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The [[London College of Fashion]] has an Oxford Street campus, which is on John Prince's Street near Oxford Circus. The college is part of the [[University of the Arts London]], formerly the London Institute.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/university-of-the-arts-london-754723.html|title=University of the Arts London|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref> |
The [[London College of Fashion]] has an Oxford Street campus, which is on John Prince's Street near Oxford Circus. The college is part of the [[University of the Arts London]], formerly the London Institute.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/university-of-the-arts-london-754723.html|title=University of the Arts London|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref> |
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The cosmetics retailer [[Lush (company)|Lush]] opened a store in 2015 on Oxford Street. Measuring {{convert|9300|sqft|m2}} and containing three floors, it is their largest retail premises in the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.retail-week.com/stores/in-pictures-lush-unveils-radical-new-look-on-oxford-street/5074383.article|title=In pictures : Lush unveils radical new look on Oxford Street|work=Retail Week|date=27 April 2015|accessdate=22 August 2015}}</ref> |
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In April 2015, [[Lush]] opened the biggest lush store in the world |
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== Transport links == |
== Transport links == |
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<!--[[File:Oxford Street0518.JPG|thumb|A view up Oxford Street with John Lewis on the right]]--> |
<!--[[File:Oxford Street0518.JPG|thumb|A view up Oxford Street with John Lewis on the right]]--> |
Revision as of 20:17, 22 August 2015
Former name(s) | Via TrinobantinaTyburn Road |
---|---|
Maintained by | Transport for London |
Length | 1.2 mi (1.9 km) |
Location | London, United Kingdom |
Postal code | W1 |
Nearest tube station | |
West end | Marble Arch |
East end | Tottenham Court Road / Charing Cross Road |
Other | |
Known for | |
Website | oxfordstreet |
Oxford Street is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London. It is Europe's busiest shopping street, with around half a million daily visitors, and as of 2011 had approximately 300 shops.[1][2] It is part of the A40, a major road between London and Fishguard, though it is not signed as such.
The road was originally a Roman Road, part of the Via Trinobantina between Essex and Hampshire via London. It was known as Tyburn Road through the Middle Ages and was once notorious as a street where prisoners from Newgate Prison would be transported towards a public hanging. It became known as Oxford Street in the 18th century, and began to change character from a residential street to commercial and retail purposes by the late 19th century, despite attracting street traders, confidence tricksters and prostitution. The first department stores in Britain opened on Oxford Street in the early 20th century, including Selfridges, John Lewis and HMV. Unlike nearby shopping streets such as Bond Street, it has retained an element of downmarket street trading alongside more prestigious retail stores. The street suffered heavy bombing during World War II, and several longstanding stores including John Lewis were completely destroyed and rebuilt from scratch.
Despite competition from other shopping centres such as Westfield Stratford City and the Brent Cross shopping centre, Oxford Street remains in high demand as a retail location, with several chains hosting their flagship stores on the street. Since 1959, the switching on of Christmas lights has been a popular event, and is performed annually by a celebrity. However, the combination of a very popular retail area and a main thoroughfare for London buses and taxis has caused significant problems with traffic congestion, safety and pollution. Various traffic management schemes have been proposed by Transport for London, including a ban on private vehicles during daytime hours on weekdays and Saturdays, and improved pedestrian crossings.
Location
Oxford Street runs for approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km). From Marble Arch, where it meets Park Lane and Edgware Road, it runs east past Vere Street, New Bond Street and Bond Street station, up to Oxford Circus, which is the junction with Regent Street and Oxford Circus station.[3]
Beyond Oxford Circus, it crosses Great Portland Street, Wardour Street and Rathbone Place to the junction with Charing Cross Road and Tottenham Court Road, next to Tottenham Court Road station. The road ahead is New Oxford Street, and then Holborn. The road is entirely within the City of Westminster.[3]
The street is classified as part of the A40, a trunk road running from London to Fishguard (via Oxford, Cheltenham, Brecon and Haverfordwest), although like many roads in Central London which are no longer through routes it is not signposted with the road number. It is within the London Congestion Charging Zone.[3] Numerous bus routes run along Oxford Street, including 10, 25, 55, 73, 98, 390 and Night Buses N8, N55, N73, N98 and N207.[4]
History
Early history
Oxford Street follows the route of a Roman road, the Via Trinobantina, which linked Calleva Atrebatum (near Silchester, Hampshire) with Camulodunum (now Colchester) via London and became one of the major routes in and out of the city.[5]
Between the 12th century and 1782 it was variously known as Tyburn Road (after the River Tyburn that ran just to the south of it, and now flows underneath it), Uxbridge Road (this name is still used for the portion of the London-Oxford road between Shepherds Bush and Uxbridge), Worcester Road and Oxford Road.[6] On Ralph Aggas' "Plan of London", published in the 16th century, the road is described partly "The Waye to Uxbridge" followed by "Oxford Road", showing rural farmland where the junction of Oxford Street and Rathbone Place now is.[7]
Despite being a major coaching route, there were several obstacles along it, including the bridge over the Tyburn. A turnpike trust was established in the 1730s to improve upkeep of the road.[6] It became notorious as the route taken by prisoners on their final journey from Newgate Prison to the gallows at Tyburn near Marble Arch. Spectators drunkenly jeered at prisoners as they carted along the road, and could buy rope used in the executions from the hangman in taverns.[8] By about 1729, the road had become known as Oxford Street.[7]
The street began to be redeveloped in the 18th century after many of the surrounding fields were purchased by the Earl of Oxford.[8] In 1739, local gardener Thomas Huddle began to build property on the north-east side.[9] John Rocque's Map of London, published in 1746, shows urban buildings as far as North Audley Street, but only intermittent rural property thereafter, which was not completed until the 1750s.[10] Further development along the street occurred between 1763 to 1793. The Pantheon opened on No. 173 in 1772.[9]
