ConflictScience (talk | contribs) m →Nonviolent parenting options meta-study: changed link to article Tag: Visual edit |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Add: publisher. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:School and classroom behaviour | #UCB_Category 26/31 |
||
(36 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Multiple issues|{{original research|date=December 2008}} |
{{Multiple issues|{{original research|date=December 2008}} |
||
{{more citations needed|date=March 2008}} |
{{more citations needed|date=March 2008}} |
||
{{expert needed|education|date=March 2011}} |
|||
{{copypaste|date=August 2015}} |
|||
{{POV|date=April 2019}}}} |
{{POV|date=April 2019}}}} |
||
'''Positive |
'''Positive discipline''' ('''PD''') is a [[Child discipline|discipline]] model used by some schools and in [[parenting]] that focuses on the positive points of [[behavior]]. It is based on the idea that there are no bad children, just good and bad [[behavior]]s. Practitioners of positive discipline believe that good behavior can be taught and reinforced while weaning bad behaviors without [[child abuse|hurting the child verbally]] or [[child abuse|physically]]. People engaging in positive discipline believe that they are not ignoring problems but dealing with the problem differently by helping the child learn how to handle situations more appropriately while remaining kind to the children themselves. |
||
[[Positive behavior support]] (PBS) is a structured, open-ended model that many parents and schools follow. It promotes positive [[Decision-making|decision making]], teaching expectations to children early, and encouraging positive behaviors.<ref name="MadisonConduct">{{cite web|url=https://board.madison.k12.wi.us/files/boe/Full%20Code%20of%20Conduct%20Draft%201_1.8.14.pdf|title=Madison Metropolitan School District Student Conduct and Discipline Plan| |
[[Positive behavior support]] (PBS) is a structured, open-ended model that many parents and schools follow. It promotes positive [[Decision-making|decision making]], teaching expectations to children early, and encouraging positive behaviors.<ref name="MadisonConduct">{{cite web|url=https://board.madison.k12.wi.us/files/boe/Full%20Code%20of%20Conduct%20Draft%201_1.8.14.pdf|title=Madison Metropolitan School District Student Conduct and Discipline Plan|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305181043/https://board.madison.k12.wi.us/files/boe/Full%20Code%20of%20Conduct%20Draft%201_1.8.14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
Positive discipline is in contrast to '''negative discipline'''. Negative discipline may involve [[Anger|angry]], destructive, or [[Violence|violent]] responses to inappropriate behavior. In terms used by psychology research, positive discipline uses the full range of reinforcement and punishment options: |
Positive discipline is in contrast to '''negative discipline'''. Negative discipline may involve [[Anger|angry]], destructive, or [[Violence|violent]] responses to inappropriate behavior. In terms used by psychology research, positive discipline uses the full range of reinforcement and punishment options: |
||
Line 14: | Line 12: | ||
* [[Positive punishment]], such as requiring a child to clean up a mess they made; and |
* [[Positive punishment]], such as requiring a child to clean up a mess they made; and |
||
* [[Negative punishment]], such as removing a privilege in response to poor behavior. |
* [[Negative punishment]], such as removing a privilege in response to poor behavior. |
||
However, unlike negative discipline, it does all of these things in a kind, encouraging, and firm manner. The focus of positive discipline is to establish reasonable limits and guide children to take responsibility to stay within these limits, or learn how to remedy the situation when they |
However, unlike negative discipline, it does all of these things in a kind, encouraging, and firm manner. The focus of positive discipline is to establish reasonable limits and guide children to take responsibility to stay within these limits, or learn how to remedy the situation when they do not. |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
The Positive Discipline<ref> |
The Positive Discipline<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.positivediscipline.com/|title=Positive Discipline | Dr. Jane Nelsen|website=www.positivediscipline.com|access-date=2023-03-22|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314220100/https://www.positivediscipline.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Parenting and [[Classroom management|Classroom Management]] Model is based on the work of [[Alfred Adler]] and [[Rudolf Dreikurs]]. Adler first introduced the idea of parenting education to United States audiences in the 1920s. He advocated treating children respectfully, but also argued that spoiling and pampering children was not encouraging to them and resulted in social and behavioral problems. The classroom techniques, which were initially introduced in [[Vienna]] in the early 1920s, were brought to the United States by Dreikurs in the late 1930s. Dreikurs and Adler referred to their approach to teaching and parenting as "democratic".<ref>Rudolf Dreikurs and Vicki Soltz, ''Children: The Challenge'', Plume, 1964</ref> |
||
Many other authors have carried on the parenting and classroom work of Alfred Adler. Jane Nelsen wrote and self-published ''Positive Discipline'' in 1981. In 1987 ''Positive Discipline'' was picked up by [[Ballantine Books|Ballantine]], now a subsidiary of [[Random House]]. The latest edition was published by Ballantine in 2006, which includes |
Many other authors have carried on the parenting and classroom work of Alfred Adler. Jane Nelsen wrote and self-published ''Positive Discipline'' in 1981. In 1987 ''Positive Discipline'' was picked up by [[Ballantine Books|Ballantine]], now a subsidiary of [[Random House]]. The latest edition was published by Ballantine in 2006, which includes four of the five criteria for Positive Discipline listed below. Nelsen has since added the fifth criteria. Nelsen also co-authored a series of Positive Discipline books with Lynn Lott: ''Positive Discipline for Teenagers'', ''Positive Discipline A-Z'' and ''Positive Discipline in the Classroom'' (with H. Stephen Glenn). ''Positive Discipline the First Three Years'' and ''Positive Discipline for Preschoolers'' were co-authored by Jane Nelsen, Cheryl Erwin, and Roslyn Duffy. Cheryl Erwin co-authored with Jane Nelsen ''Positive Discipline for Single Parents'' and ''Positive Discipline for Stepfamilies''. |
||
The term positive discipline has become very popular. Many parenting books and programs that claim to be positive discipline are based on the philosophy of [[behaviorism]], which is very different from the original Adlerian-based positive discipline: behaviorism promotes "external" locus of control. Positive discipline promotes "internal" locus of control, as indicated in the Five Criteria for Positive Discipline. |
|||
===Parenting style=== |
===Parenting style=== |
||
Line 30: | Line 26: | ||
! Short-term Parenting !! Long-term parenting |
! Short-term Parenting !! Long-term parenting |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| |
||
* Controlling/Punitive/Rewarding |
* Controlling/Punitive/Rewarding |
||
* Permissive/Overprotective/Rescuing |
* Permissive/Overprotective/Rescuing |
||
* Neglectful/Giving up on being a parent |
* Neglectful/Giving up on being a parent |
||
|| |
|| |
||
* Kind and Firm |
* Kind and Firm |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 46: | Line 42: | ||
# Is effective long-term. (Considers what the children are thinking, feeling, learning, and deciding about themselves and their world – and what to do in the future to survive or to thrive.) |
# Is effective long-term. (Considers what the children are thinking, feeling, learning, and deciding about themselves and their world – and what to do in the future to survive or to thrive.) |
||
# Teaches important social and [[Life Skills|life skills]]. (Respect, concern for others, [[problem solving]], and cooperation as well as the skills to contribute to the home, school or larger community.) |
# Teaches important social and [[Life Skills|life skills]]. (Respect, concern for others, [[problem solving]], and cooperation as well as the skills to contribute to the home, school or larger community.) |
||
# Invites children to discover how capable they are. (Encourages the constructive use of personal power and [[autonomy]].)<ref name="Nelsen 2006">{{cite book |last= Nelsen|first= Jane|author-link1= Jane Nelsen|title= Positive Discipline|year= 2006|isbn= 978-0-345-48767-4}}</ref> |
# Invites children to discover how capable they are. (Encourages the constructive use of personal power and [[autonomy]].)<ref name="Nelsen 2006">{{cite book |last= Nelsen|first= Jane|author-link1= Jane Nelsen|title= Positive Discipline|year= 2006|publisher= Random House Publishing|isbn= 978-0-345-48767-4}}</ref> |
||
