yes, then why do you keep insisting on "at least"? |
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For about eight centuries, each [[pope]] has displayed his own personal [[coat of arms]]<ref name=BXVI/> ( |
For about eight centuries, each [[pope]] has displayed his own personal [[coat of arms]]<ref name=BXVI/> (typically that of his family, not unique to himself alone),<ref name=Weber>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MC&pg=PA496&dq=Kleinhenz+%22display+family+coats+of+arms%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ru8xUafhDMfDhAefhYC4BA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Kleinhenz%20%22display%20family%20coats%20of%20arms%22&f=false Christoph F. Weber, "Heraldry", in Christopher Kleinhenz, ''Medieval Italy'' (Routledge 2004 ISBN 978-0-41593930-0), vol. 1, p. 496]</ref> |
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[[Pope Innocent IV]] (1243-1254) is probably the first who displayed personal arms, but the first of whom a contemporary coat of arms survives is [[Pope Boniface VIII]] (1294-1303).<ref>{{cite book | author=Michel Pastoureau | title=Traité d'Héraldique | edition=3<sup>e</sup> édition | publisher=Picard | year=1997 | isbn=2-7084-0520-9 | page=49}}</ref> |
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Some sources also give arms of the popes of the early 13th century; thus, the 1969 edition of the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' presented the arms of the 92 popes from [[Pope Innocent III]] to [[Pope Paul VI]] in the following form:<ref>"Stemmi dei Sommi Pontefici dal sec. XII ad oggi" in ''Annuario Pontificio 1969'' (Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, Vatican City 1969), pp. 23*-27*</ref> |
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From the late 15th century, this personal coat of arms coexisted alongside [[Coats of arms of the Holy See and of the Vatican City#Holy See|that of the Holy See]] and was often shown with additional ornaments, such as a [[papal tiara]] or the [[keys of Peter]].<ref name=BXVI>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/stemma-benedict-xvi_en.html Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI] Vatican. Accessed 2008-03-15.</ref> |
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⚫ | Even before the [[early modern period]], a man who became bishop of Rome or any other see and who did not have a family coat of arms would assume one upon his appointment, as men did when knighted<ref>[http://books.google.ie/books?id=s4RZnW-B0-wC&pg=PA342&dq=Edinburgh+encyclopaedia+%22bearing+a+coat+of+arms%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mBAyUd7KKcOFhQewjAE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edinburgh%20encyclopaedia%20%22bearing%20a%20coat%20of%20arms%22&f=false David Brewster, ''The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia'' (Routledge 1999 ISBN 978-0-41518026-9), vol. 1, p. 342]</ref> or on achieving some other prominence.<ref>[[Christine de Pizan]] (1364 – c. 1430), [http://books.google.com/books?id=epXQh7B1w20C&pg=PA216&dq=%22Christine+de+Pisan%22%22take+arms+at+will%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KxcyUcayNZKRhQezp4DoCg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Christine%20de%20Pisan%22%22take%20arms%20at%20will%22&f=false ''The Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry'' (English translation: Penn State Press 1999 ISBN 9780271043050, p. 216]</ref> |
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⚫ | Even before the [[early modern period]], a man who became bishop of Rome{{dubious}} or any other see and who did not have a family coat of arms would assume one upon his appointment, as men did when knighted<ref>[http://books.google.ie/books?id=s4RZnW-B0-wC&pg=PA342&dq=Edinburgh+encyclopaedia+%22bearing+a+coat+of+arms%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mBAyUd7KKcOFhQewjAE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edinburgh%20encyclopaedia%20%22bearing%20a%20coat%20of%20arms%22&f=false David Brewster, ''The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia'' (Routledge 1999 ISBN 978-0-41518026-9), vol. 1, p. 342]</ref> or on achieving some other prominence.<ref>[[Christine de Pizan]] (1364 – c. 1430), [http://books.google.com/books?id=epXQh7B1w20C&pg=PA216&dq=%22Christine+de+Pisan%22%22take+arms+at+will%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KxcyUcayNZKRhQezp4DoCg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Christine%20de%20Pisan%22%22take%20arms%20at%20will%22&f=false ''The Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry'' (English translation: Penn State Press 1999 ISBN 9780271043050, p. 216]</ref> |
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In the 16th and 17th century, heraldists also made up [[attributed arms|fictitious coats of arms]] for earlier popes, especially of the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref>Pastoureau 1997, pp. 283–284</ref> This became more restrained by the end of the 17th century.<ref>Ottfried Neubecker (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-046308-5, p. 224</ref> |
