info about Stockholm Convention |
Explained commercial formulation; clarified that Infobox's congener is BDE-99; deleted German ref & unsourced statements; added refs; clarified what WWF found; reorganized; expanded. Please improve! |
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| OtherFunctn = [[ |
| OtherFunctn = [[octabromodiphenyl ether]], [[decabromodiphenyl ether]] |
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| Function = [[ |
| Function = [[polybrominated diphenyl ether]]s |
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| OtherCpds = [[diphenylether]] }} |
| OtherCpds = [[diphenylether]] }} |
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'''Pentabromodiphenyl ether''' ( |
'''Pentabromodiphenyl ether''' (pentaBDE, penta-BDE, PeBDE, penta, pentabromodiphenyl oxide, PBDPO) is a [[brominated flame retardant]] which belongs to the group of [[polybrominated diphenyl ethers]] (PBDEs). |
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==Composition, uses, and production== |
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== Uses == |
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'''Commercial pentaBDE''' is a technical mixture of different PBDE [[congener]]s, with BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether) and BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, pictured in the Infobox) as the most abundant.<ref name=UNEP2007>Ad hoc working group on pentabromodiphenyl ether under the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention. [http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/poprc_3/meetingdocs/poprc3_doc/09/poprc3_9e.doc Commercial Pentabromodiphenyl Ether: Draft Risk Management Evaluation.] United Nations Environment Programme, 19–23 November 2007.</ref> The term '''pentaBDE''' alone refers to [[isomer]]s of pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE congener numbers 82-127).<ref name=ATSDR2004>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp68.html Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs).] Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2004.</ref> |
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PentaBDE is used in conjunction with [[antimony trioxide]] as a flame retardant in flexible and rigid [[polyurethane]] foam. There was also a use in [[printed circuit board]]s in Asia. The annual consumption worldwide was estimated as 7,500 tons in 2001, of which 150 tons were used by the European industry.<ref>Bromine Science and Environmental Forum: [http://www.bsef.com/docs/BFR_vols_2001.doc Industrial demand in 2001]</ref> PentaBDE is a technical mixture of different [[congener]]s, with BDE-99 and BDE-47 as the most abundant. The [[European Union]] has carried out a comprehensive risk assessment under the Existing Substances Regulation 793/93/EEC. As a consequence, the EU has banned the use of PentaBDE since 2004. California has enacted a ban since June 2006. In 1986, the German industry has made a voluntary commitment not to use this substance.<ref>Alcock, R. E. and J. Busby (2006): ''Risk migration and scientific advance: The case of flame-retardant compounds.'' Risk Analysis 26(2): 369-381. PMID 16573627</ref> |
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Commercial pentaBDE is most commonly used as a flame retardant in flexible [[polyurethane]] foam; it was also used in [[printed circuit board]]s in Asia, and in other applications.<ref name=UNEP2007/> The annual demand worldwide was estimated as 7,500 [[tonne]]s in 2001, of which the Americas accounted for 7,100 tonnes, Europe 150 tonnes, and Asia 150 tonnes.<ref>Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. [http://www.bsef.com/docs/BFR_vols_2001.doc Major Brominated Flame Retardants Volume Estimates: Total Market Demand By Region in 2001.] 21 January 2003.</ref> As of 2007, "there should be no current production of C-PentaBDE [commercial pentaBDE] in Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia and the US"; however, it is possible that production continues elsewhere in the world.<ref name=UNEP2007/> |
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== Relevance == |
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PentaBDE is released by different processes into the environment. Elevated environmental concentrations can be found in the [[atmosphere]], [[hydrosphere]], [[soil]], and [[sediment]]s. It also occurs in [[sewage sludge]] and [[house dust]].<ref>Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM (2006): ''Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media.''. Chemosphere. 64(2):181-6. PMID 16434082</ref><ref>Uhl M, Hohenblum P, Scharf S, Trimbacher C (2004): ''[http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/BE258.pdf Hausstaub – Ein Indikator für Innenraumbelastung]''. Umweltbundesamt, Austria.</ref> In an investigation carried out by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], PentaBDE was found in all blood samples of EU parliamentarians.<ref>WWF Detox Campaign (2004): ''[http://assets.panda.org/downloads/badbloodoctober2004.pdf Bad Blood? A Survey of Chemicals in the Blood of European Ministers]''</ref> |
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==Environmental chemistry== |
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PentaBDE has been proposed for adding to the [[Stockholm Convention]] as this substance meets the criteria of persistence, [[bioaccumulation]] and [[toxicity]], the so-called [[persistent organic pollutant]]s.<ref>[[UNECE]]: [http://www.unece.org/env/popsxg/proposals%20for%20NEW%20pops.htm Proposals for NEW POPs]</ref> |