Positive Discipline is distinct from positive behavior support (PBS) which is a form of child discipline often used by schools and community agencies to promote successful behavior, as PBS includes some behavioristic elements such as positive reinforcement. PBS focuses on "measuring" behaviors, replacement behaviors, a reduction of [[crisis intervention]], and teaching strategies for [[self-control]]. |
Positive Discipline is distinct from positive behavior support (PBS) which is a form of child discipline often used by schools and community agencies to promote successful behavior, as PBS includes some behavioristic elements such as positive reinforcement. PBS focuses on "measuring" behaviors, replacement behaviors, a reduction of [[crisis intervention]], and teaching strategies for [[self-control]]. |
||
Line 53: | Line 49: | ||
===Creating rules=== |
===Creating rules=== |
||
In her book entitled ''Positive Discipline'' |
In her book entitled ''Positive Discipline'', Jane Nelsen emphasizes the importance of not only creating clear rules, but of making them fair. Any rule should be followed by the parent or teacher (as much as possible), as well as by the child. An example she gave was that of having a "black hole box" where any items left out of place around the house would be deposited for the length of one week. This applied to the belongings of the children as well as of the parents. Furthermore, the rules should be devised by the children with some direction from the authority figure, and be agreed upon in a group meeting situation where everyone has equal power and input. This makes the children responsible for following the rules which they themselves created. When consequences are necessary, they should be delivered in a kind but firm manner, preserving the trust and mutual respect between the adult and the child.<ref name="Nelsen 2006"/> |
||
===Inspiring intrinsic motivation=== |
===Inspiring intrinsic motivation=== |
||
The idea of doing away with both positive and negative reinforcement as much as possible is suggested as a way to inspire [[intrinsic motivation]]. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation drawn from internal sources, out of a sense of [[ethics]] or a desire to feel good about oneself. This is in contrast with [[extrinsic motivation]], wherein motivation stems from a desire to avoid punishment or attain a reward. This is what Positive Discipline seeks to avoid, so that children learn to act correctly even when there will be no external reward or punishment for behavior.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cherry|first1=Kendra|title=What Is Intrinsic Motivation?|url=http://psychology.about.com/od/motivation/f/intrinsic-motivation.htm|website=About.com|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=API|title=Practice Positive Discipline|url=http://www.attachmentparenting.org/principles/discipline|website=Attachment Parenting International|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |
The idea of doing away with both positive and negative reinforcement as much as possible is suggested as a way to inspire [[intrinsic motivation]]. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation drawn from internal sources, out of a sense of [[ethics]] or a desire to feel good about oneself. This is in contrast with [[extrinsic motivation]], wherein motivation stems from a desire to avoid punishment or attain a reward. This is what Positive Discipline seeks to avoid, so that children learn to act correctly even when there will be no external reward or punishment for behavior.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cherry|first1=Kendra|title=What Is Intrinsic Motivation?|url=http://psychology.about.com/od/motivation/f/intrinsic-motivation.htm|website=About.com|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412130423/http://psychology.about.com/od/motivation/f/intrinsic-motivation.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=API|title=Practice Positive Discipline|url=http://www.attachmentparenting.org/principles/discipline|website=Attachment Parenting International|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507202818/http://www.attachmentparenting.org/principles/discipline|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
||
===Recognizing needs=== |
===Recognizing needs=== |
||
In Positive Discipline theory, it is posited that when children misbehave they are displaying that a need of theirs is not being met. Children have different developmental abilities depending on their age - see [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]]. In dealing with the misbehavior, it is suggested that focusing on the unmet need rather than the behavior itself will have better results.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Morin|first1=Amy|title=The Difference Between Punishment and Discipline|url=http://discipline.about.com/od/typesofdiscipline/a/The-Difference-Between-Punishment-And-Discipline.htm|website=About.com|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |
In Positive Discipline theory, it is posited that when children misbehave they are displaying that a need of theirs is not being met. Children have different developmental abilities depending on their age - see [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]]. In dealing with the misbehavior, it is suggested that focusing on the unmet need rather than the behavior itself will have better results.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Morin|first1=Amy|title=The Difference Between Punishment and Discipline|url=http://discipline.about.com/od/typesofdiscipline/a/The-Difference-Between-Punishment-And-Discipline.htm|website=About.com|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408053709/http://discipline.about.com/od/typesofdiscipline/a/The-Difference-Between-Punishment-And-Discipline.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
||
===Understand the meaning=== |
===Understand the meaning=== |
||
Naomi Aldort, author of |
Naomi Aldort, author of ''Raising Our Children, Raising Ourselves'', explains that inappropriate behavior can be a child's way of getting attention. They do not act out without a valid reason, as they try to do the best that they can. Once there is an understanding behind the behavior, the cause can be removed and no further emotional outbursts will come from the child.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/talkingwithkids/positive_discipline_tips.html|title=Seven Tips for Practicing Positive Discipline . Talking With Kids . PBS Parents {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2016-05-10|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403232038/http://www.pbs.org/parents/talkingwithkids/positive_discipline_tips.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
===Redirect negative behavior=== |
===Redirect negative behavior=== |
||
A child who hears the word "No" all the time will eventually start to ignore its meaning |
A child who hears the word "No" all the time will eventually start to ignore its meaning. Katharine C. Kersey, the author of ''The 101s: A Guide to Positive Discipline'', recommends encouraging [[Positive behavior support|positive behavior]] to replace misbehavior. Parents should be encouraged to redirect the child's behavior into something positive, for example, if a child is acting out in a supermarket, the child should be redirected into something creative or helpful such as picking out a type of fruit to buy instead of acting out.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
===Conscious discipline=== |
===Conscious discipline=== |
||
Conscious discipline focuses on "developing discipline within children rather than applying discipline to them. The whole discipline process applies to everyone involved. Imagine a pyramid where |
Conscious discipline focuses on "developing discipline within children rather than applying discipline to them. The whole discipline process applies to everyone involved. Imagine a pyramid where four parts represent four stages of the discipline: |
||
# At the base of a pyramid is understanding the brain states, |
# At the base of a pyramid is understanding the brain states, |
||
# After that comes learning your seven adult powers, |
# After that comes learning your seven adult powers, |
||
# Think of the ways how you can connect members of the family and the classroom, |
# Think of the ways how you can connect members of the family and the classroom, |
||
