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==Background== |
==Background== |
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{{main|History of the Philippines (1965-1986)}} |
{{main article|History of the Philippines (1965-1986)}} |
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President [[Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand E. Marcos]] declared a [[snap election]] during an interview on the [[American Broadcasting Company]] political affairs programme, ''[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week with David Brinkley]]'' in November 1985.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050573,00.html | work=Time | first=George | last=Russell | title=The Philippines: I'm Ready, I'm Ready | date=18 April 2005}}</ref><ref>http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-10408.html</ref><ref>http://politics.inquirer.net/politics/view/20101216-309237/Marcos-told-this-reporter-he-had-a-mission-from-God</ref> On 3 December, the [[Batasang Pambansa]] passed a law setting the date of the election on 7 February 1986 <ref name="bp883">http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_883_1985.html</ref> On 4 February 1986, Marcos declared 6 and 7 February as nationwide non-working special public holidays to "give all registered voters fullest opportunity to exercise their right of suffrage."<ref>http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/04/proclamation-no-2487-s-1986/</ref> |
After being dared by an American journalist, President [[Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand E. Marcos]] declared a [[snap election]] during an interview on the [[American Broadcasting Company]] political affairs programme, ''[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week with David Brinkley]]'' in November 1985.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050573,00.html | work=Time | first=George | last=Russell | title=The Philippines: I'm Ready, I'm Ready | date=18 April 2005}}</ref><ref>http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-10408.html</ref><ref>http://politics.inquirer.net/politics/view/20101216-309237/Marcos-told-this-reporter-he-had-a-mission-from-God</ref> On 3 December, the [[Batasang Pambansa]] passed a law setting the date of the election on 7 February 1986 <ref name="bp883">http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_883_1985.html</ref> On 4 February 1986, Marcos declared 6 and 7 February as nationwide non-working special public holidays to "give all registered voters fullest opportunity to exercise their right of suffrage."<ref>http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/04/proclamation-no-2487-s-1986/</ref> |
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==Campaign== |
==Campaign== |
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The campaign period lasted 45 days, from 19 December 1985 to 5 February 1986.<ref>While Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 mandated a campaign period starting on 11 December 1985, this law was put on hold until the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality on 19 December.</ref |
The campaign period lasted 45 days, from 19 December 1985 to 5 February 1986.<ref name="bp883" /><ref>While Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 mandated a campaign period starting on 11 December 1985, this law was put on hold until the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality on 19 December.</ref><ref name="iod" /> |
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Television stations [[Radio Philippines Network]] and [[Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation]] declined to give airtime to the candidates of the opposition. In their letters addressed to Lupita Kashiwahara, media director for the Cory Aquino for President Movement, both companies cited a policy that prohibited the sale of airtime for political programs to avoid disruption of regular programs already doing well in the ratings. They also mentioned that a similar request by Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) was also declined.<ref name="iod" /> |
Television stations [[Radio Philippines Network]] and [[Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation]] declined to give airtime to the candidates of the opposition. In their letters addressed to Lupita Kashiwahara, media director for the Cory Aquino for President Movement, both companies cited a policy that prohibited the sale of airtime for political programs to avoid disruption of regular programs already doing well in the ratings. They also mentioned that a similar request by Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) was also declined.<ref name="iod" /> |
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It was during this time when it was alleged that Marcos' World War II medals for fighting the Japanese Occupation was first publicly questioned. During a campaign in Manila's [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]] district, Marcos retorted:<ref>http://articles.latimes.com/1986-01-23/news/mn-28079_1_war-record</ref> |
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{{cquote|''You who are here in Tondo and fought under me and who were part of my guerrilla organization--you answer them, these crazy individuals, especially the foreign press. Our opponents say Marcos was not a real guerrilla. Look at them, These people who were collaborating with the enemy when we were fighting the enemy. Now they have the nerve to question my war record. I will not pay any attention to their accusation.''}} |
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<center><small> — Ferdinand Marcos, January 1986</small></center> |
