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{{for|the legacy extension specifications developed by Intel and Microsoft|Legacy Plug and Play}} |
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In [[computing]], '''plug and play''' is a term used to describe the characteristic of a [[universal computer bus]], or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system, without the need for physical device configuration, or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.<ref name ="pcguidedefinition">[http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/res/pnp-c.html The PC Guide - Plug and Play]</ref><ref name = "pcmagdefinition">[http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=plug+and+play&i=49389,00.asp plug and play Definition]</ref> |
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Plug and play refers to both the boot-time assignment of device resources, and to [[Hot swapping|hotplug]] systems such as [[USB]] and [[Firewire]].<ref name = "techtermsdefinition">[http://www.techterms.com/definition/plugandplay Plug and Play Definition]</ref> |
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==History of Device Configuration== |
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[[Image:IBM402plugboard.Shrigley.wireside.jpg|thumb|[[IBM 402]] Accounting Machine plug-board wiring. This board was labeled "profit & loss summary."]] |
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{{expand-section|date=June 2009}} |
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In the beginnings of data processing technology, the hardware was just a collection of modules, and the functions of those modules had to be linked to accommodate different calculating operations. This linking was usually done by connecting some wires between modules and disconnecting others. For many [[Unit record equipment|mechanical data processing machines]], such as the IBM [[punched card]] [[Tabulating machine|accounting machines]], their calculating operations were directed by the use of a quick-swap [[Control panel (computer)|control panel]] wired to route signals between module sockets. |
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As general purpose computing devices developed, these connections and disconnections were instead used to specify locations in the system [[address space]] where an expansion device should appear, in order for the device to be accessible by the [[central processing unit]]. If two or more of the same device were installed in one computer, it would be necessary to assign the second device to a separate, non-overlapping region of the system address space so that both could be accessible at the same time. |
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Some early microcomputing devices such as the [[Apple II]] required the end-user to physically cut some wires and solder others together to make these configuration changes. The changes were intended to be largely permanent for the life of the hardware. |
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[[Image:Jumperblock-shunts.jpg|thumb|75px|Jumpers]] |
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Over time the need developed for more frequent changes and for easier changes to be made by unskilled computer users. Rather than cutting and soldering connections, the ''header'' and [[Jumper (computing)|jumper]] was developed. The header consists of two or more vertical pins arranged in an evenly-spaced grid. The jumper is a small conductive strip of metal clipped across the header pins. The conductive jumper strip is commonly encased in a plastic shell to help prevent electrical shorting between adjacent jumpers.<!-- Not between the pins over which the jumper is installed, which it is /designed/ to short together! --> |
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[[Image:DIP switch 01 Pengo.jpg|thumb|75px|Slide style DIP switch]] |
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Jumpers have the unfortunate property of being easy to misplace if not needed, and are difficult to grasp in order to remove them from headers. To help make these changes easier, the [[DIP switch]] was developed, also known as a ''[[dual in-line package]]'' switch. The DIP switch has small either rocker or sliding switches enclosed in a plastic shell and usually numbered for easy reference. DIP switches usually come in units of four or eight switches; longer rows of switches can be made by combining two or more units. DIP switches are particularly useful where a long string of jumpers would be closely packed together or where four or more jumpers would be used in combination to configure one device function. DIP switches also have a particular advantage for configuration settings which are likely to be changed more frequently than once every few years. (Because of the inconvenience of setting them, jumpers are typically used for settings that are not expected to need to be changed unless the device is removed from one computer and installed in another, an infrequent occurrence for internal devices in consumer desktop PCs.) |
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===Early self-configuring devices=== |
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[[Image:MCA NIC IBM 83X9648.jpg|thumb|200px|Typical MCA expansion card without jumpers or DIP switches.]] |
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As computing devices spread further out into the general population, there was ever greater pressure developing to automate this configuration process. One of the first major industry efforts towards self-configuration was done by Commodore in 1986 with the creation of their Amiga 2000 line of computers using the AutoConfig protocol and the Zorro II expansion bus. This took a giant leap forward, as expansion devices had absolutely no jumpers or DIP switches. |
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However, IBM's first attempt at self-configuration, was with the creation of their [[Personal System/2]] line of computers using the [[Micro Channel Architecture]] (MCA) had a few major problems. In an attempt to simplify device setup, every piece of hardware was issued with a disk containing a special file used to auto-configure the hardware to work with the computer. (If the device required one or more drivers for specific operating systems, they were usually included on the same disk.) Without this disk the hardware would be completely useless and the computer would not boot at all until the unconfigured device was removed. |
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MCA also suffered for being a proprietary technology. Unlike their previous PC bus design, the AT bus, IBM did not publicly release specifications for MCA and actively pursued patents to block third parties from selling unlicensed implementations of it, and the developing [[IBM PC compatible|PC clone]] market did not want to pay royalties to IBM in order to use this new technology. The PC clone makers instead developed EISA, an extension to the existing old non-PnP AT bus standard, which they also further standardized and renamed ISA (to avoid IBM's "AT" trademark). With few vendors other than IBM supporting it with computers or cards, MCA eventually failed in the marketplace. Most vendors of PC-compatibles stayed largely with ISA and manual configuration, while EISA offered the same type of auto-configuration featured in MCA. (EISA cards required a configuration file as well.) |
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In time, many ISA cards incorporated, through proprietary and varied techniques, hardware to self-configure or to provide for software configuration; often the card came with a configuration program on disk that could automatically set the software-configurable (but not itself self-configuring) hardware. Some cards had both jumpers and software-configuration, with some settings controlled by each; this compromise reduced the number of jumpers that had to be set, while avoiding great expense for certain settings, e.g. nonvolatile registers for a base address setting. The problems of required jumpers continued on but slowly diminished as more and more devices, both ISA and other types, included extra self-configuration hardware. However, these efforts still did not solve the problem of making sure the end-user has the appropriate software driver for the hardware. |
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ISA PnP or (legacy) Plug & Play ISA was a plug-n-play system that used a combination of modifications to hardware, the system BIOS, and operating system software to automatically manage resource allocations. It was superseded by the [[Conventional_PCI|PCI]] bus during the mid-1990s. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Autodetection]] |
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* [[Auto-configuration]] |
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* [[Autoconfig]] (Amiga) |
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* [[Hot plugging]] |
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* [[Display Data Channel]] |
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* [[PCI configuration space]] |
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* [[Universal Plug and Play]] (UPnP) |
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* [[USB flash drive]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2807178,00.html |
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[[Category:Computer peripherals]] |
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[[Category:Motherboard]] |
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[[ar:ركب وشغل]] |
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[[ca:Plug and Play]] |
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[[cs:Plug-and-play]] |
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[[de:Plug and Play]] |
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[[es:Plug-and-play]] |
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[[fr:Plug and Play]] |
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[[ko:플러그 앤 플레이]] |
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[[id:Plug and play]] |
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[[it:Plug and play]] |
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[[nl:Plug and play]] |
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[[ja:プラグアンドプレイ]] |
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[[pl:Plug and Play]] |
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[[pt:Ligar e Usar]] |
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[[ru:Plug and Play]] |
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[[simple:Plug and play]] |
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[[fi:Plug and Play]] |
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[[sv:Plug and play]] |
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[[tr:Tak çalıştır]] |
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[[uk:Plug and play]] |
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[[zh:即插即用]] |
Revision as of 14:38, 22 September 2010
if u read this u suck hella dick