# The last stage is to use the seven skills you learned to respond to situations in new ways.<ref>http://www.getmecc.com/Conscious-Discipline.html</ref> |
# The last stage is to use the seven skills you learned to respond to situations in new ways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getmecc.com/Conscious-Discipline.html|title=A New Approach to Discipline: What is Conscious Discipline?|website=www.getmecc.com|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032438/http://www.getmecc.com/Conscious-Discipline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
Conscious discipline works with the awareness of our behavior to certain situations and encourages us to learn how to consciously manage our behavior so we can help the child to do the same. The Conscious Discipline Brain State Model has three states: Survival State (Am I safe?), Emotional State (Am I loved?), and Executive State (What can I learn from this?).<ref>https://consciousdiscipline.com/methodology/brain-state-model/</ref> |
Conscious discipline works with the awareness of our behavior to certain situations and encourages us to learn how to consciously manage our behavior so we can help the child to do the same. The Conscious Discipline Brain State Model has three states: Survival State (Am I safe?), Emotional State (Am I loved?), and Executive State (What can I learn from this?).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consciousdiscipline.com/methodology/brain-state-model/|title=Brain State Model|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=2018-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074554/https://consciousdiscipline.com/methodology/brain-state-model/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
==Preventive measures== |
==Preventive measures== |
||
Part of using positive discipline is preventing situations in which negative behaviors can arise. There are different techniques that teachers can use to prevent bad behaviors: |
Part of using positive discipline is preventing situations in which negative behaviors can arise. There are different techniques that teachers can use to prevent bad behaviors: |
||
One technique is to see students who "misbehave" as actually demonstrating "mistaken" behavior. There are many reasons why a student may exhibit mistaken behavior, i.e. lack of knowing appropriate behavior to feeling unwanted or unaccepted. For students who simply do not know what appropriate behavior they should be exhibiting, the teacher can teach the appropriate behavior. For example, a child who is fighting over a toy in a dramatic way should be approached by a teacher who should try and create a fair solution by encouraging the child's input and talking about their problems to avoid another argument.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-02-06|title=Misbehavior or mistaken behavior|url=http://www.slideshare.net/KatKathyKathleenmuah/misbehavior-or-mistaken-behavior|access-date=2016-05-10|archive-date=2016-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603212157/http://www.slideshare.net/KatKathyKathleenmuah/misbehavior-or-mistaken-behavior|url-status=live}}</ref> For students who are feeling unwanted or unaccepted, a positive relationship needs to develop between the teacher and student before any form of discipline will work. |
|||
Sanctions would be less needed if students have a strong connection with the adult in charge and knew that the teacher respected them. Teachers need to know how to build these relationships. Simply telling them to demonstrate respect and connection with students is not enough for some of them, because they may also lack knowledge on how to do this.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Original research inline|date=August 2017}} |
Sanctions would be less needed if students have a strong connection with the adult in charge and knew that the teacher respected them. Teachers need to know how to build these relationships. Simply telling them to demonstrate respect and connection with students is not enough for some of them, because they may also lack knowledge on how to do this.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Original research inline|date=August 2017}} |
||
Line 86: | Line 82: | ||
Teachers need to view each child as an account; they must deposit positive experiences in the student before they make a withdraw from the child when discipline takes place. Teachers can make deposits through praise, special activities, fun classroom jobs, smiles and appropriate pats on the backs. Some children have never experienced positive attention. Children long for attention; if they are not receiving positive attention they will exhibit behavior that will elicit negative attention.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Original research inline|date=August 2017}} |
Teachers need to view each child as an account; they must deposit positive experiences in the student before they make a withdraw from the child when discipline takes place. Teachers can make deposits through praise, special activities, fun classroom jobs, smiles and appropriate pats on the backs. Some children have never experienced positive attention. Children long for attention; if they are not receiving positive attention they will exhibit behavior that will elicit negative attention.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Original research inline|date=August 2017}} |
||
Teachers can recognize groups of students who would not work well together (because they are friends or do not get along well) and have them separated from the start to prevent situations which will result in negative behavior. Some teachers employ the "boy-girl-boy-girl" method of lining or circling up (which may be [[Sexism|sexist]] or effective, depending on your perspective) in order to keep friend groups separate and to encourage the students to make new friends. The physical arrangement of the classroom can affect classroom discipline and the effectiveness of instruction.<ref>{{Cite web|url= |
Teachers can recognize groups of students who would not work well together (because they are friends or do not get along well) and have them separated from the start to prevent situations which will result in negative behavior. Some teachers employ the "boy-girl-boy-girl" method of lining or circling up (which may be [[Sexism|sexist]] or effective, depending on your perspective) in order to keep friend groups separate and to encourage the students to make new friends. The physical arrangement of the classroom can affect classroom discipline and the effectiveness of instruction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/curr330.shtml|title=Do Seating Arrangements and Assignments = Classroom Management? | Classroom Seating Arrangement | Education World|website=www.educationworld.com|access-date=2023-03-22|archive-date=2022-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929203900/https://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/curr330.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
Another technique would be to be explicit with the rules, and consequences for breaking those rules, from the start. If students have a clear understanding of the rules, they will be more compliant when there are consequences for their behaviors later on. A series of 3 warnings is sometimes used before a harsher consequence is used (detention, [[Child time-out|time-out]], etc.), especially for smaller annoyances (for example, a student can get warnings for calling out, rather than getting an immediate detention, because a warning is usually effective enough). Harsher consequences should come without warnings for more egregious behaviors (hitting another student, [[Profanity|cursing]], deliberately disobeying a warning, etc.). Teachers can feel justified that they have not "pulled a fast one" on students. |
Another technique would be to be explicit with the rules, and consequences for breaking those rules, from the start. If students have a clear understanding of the rules, they will be more compliant when there are consequences for their behaviors later on. A series of 3 warnings is sometimes used before a harsher consequence is used (detention, [[Child time-out|time-out]], etc.), especially for smaller annoyances (for example, a student can get warnings for calling out, rather than getting an immediate detention, because a warning is usually effective enough). Harsher consequences should come without warnings for more egregious behaviors (hitting another student, [[Profanity|cursing]], deliberately disobeying a warning, etc.). Teachers can feel justified that they have not "pulled a fast one" on students. |
||
Line 92: | Line 88: | ||
Students are more likely to follow the rules and expectations when they are clearly defined and defined early. Many students need to know and understand what the negative behaviors are before they end up doing one by accident.<ref name="MadisonConduct" /> |