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Marcos was referring to both Presidential candidate Corazon Aquino's father-in-law [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]] and Vice Presidential Candidate Salvador Laurel's father, [[José P. Laurel]], who were leaders of the [[KALIBAPI]], a puppet political party that collaborated with the Japanese during the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]]. Both were arrested and charged for treason after the war.<ref name="Foreign Policy in Focus">{{cite journal|last=Foreign Policy in Focus|date=September 21, 2015|title=What the Class Politics of World War II Mean for Tensions in Asia Today|url=http://fpif.org/what-the-class-politics-of-world-war-ii-mean-for-asia-today/|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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By virtue of Resolution No. 38, the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and former [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and Senate President [[Arturo Tolentino]] as the duly elected President and Vice-President after receiving the highest number of votes for their respective positions.<ref>http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/15/resolution-no-38/</ref> The opposition, headed by [[Corazon Aquino|Corazón C. Aquino]] (the widow of [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.|assassinated]] Senator [[Benigno Aquino, Jr.]]) and former senator [[Salvador Laurel]] refused to accept the fraudulent results. The International Observer Delegation concluded that the proclamation was invalid, among other reasons, because the Batasan "ignored explicit provisions of the Philippine Electoral Code [Batas Pambansa Blg. 881] requiring that tampered or altered Election Returns be set aside during the final counting process, despite protests by representatives of the opposition party".<ref name="iod" /> |
By virtue of Resolution No. 38, the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and former [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and Senate President [[Arturo Tolentino]] as the duly elected President and Vice-President after receiving the highest number of votes for their respective positions.<ref>http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/15/resolution-no-38/</ref> The opposition, headed by [[Corazon Aquino|Corazón C. Aquino]] (the widow of [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.|assassinated]] Senator [[Benigno Aquino, Jr.]]) and former senator [[Salvador Laurel]] refused to accept the fraudulent results. The International Observer Delegation concluded that the proclamation was invalid, among other reasons, because the Batasan "ignored explicit provisions of the Philippine Electoral Code [Batas Pambansa Blg. 881] requiring that tampered or altered Election Returns be set aside during the final counting process, despite protests by representatives of the opposition party".<ref name="iod" /> |
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On 9 February, thirty five computer programmers [[walkout|walked out]] of the COMELEC's electronic [[quick count]] at the [[Philippine International Convention Center]], some fearing for their safety and seeking [[Sanctuary#Legal sanctuary|sanctuary]] in [[Baclaran Church]]. The technicians—whose protest was broadcast live on national television<ref name=Footage>{{cite web|last=Soho|first=Jessica|title=Walkout on 9 February 1986|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuoRItazdj8|publisher=via YouTube|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref>—claimed that the Marcos camp had manipulated the election results. |
On 9 February, thirty five computer programmers [[walkout|walked out]] of the COMELEC's electronic [[quick count]] at the [[Philippine International Convention Center]], some fearing for their safety and seeking [[Sanctuary#Legal sanctuary|sanctuary]] in [[Baclaran Church]]. The technicians—whose protest was broadcast live on national television<ref name=Footage>{{cite web|last=Soho|first=Jessica|title=Walkout on 9 February 1986|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuoRItazdj8|publisher=via YouTube|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref>—claimed that the Marcos camp had manipulated the election results. The walkout was considered as one of the early "sparks" of the People Power Revolution. |
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However, not known to many, the walkout of computer technicians was led by Linda Kapunan,<ref>http://www.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-iv-military-intervention-in-the-philippines-1986-1987/</ref> wife of Lt Col Eduardo Kapunan, a leader of [[Reform the Armed Forces Movement]], which plotted to attack the [[Malacañang Palace]] and kill Marcos and his family,<ref>http://www.rappler.com/nation/84953-gringo-plot-kill-marcos-almonte-memoir</ref> leading some to believe that the walkout could have been planned with ulterior motives.<ref name="Manila Times">{{cite journal|last=Manila Times|title='Setting the record straight on Edsa 1'|url=http://manilastandardtoday.com/opinion/columns/virtual-reality-by-tony-lopez/141677/setting-the-record-straight-on-edsa-1.html|accessdate=August 30, 2015}}</ref> |