In the 16th and 17th century, heraldists also made up [[attributed arms|fictitious coats of arms]] for earlier popes, especially of the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref>Pastoureau 1997, pp. 283–284</ref> This became more restrained by the end of the 17th century.<ref>Ottfried Neubecker (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-046308-5, p. 224</ref> |
Revision as of 06:42, 4 March 2013
For about eight centuries, each pope has displayed his own personal coat of arms[1] (typically that of his family, not unique to himself alone),[2] Pope Innocent IV (1243-1254) is probably the first who displayed personal arms, but the first of whom a contemporary coat of arms survives is Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303).[3] Some sources also give arms of the popes of the early 13th century; thus, the 1969 edition of the Annuario Pontificio presented the arms of the 92 popes from Pope Innocent III to Pope Paul VI in the following form:[4]
From the late 15th century, this personal coat of arms coexisted alongside that of the Holy See and was often shown with additional ornaments, such as a papal tiara or the keys of Peter.[1]
Even before the early modern period, a man who became bishop of Rome[dubious ] or any other see and who did not have a family coat of arms would assume one upon his appointment, as men did when knighted[5] or on achieving some other prominence.[6]
In the 16th and 17th century, heraldists also made up fictitious coats of arms for earlier popes, especially of the 11th and 12th centuries.[7] This became more restrained by the end of the 17th century.[8]
External ornaments
From about 1300, various insignia such as a papal tiara or the keys of Peter were placed above the family coats of arms used by individual popes.[2] Papal coats of arms tended to be shown with an image of the papal tiara as an external ornament of the escutcheon from then until Benedict XVI, who replaced it with the mitre and pallium (see Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI).
Another external ornament is a gold key and a silver key, representing the power to bind and to loose on earth (silver) and in heaven (gold), a reference to Matthew 16:18–19:
- "You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."
The gold key signifies that the power reaches to heaven and the silver key that it extends to all the faithful on earth, the interlacing indicating the linking between the two aspects of the power, and the arrangement with the handles of the keys at the base symbolizes that the power is in the hands of the pope.[9]
The oldest known representation of the crossed keys beneath the papal tiara in the Coats of arms of the Holy See dates from the time of Pope Martin V (1417–1431). His successor Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447) included it in the design of a silver coin.[10]
Arms of the Popes as given in the 1969 Annuario Pontificio
The 1969 edition of the Annuario Pontificio presented the arms of the 92 popes from Pope Innocent III to Pope Paul VI in the following form:[11]
-
Pope Innocent III (Lotario dei Conti di Segni) 1198-1216
-
Pope Honorius III (Cencio Savelli) 1216-1227Pope Honorius III (Cencio Savelli) 1216-1227
-
Pope Gregory IX (Ugolino dei Conti di Segni) 1227-1241
-
Pope Celestine IV (Goffredo Castiglioni) 1241-1241Pope Celestine IV (Goffredo Castiglioni) 1241-1241
-
Pope Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi) 1241-1254
-
Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni) 1254-1261
-
Pope Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon) 1261-1264Pope Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon) 1261-1264
Medieval and Renaissance era popes
Heraldry developed out of military insignia from the time of the First Crusade. The first papal coats of arms appear as heraldry began to be codified in the 12th to 13th centuries. At first, the popes would simply use the secular coat of arms of their family. Thus, Pope Innocent IV (1243-1254), who was born Sinibaldo Fieschi, presumably used the Fieschi coat of arms, as did Adrian V (Ottobon de Fieschi), the nephew of Innocent IV.
It is possible that already some 12th- and 13th-century popes used their secular coat of arms during their papacy.{{dubious]} In any case, these coats of arms are sometimes reported as "papal" in modern compilations of ecclesiastical heraldry. Thus, Innocent III (Lothaire de Segni, 1160-1216) and Gregory IX (Ugolin de Segni, 1145-1241) may have used the coat of arms of the Counts of Segni.[12] In the 12th and 13th century, most popes already came from noble Italian families. There were however still some exceptions, popes who were born as commoners such as Adrian V (Nicholas Breakspear) and Urban IV (Giacomo Pantaléon, the son of a cobbler).