Students are more likely to follow the rules and expectations when they are clearly defined and defined early. Many students need to know and understand what the negative behaviors are before they end up doing one by accident.<ref name="MadisonConduct" /> |
||
Involving the students when making the rules and discipline plans may help prevent some students from acting out. It teaches the students responsibility and creates an awareness of what good versus bad behaviors are. It also makes the student feel obligated and motivated to follow the rules because they were involved while they were created.<ref>{{ |
Involving the students when making the rules and discipline plans may help prevent some students from acting out. It teaches the students responsibility and creates an awareness of what good versus bad behaviors are. It also makes the student feel obligated and motivated to follow the rules because they were involved while they were created.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://schoolpsychologistfiles.com/behavioralplans/|title=Addressing Problematic Behavior Through a Behavior Plan|date=December 29, 2011|access-date=October 16, 2014|archive-date=October 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024070140/http://schoolpsychologistfiles.com/behavioralplans/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
==Evidence== |
==Evidence== |
||
Studies of implementation of Positive Discipline techniques have shown that Positive Discipline tools do produce significant results. Research has proven that schools with a high suspension rate do not have |
Studies of implementation of Positive Discipline techniques have shown that Positive Discipline tools do produce significant results. Research has proven that schools with a high suspension rate do not have successful academic outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Denti|first1=Lou|title=Positive Discipline|journal=Leadership|date=May 1, 2014|volume=42|issue=5|pages=26|url=http://bv8ja7kw5x.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Positive+DISCIPLINE&rft.jtitle=Leadership&rft.au=Lou+Denti&rft.au=Gil+Guerin&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.pub=Association+of+California+School+Administrators&rft.issn=1531-3174&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=26&rft.externalDocID=3312741181¶mdict=en-AU|access-date=2016-05-11|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073249/http://bv8ja7kw5x.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Positive+DISCIPLINE&rft.jtitle=Leadership&rft.au=Lou+Denti&rft.au=Gil+Guerin&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.pub=Association+of+California+School+Administrators&rft.issn=1531-3174&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=26&rft.externalDocID=3312741181¶mdict=en-AU|url-status=live}} {{closed access}}</ref> A study of school-wide implementation of classroom meetings in a lower-income [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento, CA]] [[Primary education|elementary school]] over a four-year period showed that suspensions decreased (from 64 annually to 4 annually), [[vandalism]] decreased (from 24 episodes to 2) and teachers reported improvement in classroom atmosphere, behavior, attitudes and academic performance. (Platt, 1979) A study of parent and teacher education programs directed at parents and teachers of students with "maladaptive" behavior that implemented Positive Discipline tools showed a [[Statistical significance|statistically significant]] improvement in the behavior of students in the program schools when compared to control schools. (Nelsen, 1979) Smaller studies examining the effects of specific Positive Discipline tools have also shown positive results. (Browning, 2000; Potter, 1999; Esquivel) Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that a student's perception of being part of the school community (being "connected" to school) decreases the incidence of socially risky behavior (such as [[Stress (medicine)|emotional distress]] and [[Suicidal Thoughts|suicidal thoughts]] / attempts, [[cigarette]], alcohol and [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] use; violent behavior) and increases academic performance. (Resnick et al., 1997; Battistich, 1999; Goodenow, 1993) There is also significant evidence that teaching younger students social skills has a protective effect that lasts into [[adolescence]]. Students that have been taught social skills are more likely to succeed in school and less likely to engage in problem behaviors. (Kellam et al., 1998; Battistich, 1999) |
||
Programs similar to Positive Discipline have been studied and shown to be effective in changing parent behavior. In a study of Adlerian parent education classes for parents of teens, Stanley (1978) found that parents did more problem solving with their teens and were less [[Autocracy|autocratic]] in decision making. Positive Discipline teaches parents the skills to be both kind and firm at the same time. Numerous studies show that teens who perceive their parents as both kind (responsive) and firm (demanding) are at lower risk for smoking, use of marijuana, use of alcohol, or being violent, and have a later onset of [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activity]]. (Aquilino, 2001; Baumrind, 1991; Jackson et al., 1998; Simons, Morton et al., 2001) Other studies have correlated the |
Programs similar to Positive Discipline have been studied and shown to be effective in changing parent behavior. In a study of Adlerian parent education classes for parents of teens, Stanley (1978) found that parents did more problem solving with their teens and were less [[Autocracy|autocratic]] in decision making. Positive Discipline teaches parents the skills to be both kind and firm at the same time. Numerous studies show that teens who perceive their parents as both kind (responsive) and firm (demanding) are at lower risk for smoking, use of marijuana, use of alcohol, or being violent, and have a later onset of [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activity]]. (Aquilino, 2001; Baumrind, 1991; Jackson et al., 1998; Simons, Morton et al., 2001) Other studies have correlated the teen's perception of parenting style (kind and firm versus autocratic or permissive) with improved academic performance. (Cohen, 1997; Deslandes, 1997; Dornbusch et al., 1987; Lam, 1997) |
||
Studies have shown that through the use of positive intervention programs "designed specifically to address the personal and social factors that place some high school students at risk of drug abuse, schools can reduce these young people's drug use and other unhealthy behaviors" (Eggert, 1995; Nicholas, 1995; Owen, 1995).{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Use of such programs has shown improvement in academics and a decline in drug use across the board. |
Studies have shown that through the use of positive intervention programs "designed specifically to address the personal and social factors that place some high school students at risk of drug abuse, schools can reduce these young people's drug use and other unhealthy behaviors" (Eggert, 1995; Nicholas, 1995; Owen, 1995).{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Use of such programs has shown improvement in academics and a decline in drug use across the board. |
||
Line 105: | Line 101: | ||
Studies have shown that "kids who are at high risk of dropping out of school and abusing drugs are more isolated and [[Depression (mood)|depressed]] and have more problems with anger", says Dr. Leona Eggert of the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]]. "They are disconnected from school and family and are loosely connected with negative peers" (Eggert, 1995; Nicholas, 1995; Owen, 1995). |
Studies have shown that "kids who are at high risk of dropping out of school and abusing drugs are more isolated and [[Depression (mood)|depressed]] and have more problems with anger", says Dr. Leona Eggert of the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]]. "They are disconnected from school and family and are loosely connected with negative peers" (Eggert, 1995; Nicholas, 1995; Owen, 1995). |
||
Overall implementing positive programs to deal with Positive Discipline will better the decision making process of teens and parents, according to some researchers.<ref>Eggert, L.L.; Nicholas, L.J.; Owen, L.M (1995). Reconnecting Youth: A peer group |
Overall implementing positive programs to deal with Positive Discipline will better the decision making process of teens and parents, according to some researchers.<ref>Eggert, L.L.; Nicholas, L.J.; Owen, L.M (1995). Reconnecting Youth: A peer group approach to building life skills. Bloomington, IN: National Educational Service.</ref> |
||
=== Nonviolent parenting options meta-study === |