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The Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines President Cardinal [[Ricardo Vidal]] released a declaration in lieu of the Philippine Church Hierarchy stating that "a government does not of itself freely correct the evil it has inflicted on the people then it is our serious moral obligation as a people to make it do so." The declaration also asked "every loyal member of the Church, every community of the faithful, to form their judgment about the February 7 polls" telling all the Filipinos "[n]ow is the time to speak up. Now is the time to repair the wrong. The wrong was systematically organized. So must its correction be. But as in the election itself, that depends fully on the people; on what they are willing and ready to do."<ref>http://www.cbcponline.net/documents/1980s/1986-post_election.html</ref> The [[United States Senate]] passed a resolution stating the same. This chain of events eventually led to the resignation of Marcos' [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Defence Minister]] [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], and [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|Armed Forces]] Vice-Chief of Staff General [[Fidel Ramos]]. Enrile and Ramos then secluded themselves in the military and police headquarters of [[Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo|Camp Aguinaldo]] and [[Camp Crame]], respectively, leading to the [[People Power Revolution]] from 22–25 February 1986, which toppled the Marcos regime. |
The Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines President Cardinal [[Ricardo Vidal]] released a declaration in lieu of the Philippine Church Hierarchy stating that "a government does not of itself freely correct the evil it has inflicted on the people then it is our serious moral obligation as a people to make it do so." The declaration also asked "every loyal member of the Church, every community of the faithful, to form their judgment about the February 7 polls" telling all the Filipinos "[n]ow is the time to speak up. Now is the time to repair the wrong. The wrong was systematically organized. So must its correction be. But as in the election itself, that depends fully on the people; on what they are willing and ready to do."<ref>http://www.cbcponline.net/documents/1980s/1986-post_election.html</ref> The [[United States Senate]] passed a resolution stating the same. This chain of events eventually led to the resignation of Marcos' [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Defence Minister]] [[Juan Ponce Enrile]], and [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|Armed Forces]] Vice-Chief of Staff General [[Fidel Ramos]]. Enrile and Ramos then secluded themselves in the military and police headquarters of [[Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo|Camp Aguinaldo]] and [[Camp Crame]], respectively, leading to the [[People Power Revolution]] from 22–25 February 1986, which toppled the Marcos regime. |
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{{Philippine presidential election, 1986}} |
{{Philippine presidential election, 1986}} |
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'''[[NAMFREL]] Tally''' |
'''[[NAMFREL]] Partial Incomplete Tally: 69% of precincts tabulated''' |
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|colspan=3|[http://www.namfrel.com.ph/v2/photogallery/1986-tallyboard2.php NAMFREL], [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf International Observer Delegation: NAMFREL completed virtually all of its count on Monday, February 17, 1986; with a total of 69.03 percent of the precincts tabulated, NAMFREL reported Mrs. Aquino with 7,502,601 votes and Mr. Marcos with 6,787,556 votes, a difference of 715,045.] |
|colspan=3|[http://www.namfrel.com.ph/v2/photogallery/1986-tallyboard2.php NAMFREL], [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf International Observer Delegation: NAMFREL completed virtually all of its count on Monday, February 17, 1986; with a total of 69.03 percent of the precincts tabulated, NAMFREL reported Mrs. Aquino with 7,502,601 votes and Mr. Marcos with 6,787,556 votes, a difference of 715,045.] |
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Despite common knowledge that Marcos cheated the elections, some claim that Marcos is the one that had been cheated by Namfrel because his Solid North votes were transmitted very late to the tabulation center at the PICC. Two Namfrel volunteers were hanged in Ilocos. The Ilocano votes were enough to overwhelm Cory’s lead in Metro Manila and other places.<ref name="Manila Times"/> |
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===Vice-President=== |
===Vice-President=== |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVTVD1Njcp0 1986 Philippines Elections] |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVTVD1Njcp0 1986 Philippines Elections] |
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* [http://www.namfrel.com.ph/v2/photogallery/index1980s.php Photo Gallery of 1986 Snap Elections from the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL)] |
* [http://www.namfrel.com.ph/v2/photogallery/index1980s.php Photo Gallery of 1986 Snap Elections from the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL)] |
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===Radio commercials=== |
===Radio commercials=== |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBuC275Hp6U Marcos-Aquino 1986 Presidential Election Campaign Part 1] |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBuC275Hp6U Marcos-Aquino 1986 Presidential Election Campaign Part 1] |
Revision as of 13:56, 20 September 2016
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Election results per province/city. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Philippines portal |
The Presidential election was held on 7 February 1986 in the Philippines were snap elections, and are popularly known as the Snap Elections, that followed the end of Martial Law and brought about the People Power Revolution, the downfall of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, and the accession of Corazon C. Aquino as President.
