.