|||
A systematic overview of evidence on non-violent discipline options conducted by Karen Quail and Catherine Ward<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Quail|first1=Karen R.|last2=Ward|first2=Catherine L.|date=2020|title=Nonviolent Discipline Options for Caregivers and Teachers: A Systematic Overview of the Evidence|url=https://www.peacediscipline.com/research.html|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|language=en|volume=|pages=|doi=10.1177/1524838020967340|pmid=33111651|via=}}</ref> was published in 2020.This overview reviewed 223 systematic reviews covering data from 3,921 primary studies, and available research evidence was summarized for over 50 discipline tools. |
|||
Positive discipline tools were defined as any non-violent skills "which can be used to address a child's resistance, lack of cooperation, problem behavior or dysregulation, or to teach and support appropriate behavior".<ref name=":1" /> This is distinguished from a coercive approach, "in which the adult tries to force a certain reaction from the child using threats, intimidation and punishment"<ref name=":1" /> and which has been found to increase child aggression and conduct problems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patterson|first=G. R.|date=1976|title=The aggressive child: Victim and architect of a coercive system: (668292012-064)|url=http://doi.apa.org/get-pe-doi.cfm?doi=10.1037/e668292012-064|language=en|doi=10.1037/e668292012-064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Patterson|first=G.R.|title=Coercive family process|publisher=Castalia|year=1982|location=Eugene, OR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=Gerald R.|last2=Dishion|first2=Thomas J.|date=1985|title=Contributions of Families and Peers to Delinquency*|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00326.x|journal=Criminology|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=63–79|doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00326.x|issn=1745-9125}}</ref> |
|||
Quail and Ward observed that information on discipline skills on the internet and in parenting books is limited and in fact often inaccurate and misleading.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alter|first1=Peter|last2=Haydon|first2=Todd|date=2017|title=Characteristics of Effective Classroom Rules: A Review of the Literature|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888406417700962|journal=Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children|language=en|volume=40|issue=2|pages=114–127|doi=10.1177/0888406417700962|s2cid=151794759|issn=0888-4064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corralejo|first1=Samantha M.|last2=Jensen|first2=Scott A.|last3=Greathouse|first3=Ashley D.|last4=Ward|first4=Leah E.|date=2018|title=Parameters of Time-out: Research Update and Comparison to Parenting Programs, Books, and Online Recommendations |journal=Behavior Therapy|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=99–112|doi=10.1016/j.beth.2017.09.005|pmid=29405925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Drayton|first1=Amy K.|last2=Andersen|first2=Melissa N.|last3=Knight|first3=Rachel M.|last4=Felt|first4=Barbara T.|last5=Fredericks|first5=Emily M.|last6=Dore-Stites|first6=Dawn J.|date=2014|title=Internet Guidance on Time Out: Inaccuracies, Omissions, and What to Tell Parents Instead|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FDBP.0000000000000059|journal=Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics|language=en|volume=35|issue=4|pages=239–246|doi=10.1097/DBP.0000000000000059|issn=0196-206X|pmc=4179870|pmid=24799262}}</ref> "There is advice against time-outs<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Durrant|first1=Joan E.|last2=Stewart-Tufescu|first2=Ashley|date=2017-08-08|title=What is "Discipline" in the Age of Children's Rights?|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/chil/25/2/article-p359_359.xml|journal=The International Journal of Children's Rights|volume=25|issue=2|pages=359–379|doi=10.1163/15718182-02502007|issn=0927-5568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Daniel|last2=Payne Bryson|first2=Tina|date=2014|title=Time-outs' are hurting your child|work=Time|url=http://time.com/3404701/disciplinetime-out-is-not-good|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Siegel|first1=Daniel|last2=Payne Bryson|first2=Tina|date=2014|title=The trouble with timeouts|url=http://www.scholastic.com/earlylearner/parentandchild/publix/|journal=Scholastic Parent & Child|volume=22|issue=2|pages=40–45}}</ref> or praise and rewards,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kohn|first=Alfie|title=Punished by Rewards: Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes {{!}} HMH Books|url=https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Punished-by-Rewards-Twentyfifth-Anniversary-Edition/9781328450524|access-date=2020-11-19|website=hmhbooks|language=en}}</ref> when in fact these are evidence-supported skills which, used appropriately, have positive effects on behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Embry|first1=Dennis D.|last2=Biglan|first2=Anthony|date=2008|title=Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10567-008-0036-x|journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=75–113|doi=10.1007/s10567-008-0036-x|issn=1096-4037|pmc=2526125|pmid=18712600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaminski|first1=Jennifer|last2=Valle|first2=Linda Anne|last3=Filene|first3=Jill H.|last4=Boyle|first4=Cynthia L.|date=2008|title=A Meta-analytic Review of Components Associated with Parent Training Program Effectiveness|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=567–589|doi=10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9|pmid=18205039|s2cid=207155947|issn=0091-0627}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dadds|first1=Mark R.|last2=Tully|first2=Lucy A.|date=2019|title=What is it to discipline a child: What should it be? A reanalysis of time-out from the perspective of child mental health, attachment, and trauma.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/amp0000449|journal=American Psychologist|language=en|volume=74|issue=7|pages=794–808|doi=10.1037/amp0000449|pmid=30802080|issn=1935-990X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Owen|first1=Daniela J.|last2=Slep|first2=Amy M. S.|last3=Heyman|first3=Richard E.|date=2012|title=The Effect of Praise, Positive Nonverbal Response, Reprimand, and Negative Nonverbal Response on Child Compliance: A Systematic Review|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10567-012-0120-0|journal=Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|pages=364–385|doi=10.1007/s10567-012-0120-0|pmid=22918669|s2cid=1891522|issn=1096-4037}}</ref>".<ref name=":1" /> They highlight the need for an evidence-based toolkit of individual skills from which parents and teachers can choose techniques that best suit the situation and fit with their cultural norms. The meta-study found that there are a wide range of evidence-supported non-violent discipline tools which could be made available to parents, and that many of these have been found effective with severe problem behavior. |
|||
A few of the specific tools showing positive effects include the following. |
|||
* '''Good, warm, open communication''' between parent and child, especially the kind that encourages child disclosure. This could imply the use of skills such as active listening and open-ended questions, and the absence of judgment, criticism or other reactions on the part of the parent that would shut child disclosure down. |
|||
*'''Time-in'''. Time with parents during which there is physical touch and ample expressions of care, compassion and praise. |
|||
*'''Parental monitoring'''. It has been shown that aside from supervision or surveillance, child disclosure is an important part of monitoring. This underlines the importance of a good parent-child relationship, with warm, open communication and good listening skills. |
|||
*'''Setting expectations''' (rules). |
|||
*'''Distraction'''. |
|||
*'''Modelling'''. |
|||
*'''Prompting or reminding''' a child to do something. |
|||
*'''Feedback on behavior'''. |
|||
*'''Praise'''. |
|||
*'''Rewards'''. |
|||
*'''Goal-setting with the child'''. |
|||
*'''Promoting self-management'''. |
|||
*'''Promoting problem-solving skills'''. This can be done by collaborating with children to find solutions for discipline problems e.g. having a meeting with children to discuss the problem of them getting to school late every morning, brainstorming possible solutions with them, and together choosing the solution that would work best |
|||
*'''Giving appropriate choices'''. |
|||