-
Adrian V (d. 1159, born Nicholas Breakspear, the only Englishman to occupy the papal throne) was a commoner by birth and would not have used a personal coat of arms. Nevertheless, he was given fictitious arms (showing a broken spear) in this 17th-century portrait.
-
The Fieschi coat of arms, presumably used by both Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi, 1243-1254) and by his nephew Adrian V (Ottobon de Fieschi, 1276)
-
Coat of arms o the Savelli family, used by Honorius III (Cencio Savelli, 1216-1227) and Honorius IV (Giacomo Savelli, 1285-1287)
-
Boniface VIII (1294-1303) with his coat of arms in a contemporary depiction by Giotto di Bondone.
-
Coat of arms of the Borgia family, used by Callixtus III (Alfons de Borja, 1455-1458)
-
Coat of arms of the Piccolomini family, used by by Pius II (Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini, 1458-1464) and by Pius III (1503, born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini). Francesco Todeschini was received as a boy into the household of Aeneas Silvius, who permitted him to assume the name and arms of the Piccolomini family (his brother Antonio being made Duke of Amalfi during the pontificate of Pius II).
-
Coat of arms of the House of della Rovere, used by Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere, 1471–1484) and by his nephew Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere, 1503-1513)
-
Arms of Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cibo, 1484-1492) as shown in the contemporary Wernigerode (Schaffhausen) armorial. The coat of arms of the House of Cibo is here shown with the papal mitre and two keys argent in one of the earliest examples of these external ornaments of a papal coat of arms.
-
Fiorino issued by Alexander VI (1492-1503), the second Borgia pope, showing a coat of arms derived from that of the Borgia family with two keys saltire and a tiara.
Popes of the Early Modern period
Most popes of the 16th to 18th centuries came from Italian noble families, but there were some exceptions. Sixtus V (1585-1590) was born Felice, son of Pier Gentile (also known as Peretto Peretti), into a poor family. He later adopted Peretti as his family name in 1551, and was known as "Cardinal Montalto". His coat of arms was D'azur au lion d'or armé et lampassé de gueules tenant un rameau d'or à la bande de gueules chargée en chef d'une étoile d'or et en pointe d'un mont à trois cimes d'argent.[clarification needed]
-
Pius VII
(1800-1823) -
Pius VI
(1775-1799) -
Clement XIV
(1769-1774) -
Clement XIII
(1758-1769) -
Benedict XIV
(1740-1758) -
Clement XII
(1730-1740) -
Benedict XIII
(1724-1730) -
Innocent XIII (Michelangelo Conti, 1721-1724) like Pope Innocent III (1198–1216), Pope Gregory IX (1227–1241) and Pope Alexander IV (1254–1261) was a member of the land-owning family of the Conti, who held the titles of counts and dukes of Segni. He used the family crest in his coats of arms.
-
Clement XI
(1700-1721) -
Innocent XII
(1691-1700) -
Alexander VIII
(1689-1691) -
Bl. Innocent XI
(1676-1689) -
Clement X
(1670-1676) -
Clement IX
(1667-1669) -
Alexander VII
(1655-1667) -
Innocent X
(1644-1655) -
Urban VIII
(1623-1644) -
Gregory XV
(1621-1623) -
Paul V
(1605-1621) -
Leo XI
(1605-1605) -
Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini, 1592-1605), used the coat of arms of the Aldobrandini family of Florence
-
Innocent IX (Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, 1591)
-
Gregory XIV (Niccolò Sfondrati, 1590-1591), son of Francesco Sfondrati
-
Urban VII (Giovanni Battista Castagna, pope for just thirteen days in 1590)
-
Coat of arms of Sixtus V (1585-1590) as shown in the vault of the staircase next to the Sistine Chapel
Popes of the modern period
The last person elected as pope who was not already an ordained priest or monk was Leo X (Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) in 1513. Thus, troughout the Early Modern period, the elected pope already had a coat of arms: if he did not have a family coat of arms to begin with, he would have adopted on upon being created bishop. Upon his election as pope, he would continue using his pre-existing coat of arms. This tradition was continued into the modern period, with the sole exception of Joseph Ratzinger, who upon being elected as Benedict XVI in 2005 adopted a new coat of arms based on the earlier coat of arms he used as a bishop.
-
Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger, 2005–2013), designed by Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo in 2005. The charges, a scallop shell, Moor's head, Corbinian's bear, are taken from his previous coat of arms, used when he was Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Both the Moor's head and Corbinian's bear are charges associated with Freising in Bavaria, Germany.