Background
After being dared by an American journalist, President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared a snap election during an interview on the American Broadcasting Company political affairs programme, This Week with David Brinkley in November 1985.[1][2][3] On 3 December, the Batasang Pambansa passed a law setting the date of the election on 7 February 1986 [4] On 4 February 1986, Marcos declared 6 and 7 February as nationwide non-working special public holidays to "give all registered voters fullest opportunity to exercise their right of suffrage."[5]
Campaign
The campaign period lasted 45 days, from 19 December 1985 to 5 February 1986.[4][6][7]
Television stations Radio Philippines Network and Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation declined to give airtime to the candidates of the opposition. In their letters addressed to Lupita Kashiwahara, media director for the Cory Aquino for President Movement, both companies cited a policy that prohibited the sale of airtime for political programs to avoid disruption of regular programs already doing well in the ratings. They also mentioned that a similar request by Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) was also declined.[7]
It was during this time when it was alleged that Marcos' World War II medals for fighting the Japanese Occupation was first publicly questioned. During a campaign in Manila's Tondo district, Marcos retorted:[8]
You who are here in Tondo and fought under me and who were part of my guerrilla organization--you answer them, these crazy individuals, especially the foreign press. Our opponents say Marcos was not a real guerrilla. Look at them, These people who were collaborating with the enemy when we were fighting the enemy. Now they have the nerve to question my war record. I will not pay any attention to their accusation.
Marcos was referring to both Presidential candidate Corazon Aquino's father-in-law Benigno Aquino Sr. and Vice Presidential Candidate Salvador Laurel's father, José P. Laurel, who were leaders of the KALIBAPI, a puppet political party that collaborated with the Japanese during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Both were arrested and charged for treason after the war.[9]
Aftermath
The polls were marred by electoral fraud as well as violence. The International Observer Delegation concluded that "the election of February 7 was not conducted in a free and fair manner."[7]
By virtue of Resolution No. 38, the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Senate President Arturo Tolentino as the duly elected President and Vice-President after receiving the highest number of votes for their respective positions.[10] The opposition, headed by Corazón C. Aquino (the widow of assassinated Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr.) and former senator Salvador Laurel refused to accept the fraudulent results. The International Observer Delegation concluded that the proclamation was invalid, among other reasons, because the Batasan "ignored explicit provisions of the Philippine Electoral Code [Batas Pambansa Blg. 881] requiring that tampered or altered Election Returns be set aside during the final counting process, despite protests by representatives of the opposition party".[7]
On 9 February, thirty five computer programmers walked out of the COMELEC's electronic quick count at the Philippine International Convention Center, some fearing for their safety and seeking sanctuary in Baclaran Church. The technicians—whose protest was broadcast live on national television[11]—claimed that the Marcos camp had manipulated the election results. The walkout was considered as one of the early "sparks" of the People Power Revolution.
However, not known to many, the walkout of computer technicians was led by Linda Kapunan,[12] wife of Lt Col Eduardo Kapunan, a leader of Reform the Armed Forces Movement, which plotted to attack the Malacañang Palace and kill Marcos and his family,[13] leading some to believe that the walkout could have been planned with ulterior motives.[14]
The Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines President Cardinal Ricardo Vidal released a declaration in lieu of the Philippine Church Hierarchy stating that "a government does not of itself freely correct the evil it has inflicted on the people then it is our serious moral obligation as a people to make it do so." The declaration also asked "every loyal member of the Church, every community of the faithful, to form their judgment about the February 7 polls" telling all the Filipinos "[n]ow is the time to speak up. Now is the time to repair the wrong. The wrong was systematically organized. So must its correction be. But as in the election itself, that depends fully on the people; on what they are willing and ready to do."[15] The United States Senate passed a resolution stating the same. This chain of events eventually led to the resignation of Marcos' Defence Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, and Armed Forces Vice-Chief of Staff General Fidel Ramos. Enrile and Ramos then secluded themselves in the military and police headquarters of Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame, respectively, leading to the People Power Revolution from 22–25 February 1986, which toppled the Marcos regime.
On 24 March 1986, the Regular Batasang Pambansa passed a "people's resolution" signed by 150 lawmakers. The resolution nullified the election returns that proclaimed Marcos and Tolentino as the winners, and instead confirmed the victory of President Aquino and Vice-President and Prime Minister Laurel.[citation needed]
The snap elections and its aftermath are dramatized in the 1988 film A Dangerous Life.