*'''Time-out'''. There are two kinds, exclusionary (e.g. the child must stay in their room for a few minutes if they lash out and hurt someone) and non-exclusionary (e.g. a time-out from a toy or cell phone if they are fighting over the toy or abusing phone privileges). Time-outs are most often used for aggression or non-compliance. Exclusionary timeouts may be necessary in the case of aggression, but in other situations either kind has been shown to work. The wide variation in timeouts that work suggests that parents can tailor timeouts according to what feels right for them and what best suits their child's needs. Some examples: time-out in a room, timeout from a toy, from screen time, from attention, from playing in a game they are disrupting etc). Timeouts in the studies reviewed were implemented calmly, not in a harsh or rejecting manner, and work better in a context where interaction between parent and child is usually of good quality (see time-in). |
|||
*'''Emotion Coaching''' or teaching children emotional communication skills. This involves the parents developing an emotional vocabulary for themselves and their children, and learning to become comfortable using emotional experiences as teaching and connection opportunities. |
|||
Other, more technical tools include behavior contracts, utilizing cost, group contingencies, and restorative justice interventions. |
|||
Quail and Ward suggest that there is a need for attunement in the use of discipline tools, i.e. matching the choice of tools to the needs and signals of the child. They use this example as an illustration: "rewards undermined intrinsic motivation for children who were already motivated, but had positive effects where motivation was low,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deci|first1=Edward L.|last2=Koestner|first2=Richard|last3=Ryan|first3=Richard M.|date=1999|title=A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=125|issue=6|pages=627–668|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627|pmid=10589297|issn=1939-1455}}</ref> and were found to be particularly important for children with ADHD."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luman|first1=M|last2=Oosterlaan|first2=J|last3=Sergeant|first3=J|date=2005|title=The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: A review and theoretical appraisal |journal=Clinical Psychology Review|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=183–213|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.001|pmid=15642646}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ma|first1=Ili|last2=van Duijvenvoorde|first2=Anna|last3=Scheres|first3=Anouk|date=2016|title=The interaction between reinforcement and inhibitory control in ADHD: A review and research guidelines |journal=Clinical Psychology Review|language=en|volume=44|pages=94–111|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2016.01.001|pmid=26802874}}</ref> From this perspective, reward should not be considered a good or bad tool in itself, but rather evaluated according to its fit with the needs and signals of the child. |
|||
Beyond their effectiveness and usefulness as alternatives to corporal punishment, reviewed skills also showed important and often long-term positive effects. Examples included "improved school engagement, academic achievement, participation, communication and social relationships, better self-regulation, higher self-esteem and independence, and lower rates of depression, suicide, substance abuse, sexual risk behavior, conduct disorders, aggression and crime.".<ref name=":1" /> Quail and Ward concluded that the "important positive outcomes shown suggest that use of these tools should be promoted not only for prevention of violence, but for optimum child development."<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
==Benefits== |
|||
* Better student-teacher relations. |
|||
* Less teacher wasted energy/frustration. |
|||
* Students recognize desirable positive behaviors, rather than feel attacked. |
|||
Quail and Ward<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Quail|first1=Karen R.|last2=Ward|first2=Catherine L.|date=2020|title=Nonviolent Discipline Options for Caregivers and Teachers: A Systematic Overview of the Evidence|url=https://www.peacediscipline.com/research.html|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=620–638|doi=10.1177/1524838020967340|pmid=33111651|s2cid=225099743|via=|access-date=2021-01-23|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129125459/https://www.peacediscipline.com/research.html|url-status=live}}</ref> conducted a systematic overview of research which supports [[Child discipline#Non-violent discipline options|non-violent child discipline options]]. They found many techniques are supported by research findings. Techniques include time-in, appropriately used time-out, modeling, monitoring, feedback, appropriate praise, goal setting, promoting self-management, and promoting problem-solving skills. When combined with warm and open communication, non-violent discipline tools are effective to address a child's resistance, lack of cooperation, problem behavior, emotional dysregulation, and to teach appropriate behavior. Additional benefits include improved school engagement and academic achievement, improved self-esteem and independence, better self-regulation, and lower rates of depression, suicide, substance abuse, sexual risk behavior, conduct disorders, aggression, and crime. |
|||
Statistics show that each year, close to one third of 18 year olds do not finish [[Secondary school|high school]] (Bridgeland, 2006; Dilulio, 2006; Morison, 2006). Minority and low-income areas show even higher numbers. 75 percent of [[crime]]s committed in the United States are done by high school drop-outs. In order to know how to intervene Civic Enterprises interviewed dropouts and asked them what they suggest be done to increase high school completion numbers. 81% said there should be more opportunities for "real-world" learning, 81% said "better" teachers, 75% said smaller class numbers, 70% said "increasing supervision in schools", 70% said greater opportunities for [[summer school]] and [[After-school activity|after-school programs]], 62% said "more classroom discipline", and 41% said to have someone available to talk about personal problems with (Bridgeland, 2006; Dilulio, 2006; Morison, 2006). Through use of Positive Discipline, efforts are being made to prevent occurrences such as dropping out of school.<ref>Bridgeland, John; Dilulio, John; Morison, Karen (2006). The Silent Epidemic: |
|||
Perspectives of High School Dropouts. Washington, D.C: Civic Enterprises, LLC. |
|||
</ref> |
|||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
⚫ | |||
* [[School punishment]] |
* [[School punishment]] |
||
* [[School discipline#Discipline in Sudbury Model Democratic Schools|Compare with Discipline in Sudbury Model Democratic Schools]] |
|||
* [[Child discipline]] |
* [[Child discipline]] |
||
⚫ | |||
* [[Attachment parenting]] |
* [[Attachment parenting]] |
||
Line 159: | Line 116: | ||
== External links == |
== External links == |
||
* [https://www.positivediscipline.com Positive Discipline] by Dr Jane Nelson |
* [https://www.positivediscipline.com Positive Discipline] by Dr Jane Nelson |
||
* [ |
* [https://www.pbs.org/parents/thrive/seven-tips-for-practicing-positive-discipline Seven Tips for Practicing Positive Discipline] by PBS Parents |
||
{{Parenting}} |
{{Parenting}} |
Latest revision as of 17:07, 31 December 2023
Positive discipline (PD) is a discipline model used by some schools and in parenting that focuses on the positive points of behavior. It is based on the idea that there are no bad children, just good and bad behaviors. Practitioners of positive discipline believe that good behavior can be taught and reinforced while weaning bad behaviors without hurting the child verbally or physically. People engaging in positive discipline believe that they are not ignoring problems but dealing with the problem differently by helping the child learn how to handle situations more appropriately while remaining kind to the children themselves.
Positive behavior support (PBS) is a structured, open-ended model that many parents and schools follow. It promotes positive decision making, teaching expectations to children early, and encouraging positive behaviors.[1]
Positive discipline is in contrast to negative discipline. Negative discipline may involve angry, destructive, or violent responses to inappropriate behavior. In terms used by psychology research, positive discipline uses the full range of reinforcement and punishment options:
- Positive reinforcement, such as complimenting a good effort;
- Negative reinforcement, such as removing undesired or non-preferred stimuli;
- Positive punishment, such as requiring a child to clean up a mess they made; and
- Negative punishment, such as removing a privilege in response to poor behavior.
However, unlike negative discipline, it does all of these things in a kind, encouraging, and firm manner. The focus of positive discipline is to establish reasonable limits and guide children to take responsibility to stay within these limits, or learn how to remedy the situation when they do not.
History
The Positive Discipline[2] Parenting and Classroom Management Model is based on the work of Alfred Adler and Rudolf Dreikurs. Adler first introduced the idea of parenting education to United States audiences in the 1920s. He advocated treating children respectfully, but also argued that spoiling and pampering children was not encouraging to them and resulted in social and behavioral problems. The classroom techniques, which were initially introduced in Vienna in the early 1920s, were brought to the United States by Dreikurs in the late 1930s. Dreikurs and Adler referred to their approach to teaching and parenting as "democratic".[3]
Many other authors have carried on the parenting and classroom work of Alfred Adler. Jane Nelsen wrote and self-published Positive Discipline in 1981. In 1987 Positive Discipline was picked up by Ballantine, now a subsidiary of Random House. The latest edition was published by Ballantine in 2006, which includes four of the five criteria for Positive Discipline listed below. Nelsen has since added the fifth criteria. Nelsen also co-authored a series of Positive Discipline books with Lynn Lott: Positive Discipline for Teenagers, Positive Discipline A-Z and Positive Discipline in the Classroom (with H. Stephen Glenn). Positive Discipline the First Three Years and Positive Discipline for Preschoolers were co-authored by Jane Nelsen, Cheryl Erwin, and Roslyn Duffy. Cheryl Erwin co-authored with Jane Nelsen Positive Discipline for Single Parents and Positive Discipline for Stepfamilies.
Parenting style
Nelsen describes four basic parenting styles modified from Diana Baumrind's parenting style.
Short-term Parenting | Long-term parenting |
---|---|
|
|
Positive discipline is used to teach long-term parenting—the kind and firm parenting style.[4]
Five criteria
There are 5 criteria for effective positive discipline:
- Helps children feel a sense of connection. (Belonging and significance)
- Is mutually respectful and encouraging. (Kind and firm at the same time.)
- Is effective long-term. (Considers what the children are thinking, feeling, learning, and deciding about themselves and their world – and what to do in the future to survive or to thrive.)
- Teaches important social and life skills. (Respect, concern for others, problem solving, and cooperation as well as the skills to contribute to the home, school or larger community.)
- Invites children to discover how capable they are. (Encourages the constructive use of personal power and autonomy.)[5]
Positive Discipline is distinct from positive behavior support (PBS) which is a form of child discipline often used by schools and community agencies to promote successful behavior, as PBS includes some behavioristic elements such as positive reinforcement. PBS focuses on "measuring" behaviors, replacement behaviors, a reduction of crisis intervention, and teaching strategies for self-control.
Main techniques
Creating rules
In her book entitled Positive Discipline, Jane Nelsen emphasizes the importance of not only creating clear rules, but of making them fair. Any rule should be followed by the parent or teacher (as much as possible), as well as by the child. An example she gave was that of having a "black hole box" where any items left out of place around the house would be deposited for the length of one week. This applied to the belongings of the children as well as of the parents. Furthermore, the rules should be devised by the children with some direction from the authority figure, and be agreed upon in a group meeting situation where everyone has equal power and input. This makes the children responsible for following the rules which they themselves created. When consequences are necessary, they should be delivered in a kind but firm manner, preserving the trust and mutual respect between the adult and the child.[5]
Inspiring intrinsic motivation
The idea of doing away with both positive and negative reinforcement as much as possible is suggested as a way to inspire intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation drawn from internal sources, out of a sense of ethics or a desire to feel good about oneself. This is in contrast with extrinsic motivation, wherein motivation stems from a desire to avoid punishment or attain a reward. This is what Positive Discipline seeks to avoid, so that children learn to act correctly even when there will be no external reward or punishment for behavior.[6][7]
Recognizing needs
In Positive Discipline theory, it is posited that when children misbehave they are displaying that a need of theirs is not being met. Children have different developmental abilities depending on their age - see Maslow's hierarchy of needs. In dealing with the misbehavior, it is suggested that focusing on the unmet need rather than the behavior itself will have better results.[8]
Understand the meaning
Naomi Aldort, author of Raising Our Children, Raising Ourselves, explains that inappropriate behavior can be a child's way of getting attention. They do not act out without a valid reason, as they try to do the best that they can. Once there is an understanding behind the behavior, the cause can be removed and no further emotional outbursts will come from the child.[9]
Redirect negative behavior
A child who hears the word "No" all the time will eventually start to ignore its meaning. Katharine C. Kersey, the author of The 101s: A Guide to Positive Discipline, recommends encouraging positive behavior to replace misbehavior. Parents should be encouraged to redirect the child's behavior into something positive, for example, if a child is acting out in a supermarket, the child should be redirected into something creative or helpful such as picking out a type of fruit to buy instead of acting out.[9]
Conscious discipline
Conscious discipline focuses on "developing discipline within children rather than applying discipline to them. The whole discipline process applies to everyone involved. Imagine a pyramid where four parts represent four stages of the discipline:
- At the base of a pyramid is understanding the brain states,
- After that comes learning your seven adult powers,
- Think of the ways how you can connect members of the family and the classroom,
- The last stage is to use the seven skills you learned to respond to situations in new ways.[10]
Conscious discipline works with the awareness of our behavior to certain situations and encourages us to learn how to consciously manage our behavior so we can help the child to do the same. The Conscious Discipline Brain State Model has three states: Survival State (Am I safe?), Emotional State (Am I loved?), and Executive State (What can I learn from this?).[11]
Preventive measures
Part of using positive discipline is preventing situations in which negative behaviors can arise. There are different techniques that teachers can use to prevent bad behaviors:
One technique is to see students who "misbehave" as actually demonstrating "mistaken" behavior. There are many reasons why a student may exhibit mistaken behavior, i.e. lack of knowing appropriate behavior to feeling unwanted or unaccepted. For students who simply do not know what appropriate behavior they should be exhibiting, the teacher can teach the appropriate behavior. For example, a child who is fighting over a toy in a dramatic way should be approached by a teacher who should try and create a fair solution by encouraging the child's input and talking about their problems to avoid another argument.[12] For students who are feeling unwanted or unaccepted, a positive relationship needs to develop between the teacher and student before any form of discipline will work.
Sanctions would be less needed if students have a strong connection with the adult in charge and knew that the teacher respected them. Teachers need to know how to build these relationships. Simply telling them to demonstrate respect and connection with students is not enough for some of them, because they may also lack knowledge on how to do this.[citation needed][original research?]
Teachers need to view each child as an account; they must deposit positive experiences in the student before they make a withdraw from the child when discipline takes place. Teachers can make deposits through praise, special activities, fun classroom jobs, smiles and appropriate pats on the backs. Some children have never experienced positive attention. Children long for attention; if they are not receiving positive attention they will exhibit behavior that will elicit negative attention.[citation needed][original research?]