-
Bl. John Paul II (Karol Wojtyła, 1978-2005) adopted his coat of arms in 1958, when he was created bishop. The design shows the "Marian cross", a cross with a capital M for Mary inscribed in one quarter, recalling "the presence of Mary beneath the cross".[13]
-
John Paul I (1978), with the chief of Venice for the Patriarch of Venice (1969), following Pius X and John XXIII.
-
Ven. Paul VI
(1963-1978) -
Bl. John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, 1958-1963) used the Roncalli family's coat of arms with the addition of the chief of Venice for the Patriarch of Venice (1953), following Pius X.
-
Ven. Pius XII
(1939-1958) -
Pius XI
(1922-1939) -
Benedict XV
(1914-1922) -
St. Pius X (Joseph Sarto, 1903-1914) was of humble origin, and he adopted a coat of arms when he became Bishop of Mantua, in 1884: Azure, a three tined anchor in pale above waves of the sea proper, a six pointed star or in chief. As Sarto became Patriarch of Venice in 1893, he added the chief of Venice (a Lion of St. Mark). Sarto changed the field from gules (red) to argent (white) to make the heraldic point that this was the "religious emblem of St. Mark's Lion and not the insignia" of the former Republic of Venice. When he was elected pope in 1903, heraldists expected him to again drop the chief of Venice, but Sarto did not change his coat of arms.[14]
-
Leo XIII
(1878-1903) -
Bl. Pius IX
(1846-1878) -
Gregory XVI
(1831-1846) -
Pius VIII
(1829-1830) -
Leo XII
(1823-1829)
Related coats of arms
Coat of Arms of the Holy See. |
Coat of Arms of Vatican City. | |
Emblem of the Papacy. |
Emblem of Vatican City (from the Flag). |
Sede vacante emblem of the Holy See, used when there is no reigning pope. Keys disposed as customary for Papal arms.[15] |
Notes
- ^ a b Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI Vatican. Accessed 2008-03-15.
- ^ a b Christoph F. Weber, "Heraldry", in Christopher Kleinhenz, Medieval Italy (Routledge 2004 ISBN 978-0-41593930-0), vol. 1, p. 496
- ^ Michel Pastoureau (1997). Traité d'Héraldique (3e édition ed.). Picard. p. 49. ISBN 2-7084-0520-9.
- ^ "Stemmi dei Sommi Pontefici dal sec. XII ad oggi" in Annuario Pontificio 1969 (Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, Vatican City 1969), pp. 23*-27*
- ^ David Brewster, The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia (Routledge 1999 ISBN 978-0-41518026-9), vol. 1, p. 342
- ^ Christine de Pizan (1364 – c. 1430), The Book of Deeds of Arms and of Chivalry (English translation: Penn State Press 1999 ISBN 9780271043050, p. 216
- ^ Pastoureau 1997, pp. 283–284
- ^ Ottfried Neubecker (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-046308-5, p. 224
- ^ "The symbolism of the keys is brought out in an ingenious and interpretative fashion by heraldic art. One of the keys is of gold (or), the other of silver (argent). The golden key, which points upwards on the dexter side, signifies the power that extends even to Heaven. The silver key, which must point up to the sinister side, symbolizes the power over all the faithful on earth. The two are often linked by a cordon Gules as a sign of the union of the two powers. The handles are turned downwards, for they are in the hand of the Pope, Christ's lieutenant on earth. The wards point upwards, for the power of binding and loosing engages Heaven itself." Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54)
- ^ Claudio Ceresa, "Una sintesi di simboli ispirati alla Scrittura" on L'Osservatore Romano, 10 August 2008
- ^ "Stemmi dei Sommi Pontefici dal sec. XII ad oggi" in Annuario Pontificio 1969 (Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, Vatican City 1969), pp. 23*-27*
- ^ so reported at heraldique-europeenne.org as well as araldicavaticana.com, based on depictions of these coats of arms in early modern (17th and 18th century) heraldry[clarification needed]
- ^ Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II (vatican.va)
- ^ Martin, Cardinal Jacques. Heraldry in the Vatican. Gerrards Cross: Van Duren Publishers, 1987.
- ^ "Vatican City (Holy See)". fotw.net. 2006-03-25. Retrieved 2007-11-07.