Results
President
Final Official Parliamentary Canvass (Nullified on March 24, 1986)
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ferdinand Marcos | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 10,807,197 | 53.62 | |
Corazon Aquino | United Nationalist Democratic Organization | 9,291,716 | 46.10 | |
Reuben Canoy | Social Democratic Party | 34,041 | 0.17 | |
Narciso Padilla | Movement for Truth, Order and Righteousness | 23,652 | 0.12 | |
Total | 20,156,606 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 20,156,606 | 97.30 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 559,469 | 2.70 | ||
Total votes | 20,716,075 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 26,278,744 | 78.83 | ||
Source: Annex XXXVIII of the report by the International Observer Delegation |
NAMFREL Partial Incomplete Tally: 69% of precincts tabulated
Despite common knowledge that Marcos cheated the elections, some claim that Marcos is the one that had been cheated by Namfrel because his Solid North votes were transmitted very late to the tabulation center at the PICC. Two Namfrel volunteers were hanged in Ilocos. The Ilocano votes were enough to overwhelm Cory’s lead in Metro Manila and other places.[14]
Vice-President
Final Official Parliamentary Canvass (Nullified on March 24, 1986)
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arturo Tolentino | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 10,134,130 | 50.66 | |
Salvador Laurel | United Nationalist Democratic Organization | 9,173,105 | 45.85 | |
Eva Estrada Kalaw | Liberal Party (Kalaw wing)[a] | 662,185 | 3.31 | |
Roger Arienda | Movement for Truth, Order and Righteousness | 35,974 | 0.18 | |
Total | 20,005,394 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 20,005,394 | 96.57 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 710,681 | 3.43 | ||
Total votes | 20,716,075 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 26,278,744 | 78.83 | ||
Source: Annex XXXVIII of the report by the International Observer Delegation |
- ^ Kalaw ran under her own wing of the Liberal Party, while the rest of party supported Laurel's candidacy.
NAMFREL Tally
Candidate | Party | Votes |
---|---|---|
Salvador H. Laurel | UNIDO -Nacionalista | 7,255,925 |
Arturo M. Tolentino | KBL | 6,385,293 |
Eva Estrada Kalaw | Liberal (Kalaw Wing) | 591,589 |
NAMFREL |
See also
- Commission on Elections
- Politics of the Philippines
- Philippine elections
- President of the Philippines
References
- ^ Russell, George (18 April 2005). "The Philippines: I'm Ready, I'm Ready". Time.
- ^ http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-10408.html
- ^ http://politics.inquirer.net/politics/view/20101216-309237/Marcos-told-this-reporter-he-had-a-mission-from-God
- ^ a b http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_883_1985.html
- ^ http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/04/proclamation-no-2487-s-1986/
- ^ While Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 mandated a campaign period starting on 11 December 1985, this law was put on hold until the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality on 19 December.
- ^ a b c d http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf
- ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1986-01-23/news/mn-28079_1_war-record
- ^ Foreign Policy in Focus (September 21, 2015). "What the Class Politics of World War II Mean for Tensions in Asia Today". Retrieved March 30, 2016.
{{cite journal}}
:|last=
has generic name (help); Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/15/resolution-no-38/
- ^ Soho, Jessica. "Walkout on 9 February 1986". via YouTube. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
- ^ http://www.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-iv-military-intervention-in-the-philippines-1986-1987/
- ^ http://www.rappler.com/nation/84953-gringo-plot-kill-marcos-almonte-memoir
- ^ a b Manila Times. "'Setting the record straight on Edsa 1'". Retrieved August 30, 2015.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ http://www.cbcponline.net/documents/1980s/1986-post_election.html
External links
- The Philippine Electoral Almanac, prepared by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office (PCDSPO)
- Corazon C. Aquino page from the Presidential Museum and Library (also under the PCDSPO), contains results of the 1986 snap elections from the Philippine Electoral Almanac
- An Act Calling A Special Election For President And Vice-president, Providing For The Manner Of The Holding Thereof, Appropriating Funds Therefor, And For Other Purposes, Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 (National Law No. 883)
- Official website of the Commission on Elections
- "A Path to Democratic Renewal" - A Report on the February 7, 1986 Presidential Election in the Philippines by the International Observer Delegation
- 1986 Philippines Elections
- Photo Gallery of 1986 Snap Elections from the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL)