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[[Image:Greater Iran.GIF|thumb|240px|right|Geographically and culturally, Greater Iran includes all of the [[Iranian plateau]], stretching to [[Central Asia]] ([[Bactria]]) and the [[Hindukush]] to the northeast and [[Afghanistan]] and Western [[Pakistan]] in the southeast and into eastern [[Syria]] and the [[Caucasus]] to the northwest.]] |
[[Image:Greater Iran.GIF|thumb|240px|right|Geographically and culturally, Greater Iran includes all of the [[Iranian plateau]], stretching to [[Central Asia]] ([[Bactria]]) and the [[Hindukush]] to the northeast and [[Afghanistan]] and Western [[Pakistan]] in the southeast and into eastern [[Syria]] and the [[Caucasus]] to the northwest.]] |
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'''Pan-Iranism''' is an |
'''Pan-Iranism''' is an [[ideology]] that advocates solidarity and reunification of [[Iranian people]]s living in the [[Iranian continent]] and [[Iranian plateau]] (''Falāte Īrān''), including [[Ossetians]], [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Armenians]], [[Persians]] (including the [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] and [[Qizilbash]]), [[Hazara people|Hazaras]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Baluchis]], and [[Zaza people|Zazas]]. Virtually all Pan-Iranists also include the [[Azerbaijani people|Azeris]] and [[Uzbeks]], who although speak a [[Turkic language]] with considerable [[Persian language|Persian]] vocabulary, are partly or fully of native [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] descent. |
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These peoples lived within the same [[Persian Empire|empire]] most of the time until the mid-1800s, when much territory - including the region comprising the present-day [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]] - was lost to the [[Russian Empire]], . ''See also: [[Greater Iran]] and [[The Great Game]]''. |
These peoples lived within the same [[Persian Empire|empire]] most of the time until the mid-1800s, when much territory - including the region comprising the present-day [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]] - was lost to the [[Russian Empire]], . ''See also: [[Greater Iran]] and [[The Great Game]]''. |
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⚫ | Iranian philosopher [[Dr. Mahmoud Afshar]] (of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]-speaking [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Afshar tribe|Afshar]] origin and father of [[Iraj Afshar]]) developed the Pan-Iranist ideology in the early 1920s as a reaction against the rising tide of [[Pan-Turkism]] and [[Pan-Arabism]], which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran. Unlike similar movements of the time in other countries, Pan-Iranism was ethnically and linguistically inclusive and solely concerned with territorial nationalism, rather than ethnic or racial nationalism. <ref>[https://www.gozaar.org/uploaded_files/Iranian_Identity%5B1%5D.pdf Perspectives on Iranian identity, pg.26]</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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In the early 1920s, Dr. Mahmud Afshar Yazdi (1893-1983), who was a European-educated Iranian political scientist<ref>{{cite book |title=Iran Between Two Revolutions |last=Abrahamian |first=Ervand |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1982 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location= |isbn=0691101345, ISBN 9780691101347 |page=123 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qh_QotrY7RkC&pg=PA123 |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> (himself of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Afshar tribe|Afshar]]<ref>{{cite web |first=P. |last=Oberling |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=AFŠĀR |url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f6/v1f6a019.html |archiveurl= |work= |publisher=Encyclopedia Iranica |location= |trans_title= |page= |pages= |language=English |format= |doi= |date= |month= |year= |archivedate= |quote=AFŠĀR, one of the twenty-four original Ḡuz Turkic tribes |accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref> descent and father of [[Iraj Afshar]]) introduced the Pan-Iranist ideology as a concept of national unity<ref name="vahdat">{{cite book |title=God and juggernaut: Iran's intellectual encounter with modernity |last=Vahdat |first=Farzin |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location= |isbn=0815629478, ISBN 9780815629474 |page=78 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q_3Xgs8VlpoC&pg=PA78 |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> in reaction against the rising tide of [[Pan-Turkism]] and [[Pan-Arabism]], which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran. In [[1926]], Afshar wrote the following in his "Ayandeh" (''The Future'') magazine: |
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{{cquote|National unity is today one of the most important international questions and realities. Whether we want it or not, in the future our nation will enter this political current, and this reality will one day became the mainstay of our state politics, as it has become the axiom of most states, especially the Ottoman state. Every politician must be well aware of this because national unity is the common border between domestic and foreign policy<ref name="vahdat"/>.}} |
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⚫ | Unlike similar movements of the time in other countries, Pan-Iranism was ethnically and linguistically inclusive and solely concerned with territorial nationalism, rather than ethnic or racial nationalism. <ref>[https://www.gozaar.org/uploaded_files/Iranian_Identity%5B1%5D.pdf Perspectives on Iranian identity, pg.26]</ref> |
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[[Image:Pan-Iranism.jpg|right|thumb|Flag of the [[Pan-Iranist party]]]] |
[[Image:Pan-Iranism.jpg|right|thumb|Flag of the [[Pan-Iranist party]]]] |
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With the collapse of the [[Qajar dynasty]], which had descended into corruption, and the rise of [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] in 1925, who began introducing secular reforms limiting the power of the [[Shi'a|Shia]] clergy, Iranian nationalist and socialist thinkers had hoped that this new era would also witness the introduction of [[democracy|democratic]] reforms. However, such reforms did not take place. This culminated in the gradual rise of a loosely organized [[grass roots]] Pan-Iranist movement made up of nationalist writers, teachers, students, and activists allied with other pro-democracy movements. |