Teachers can recognize groups of students who would not work well together (because they are friends or do not get along well) and have them separated from the start to prevent situations which will result in negative behavior. Some teachers employ the "boy-girl-boy-girl" method of lining or circling up (which may be sexist or effective, depending on your perspective) in order to keep friend groups separate and to encourage the students to make new friends. The physical arrangement of the classroom can affect classroom discipline and the effectiveness of instruction.[13]
Another technique would be to be explicit with the rules, and consequences for breaking those rules, from the start. If students have a clear understanding of the rules, they will be more compliant when there are consequences for their behaviors later on. A series of 3 warnings is sometimes used before a harsher consequence is used (detention, time-out, etc.), especially for smaller annoyances (for example, a student can get warnings for calling out, rather than getting an immediate detention, because a warning is usually effective enough). Harsher consequences should come without warnings for more egregious behaviors (hitting another student, cursing, deliberately disobeying a warning, etc.). Teachers can feel justified that they have not "pulled a fast one" on students.
Students are more likely to follow the rules and expectations when they are clearly defined and defined early. Many students need to know and understand what the negative behaviors are before they end up doing one by accident.[1]
Involving the students when making the rules and discipline plans may help prevent some students from acting out. It teaches the students responsibility and creates an awareness of what good versus bad behaviors are. It also makes the student feel obligated and motivated to follow the rules because they were involved while they were created.[14]
Evidence
Studies of implementation of Positive Discipline techniques have shown that Positive Discipline tools do produce significant results. Research has proven that schools with a high suspension rate do not have successful academic outcomes.[15] A study of school-wide implementation of classroom meetings in a lower-income Sacramento, CA elementary school over a four-year period showed that suspensions decreased (from 64 annually to 4 annually), vandalism decreased (from 24 episodes to 2) and teachers reported improvement in classroom atmosphere, behavior, attitudes and academic performance. (Platt, 1979) A study of parent and teacher education programs directed at parents and teachers of students with "maladaptive" behavior that implemented Positive Discipline tools showed a statistically significant improvement in the behavior of students in the program schools when compared to control schools. (Nelsen, 1979) Smaller studies examining the effects of specific Positive Discipline tools have also shown positive results. (Browning, 2000; Potter, 1999; Esquivel) Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that a student's perception of being part of the school community (being "connected" to school) decreases the incidence of socially risky behavior (such as emotional distress and suicidal thoughts / attempts, cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use; violent behavior) and increases academic performance. (Resnick et al., 1997; Battistich, 1999; Goodenow, 1993) There is also significant evidence that teaching younger students social skills has a protective effect that lasts into adolescence. Students that have been taught social skills are more likely to succeed in school and less likely to engage in problem behaviors. (Kellam et al., 1998; Battistich, 1999)
Programs similar to Positive Discipline have been studied and shown to be effective in changing parent behavior. In a study of Adlerian parent education classes for parents of teens, Stanley (1978) found that parents did more problem solving with their teens and were less autocratic in decision making. Positive Discipline teaches parents the skills to be both kind and firm at the same time. Numerous studies show that teens who perceive their parents as both kind (responsive) and firm (demanding) are at lower risk for smoking, use of marijuana, use of alcohol, or being violent, and have a later onset of sexual activity. (Aquilino, 2001; Baumrind, 1991; Jackson et al., 1998; Simons, Morton et al., 2001) Other studies have correlated the teen's perception of parenting style (kind and firm versus autocratic or permissive) with improved academic performance. (Cohen, 1997; Deslandes, 1997; Dornbusch et al., 1987; Lam, 1997)
Studies have shown that through the use of positive intervention programs "designed specifically to address the personal and social factors that place some high school students at risk of drug abuse, schools can reduce these young people's drug use and other unhealthy behaviors" (Eggert, 1995; Nicholas, 1995; Owen, 1995).[citation needed] Use of such programs has shown improvement in academics and a decline in drug use across the board.
Studies
Studies have shown that "kids who are at high risk of dropping out of school and abusing drugs are more isolated and depressed and have more problems with anger", says Dr. Leona Eggert of the University of Washington in Seattle. "They are disconnected from school and family and are loosely connected with negative peers" (Eggert, 1995; Nicholas, 1995; Owen, 1995).
Overall implementing positive programs to deal with Positive Discipline will better the decision making process of teens and parents, according to some researchers.[16]
Quail and Ward[17] conducted a systematic overview of research which supports non-violent child discipline options. They found many techniques are supported by research findings. Techniques include time-in, appropriately used time-out, modeling, monitoring, feedback, appropriate praise, goal setting, promoting self-management, and promoting problem-solving skills. When combined with warm and open communication, non-violent discipline tools are effective to address a child's resistance, lack of cooperation, problem behavior, emotional dysregulation, and to teach appropriate behavior. Additional benefits include improved school engagement and academic achievement, improved self-esteem and independence, better self-regulation, and lower rates of depression, suicide, substance abuse, sexual risk behavior, conduct disorders, aggression, and crime.
See also
References
- ^ a b "Madison Metropolitan School District Student Conduct and Discipline Plan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ "Positive Discipline | Dr. Jane Nelsen". www.positivediscipline.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ Rudolf Dreikurs and Vicki Soltz, Children: The Challenge, Plume, 1964
- ^ Nelsen J and Lott L. Positive Discipline for Teenagers, rev 2nd ed. Prima Publishing, 2000, p. 54. ISBN 0-7615-2181-X
- ^ a b Nelsen, Jane (2006). Positive Discipline. Random House Publishing. ISBN 978-0-345-48767-4.
- ^ Cherry, Kendra. "What Is Intrinsic Motivation?". About.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ API. "Practice Positive Discipline". Attachment Parenting International. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ Morin, Amy. "The Difference Between Punishment and Discipline". About.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Seven Tips for Practicing Positive Discipline . Talking With Kids . PBS Parents | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
- ^ "A New Approach to Discipline: What is Conscious Discipline?". www.getmecc.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
- ^ "Brain State Model". Archived from the original on 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
- ^ "Misbehavior or mistaken behavior". 2013-02-06. Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Do Seating Arrangements and Assignments = Classroom Management? | Classroom Seating Arrangement | Education World". www.educationworld.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-29. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ "Addressing Problematic Behavior Through a Behavior Plan". December 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
- ^ Denti, Lou (May 1, 2014). "Positive Discipline". Leadership. 42 (5): 26. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
- ^ Eggert, L.L.; Nicholas, L.J.; Owen, L.M (1995). Reconnecting Youth: A peer group approach to building life skills. Bloomington, IN: National Educational Service.
- ^ Quail, Karen R.; Ward, Catherine L. (2020). "Nonviolent Discipline Options for Caregivers and Teachers: A Systematic Overview of the Evidence". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 23 (2): 620–638. doi:10.1177/1524838020967340. PMID 33111651. S2CID 225099743. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
External links
- Positive Discipline by Dr Jane Nelson
- Seven Tips for Practicing Positive Discipline by PBS Parents