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PentaBDE is released by different processes into the environment, such as emissions from production of pentaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves.<ref name=UNEP2007/> Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, [[sediment]], [[sludge]], and [[dust]].<ref name=UNEP2007/><ref>Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM (2006): Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media. Chemosphere. 64(2):181-6. PMID 16434082</ref> |
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==Exposures and health effects== |
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PentaBDE may enter the body by ingestion or inhalation.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> It is "stored mainly in body fat" and may stay in the body for years.<ref name=ATSDR2004/> A 2007 study found that PBDE 47 (a tetraBDE) and PBDE 99 (a pentaBDE) had [[biomagnification]] factors in terrestrial carnivores and humans of 98, higher than any other industrial chemicals studied.<ref name=Kelly2007>Kelly, Barry C., et al. [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5835/236 Food Web–Specific Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants.] ''Science'' 13 July 2007: Vol. 317. no. 5835, pp.236-239.</ref> In an investigation carried out by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], "the brominated flame retardant chemical (PBDE 153), which is a component of the penta- and octa- brominated diphenyl ether flame retardant products" was found in all blood samples of 14 ministers of health and environment of 13 European Union countries.<ref>WWF Detox Campaign. [http://assets.panda.org/downloads/badbloodoctober2004.pdf Bad Blood? A Survey of Chemicals in the Blood of European Ministers.] October 2004.</ref> |
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The chemical has no proven health effects in humans; however, based on animal experiments, pentaBDE may have effects on "the liver, thyroid, and neurobehavioral development."<ref name=ATSDR2004/> |
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==Voluntary and governmental actions== |
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In [[Germany]], industrial users of pentaBDE "agreed to a voluntary phaseout in 1986."<ref name=Alcock2006>Alcock, R. E. and J. Busby (2006): Risk migration and scientific advance: The case of flame-retardant compounds. Risk Analysis 26(2): 369-381. PMID 16573627</ref> In [[Sweden]], the government "phase[d] out the production and use of the [pentaBDE] compounds by 1999 and a total ban on imports came into effect within just a few years."<ref name=Alcock2006/> The [[European Union]] (EU) has carried out a comprehensive risk assessment under the Existing Substances Regulation 793/93/EEC; as a consequence, the EU has banned the use of PentaBDE since 2004.<ref name=EU2004>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2003/l_042/l_04220030215en00450046.pdf Directive 2003/11/Ec of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 amending for the 24th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether).] ''Official Journal of the European Union'' 15.2.2003.</ref> |
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In the [[United States]], as of 2005, "no new manufacture or import of" pentaBDE and octaBDE "can occur... without first being subject to EPA [i.e., [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] ] evaluation."<ref name=EPAWeb>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. [http://www.epa.gov/oppt/pbde/ Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs).] "Last updated on Thursday, August 2nd, 2007." Accessed 2007-10-26.</ref> As of mid-2007, a total of eleven states in the U.S. had banned pentaBDE.<ref name=NCEL2007>[http://www.ncel.net/newsmanager/news_article.cgi?news_id=175 Maine Joins Washington, Bans PBDEs.] Washington, DC: National Caucus of Environmental Legislators, June 18, 2007.</ref> |
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It has been proposed that pentaBDE be added to the [[Stockholm Convention]] as it meets the criteria for the so-called [[persistent organic pollutant]]s of persistence, [[bioaccumulation]] and [[toxicity]].<ref name=UNEP2007/> |
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==Alternatives== |
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The EPA organized a Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership beginning in 2003 "to better understand fire safety options for the furniture industry" after pentaBDE "was voluntarily phased out of production by the sole U.S. manufacturer on December 31, 2004."<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/oppt/dfe/pubs/projects/flameret/index.htm Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership page.] "Last updated on Monday, September 18th, 2006." Accessed 2007-10-31.</ref> In 2005 the Partnership published evaluations of alternatives to pentaBDE, including [[triphenyl phosphate]], tribromoneopentyl alcohol, tris(1,3-dicholoro-2-propyl)phosphate, and 12 proprietary chemicals.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/oppt/dfe/pubs/flameret/ffr-alt.htm Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for Low-Density Polyurethane Foam.] Volumes 1 and 2. September 2005.</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist | 2}} |
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<references/> |
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[[Category:Flame retardants]] |
[[Category:Flame retardants]] |
Revision as of 08:44, 1 November 2007
Template:Chembox new Pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE, penta-BDE, PeBDE, penta, pentabromodiphenyl oxide, PBDPO) is a brominated flame retardant which belongs to the group of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
Composition, uses, and production
Commercial pentaBDE is a technical mixture of different PBDE congeners, with BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether) and BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, pictured in the Infobox) as the most abundant.[1] The term pentaBDE alone refers to isomers of pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE congener numbers 82-127).[2]
Commercial pentaBDE is most commonly used as a flame retardant in flexible polyurethane foam; it was also used in printed circuit boards in Asia, and in other applications.[1] The annual demand worldwide was estimated as 7,500 tonnes in 2001, of which the Americas accounted for 7,100 tonnes, Europe 150 tonnes, and Asia 150 tonnes.[3] As of 2007, "there should be no current production of C-PentaBDE [commercial pentaBDE] in Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia and the US"; however, it is possible that production continues elsewhere in the world.[1]
Environmental chemistry
PentaBDE is released by different processes into the environment, such as emissions from production of pentaBDE-containing products and from the products themselves.[1] Elevated concentrations can be found in air, water, soil, food, sediment, sludge, and dust.[1][4]
Exposures and health effects
PentaBDE may enter the body by ingestion or inhalation.[2] It is "stored mainly in body fat" and may stay in the body for years.[2] A 2007 study found that PBDE 47 (a tetraBDE) and PBDE 99 (a pentaBDE) had biomagnification factors in terrestrial carnivores and humans of 98, higher than any other industrial chemicals studied.[5] In an investigation carried out by the WWF, "the brominated flame retardant chemical (PBDE 153), which is a component of the penta- and octa- brominated diphenyl ether flame retardant products" was found in all blood samples of 14 ministers of health and environment of 13 European Union countries.[6]
The chemical has no proven health effects in humans; however, based on animal experiments, pentaBDE may have effects on "the liver, thyroid, and neurobehavioral development."[2]
Voluntary and governmental actions
In Germany, industrial users of pentaBDE "agreed to a voluntary phaseout in 1986."[7] In Sweden, the government "phase[d] out the production and use of the [pentaBDE] compounds by 1999 and a total ban on imports came into effect within just a few years."[7] The European Union (EU) has carried out a comprehensive risk assessment under the Existing Substances Regulation 793/93/EEC; as a consequence, the EU has banned the use of PentaBDE since 2004.[8]
In the United States, as of 2005, "no new manufacture or import of" pentaBDE and octaBDE "can occur... without first being subject to EPA [i.e., United States Environmental Protection Agency ] evaluation."[9] As of mid-2007, a total of eleven states in the U.S. had banned pentaBDE.[10]
It has been proposed that pentaBDE be added to the Stockholm Convention as it meets the criteria for the so-called persistent organic pollutants of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity.[1]
Alternatives
The EPA organized a Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership beginning in 2003 "to better understand fire safety options for the furniture industry" after pentaBDE "was voluntarily phased out of production by the sole U.S. manufacturer on December 31, 2004."[11] In 2005 the Partnership published evaluations of alternatives to pentaBDE, including triphenyl phosphate, tribromoneopentyl alcohol, tris(1,3-dicholoro-2-propyl)phosphate, and 12 proprietary chemicals.[12]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Ad hoc working group on pentabromodiphenyl ether under the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention. Commercial Pentabromodiphenyl Ether: Draft Risk Management Evaluation. United Nations Environment Programme, 19–23 November 2007.
- ^ a b c d Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, September 2004.
- ^ Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. Major Brominated Flame Retardants Volume Estimates: Total Market Demand By Region in 2001. 21 January 2003.
- ^ Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM (2006): Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media. Chemosphere. 64(2):181-6. PMID 16434082
- ^ Kelly, Barry C., et al. Food Web–Specific Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants. Science 13 July 2007: Vol. 317. no. 5835, pp.236-239.
- ^ WWF Detox Campaign. Bad Blood? A Survey of Chemicals in the Blood of European Ministers. October 2004.
- ^ a b Alcock, R. E. and J. Busby (2006): Risk migration and scientific advance: The case of flame-retardant compounds. Risk Analysis 26(2): 369-381. PMID 16573627
- ^ Directive 2003/11/Ec of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 amending for the 24th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether). Official Journal of the European Union 15.2.2003.
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). "Last updated on Thursday, August 2nd, 2007." Accessed 2007-10-26.
- ^ Maine Joins Washington, Bans PBDEs. Washington, DC: National Caucus of Environmental Legislators, June 18, 2007.
- ^ EPA. Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership page. "Last updated on Monday, September 18th, 2006." Accessed 2007-10-31.
- ^ EPA. Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for Low-Density Polyurethane Foam. Volumes 1 and 2. September 2005.