With the collapse of the [[Qajar dynasty]], which had descended into corruption, and the rise of [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] in 1925, who began introducing secular reforms limiting the power of the [[Shi'a|Shia]] clergy, Iranian nationalist and socialist thinkers had hoped that this new era would also witness the introduction of [[democracy|democratic]] reforms. However, such reforms did not take place. This culminated in the gradual rise of a loosely organized [[grass roots]] Pan-Iranist movement made up of nationalist writers, teachers, students, and activists allied with other pro-democracy movements. |
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⚫ | In the 1940s, the Pan-Iranist movement gained momentum after the [[Allied]] [[Persian Corridor|invasion]]. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, two political parties were formed based on the Pan-Iranist ideology, namely [[Mellat Iran]] and the [[Pan-Iranist Party of Iran]] (''Hezb-e Pan-Iranist''). Though sharing this same political foundation and similar viewpoints on many issues, the two groups greatly differed in their organizational structure and practice. Both these parties are currently active [[Iran|inside the country]] and abroad. Since the [[Iranian Revolution]], there have also been other lesser known groups, both within Iran and without, which have adhered to Pan-Iranism. |
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In the 1940s, the Pan-Iranist movement gained momentum after the [[Allied]] [[Persian Corridor|invasion]] and under the influence of [[Nazi Germany]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The problem of "Greater Baluchistan": a study of Baluch nationalism |last=Baloch |first=Inayatullah |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |location= |isbn=3515049991, ISBN 9783515049993 |page=25 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ&q=Pan-iranism+Nazi |accessdate= |quote=''Under the influence of Nazi Germany, Raza Shah started the movement of Pan-Iranism.''}}</ref>. During this period, nationalist intellectuals also sought to prove that [[Turkic people|Turkic]]-speaking [[Azeris]] are racially [[Iranian]] and called for eradication of [[Azerbaijani language]]<ref name="cenasian">{{cite book |title=Central Asian Review |last=Central Asian Research Centre |first= |authorlink= |coauthors=Soviet Affairs Study Group, St. Antony's College, Oxford |year=1953 |publisher=Central Asian Research Centre (London) |location= |isbn= |page=64 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lls0AAAAIAAJ&q=Pan-Iranism+race&dq=Pan-Iranism+race&lr= |accessdate= |quote=''Persian "nationalism" was in the air and ran riot in politics, literature and daily life. As century advanced, pan-Iranism gained momentum. It was sought to prove that the Azarbaijanis were Iranian by race; some |
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clamoured for the eradication of the Azari language.''}}</ref>. Yet the attempts to establish a monoethnic Iranian identity were undermined by the fact that in a population approaching 19 million by early 1950s, no more than some 40% were Persians<ref name="cenasian" />. |
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⚫ | In the late 1940s and early 1950s, two political parties were formed based on the Pan-Iranist ideology, namely [[Mellat Iran]] and the [[Pan-Iranist Party of Iran]] (''Hezb-e Pan-Iranist''). Though sharing this same political foundation and similar viewpoints on many issues, the two groups greatly differed in their organizational structure and practice. Both these parties are currently active [[Iran|inside the country]] and abroad. Since the [[Iranian Revolution]], there have also been other lesser known groups, both within Iran and without, which have adhered to Pan-Iranism. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 00:22, 10 July 2009
Pan-Iranism is an ideology that advocates solidarity and reunification of Iranian peoples living in the Iranian continent and Iranian plateau (Falāte Īrān), including Ossetians, Kurds, Armenians, Persians (including the Tajiks and Qizilbash), Hazaras, Pashtuns, Baluchis, and Zazas. Virtually all Pan-Iranists also include the Azeris and Uzbeks, who although speak a Turkic language with considerable Persian vocabulary, are partly or fully of native Iranian descent. These peoples lived within the same empire most of the time until the mid-1800s, when much territory - including the region comprising the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan - was lost to the Russian Empire, . See also: Greater Iran and The Great Game.
Iranian philosopher Dr. Mahmoud Afshar (of Turkic-speaking Iranian Afshar origin and father of Iraj Afshar) developed the Pan-Iranist ideology in the early 1920s as a reaction against the rising tide of Pan-Turkism and Pan-Arabism, which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran. Unlike similar movements of the time in other countries, Pan-Iranism was ethnically and linguistically inclusive and solely concerned with territorial nationalism, rather than ethnic or racial nationalism. [1]
History
With the collapse of the Qajar dynasty, which had descended into corruption, and the rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925, who began introducing secular reforms limiting the power of the Shia clergy, Iranian nationalist and socialist thinkers had hoped that this new era would also witness the introduction of democratic reforms. However, such reforms did not take place. This culminated in the gradual rise of a loosely organized grass roots Pan-Iranist movement made up of nationalist writers, teachers, students, and activists allied with other pro-democracy movements.
In the 1940s, the Pan-Iranist movement gained momentum after the Allied invasion. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, two political parties were formed based on the Pan-Iranist ideology, namely Mellat Iran and the Pan-Iranist Party of Iran (Hezb-e Pan-Iranist). Though sharing this same political foundation and similar viewpoints on many issues, the two groups greatly differed in their organizational structure and practice. Both these parties are currently active inside the country and abroad. Since the Iranian Revolution, there have also been other lesser known groups, both within Iran and without, which have adhered to Pan-Iranism.
See also
- Greater Iran
- Iranian peoples
- Iranian languages
- Persian Empire
- History of Azerbaijan
- History of Iran
- History of Afghanistan
- History of Tajikistan
- History of Uzbekistan
Further reading
- Hezbe Pan Iranist by Ali Kabar Razmjoo (ISBN 964-6196-51-9)
- Engheta, Naser (2001). 50 years history with the Pan-Iranists. Los Angeles, CA: Ketab Corp. ISBN 1-883819-56-3.