The street became popular with entertainers including bear-baiters, theatres and public houses.[11] However, it was not attractive to the middle and upper classes due to the presence of the Tyburn gallows and its proximity to St Giles, then a notorious rookery.[8] The gallows were removed in 1783, and by the end of the century, Oxford Street was built up from St Giles Circus to Park Lane, containing a mix of residential houses and entertainment.[8][9] The Princess's Theatre opened in 1840. It is now the Oxford Walk shopping area.[9]
Retail development
Oxford Street changed character from residential to retail towards the end of the 19th century. Drapers, cobblers and furniture stores began to appear on the street, which were ultimately expanded to the first department stores. Street vendors began to sell tourist souvenirs on the street during this time.[9] A plan of Oxford Street in Tallis's London Street Views, published in the late 1830s, remarks that almost all the street, save for the far western end, was primarily retail, with shop fronts.[6] John Lewis started in 1864 as a small shop at No. 132,[12] while Selfridges opened on 15 March 1909 at No. 400.[13] Most of the southern side of Oxford Street west of Davies Street was completely rebuilt between 1865 and 1890, allowing a more uniform freehold ownership.[6] By the 1930s, the street was almost entirely retail, a position that remains today. However, unlike nearby streets such as Bond Street and Park Lane, there remained a seedy element including street traders and prostitutes.[14] The advent of closed-circuit television has reduced the attraction of scam artists and traders to the area.[15]
Oxford Street suffered considerable bombing during the Second World War. During the night and early hours of 17 to 18 September 1940, 268 Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 17 bombers targeted the West End, particularly Oxford Street. Many buildings were badly damaged or destroyed, either from a direct hit or subsequent fires, including four department stores: John Lewis, Selfridges, Bourne & Hollingsworth and Peter Robinson. George Orwell wrote in his diary for 24 September that Oxford Street was "completely empty of traffic, and only a few pedestrians", and saw "innumerable fragments of broken glass".[16] John Lewis caught fire again on 25 September and was reduced to a shell. It remained a bomb site for the remainder of the war and beyond, finally being demolished and rebuilt between 1958 and 1960. Peter Robinson partially reopened on 22 September, but large parts of the premises remained closed off with war advertising and propaganda. The basement was converted into studios for the BBC Eastern Service. Orwell made several broadcasts here from 1941 to 1943.[16]
Selfridges was targeted again on 17 April 1941, suffering further damage, including the destruction of the Palm Court Restaurant. The basement was converted to a communications base, with a dedicated line run along Oxford Street to Whitehall, and allowed British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to make secure and direct telephone calls to the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The store was damaged again on 6 December 1944 after a V2 rocket exploded on nearby Duke Street, causing its christmas tree displays to collapse into the street outside. Damage was quickly repaired and the shop re-opened the following day.[16]
In September 1973 a shopping-bag bomb was detonated by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) at the offices of the Prudential Assurance Company on Oxford Street, injuring six people.[17] A further bomb was detonated by the IRA on the street in December, injuring three people.[18]
The human billboard Stanley Green began selling on Oxford Street in 1968, advertising his belief of the link of proteins to sexual libido and the dangers therein. He regularly patrolled the street with a placard headlined "less passion from less protein",[14] and advertised his pamphlet Eight Passion Proteins with Care until his death in 1993. His placards are now housed in the British Museum.[19]
Centre Point, at the far end of Oxford Street next to Tottenham Court Road station, was designed by property developer Harry Hyams and opened in 1966. It failed to find a suitable tenant and sat empty for many years, eventually becoming occupied by squatters who used it as a centre of protest against the lack of suitable accommodation in Central London. In 2015, the building began to be converted into residential flats, which is expected to be completed in 2017.[20]
Notable buildings
Oxford Street is home to a number of major department stores and numerous flagship stores, as well as hundreds of smaller shops. It is the biggest shopping street within Inner London,[21] and one of the most popular tourist destinations with an annual estimated turnover of over £1 billion.[22] It forms part of a shopping district in the West End of London, along with other streets including Covent Garden, Bond Street and Piccadilly.[23]
The New West End Company, formerly the Oxford Street Association, is a group that oversees stores and trade along the street, ensuring the place is safe and desirable for shoppers. They have been critical of the overcrowding and quality of shops and started to clamp down on abusive traders, who have then been refused licenses.[22][24]
Several British retail chains regard their Oxford Street branch as the flagship store. Debenhams originally opened as Marshall & Snelgrove in 1870, and merged with Debenhams in 1919, which had opened on nearby Wigmore Street in 1778. The company was owned by Burton between 1985 and 1998.[25] The London flagship store of the House of Fraser began as D H Evans in 1879, and moved to its current premises in 1935.[26] It was the first department store in the UK to include escalators serving every floor.[27] Selfridges, Oxford Street, the second-largest department store in the UK and flagship of the Selfridges chain, has been on Oxford Street since 1909.[28]
Marks & Spencer has two stores on Oxford Street. The first, Marks & Spencer Marble Arch, is at the junction with Orchard Street. A second branch between Regent Street and Tottenham Court Road stands on the former site of the Pantheon.[29]
The music retailer HMV was opened on No. 363 Oxford Street in 1921 by Sir Edward Elgar. The Beatles made their first recording in London in 1962, when they cut a 78rpm demo disc in the store.[30] A larger store at No. 150 was opened in 1986 by Sir Bob Geldof, and was the largest music shop in the world at 60,000 square feet (6,000 m2). As well as music and video retail, the premises supported live gigs in the store. Due to financial difficulties, the store closed in 2014, with all retail moving to No. 363.[31]
The 100 Club, in the basement of No. 100, has been running as a live music venue since 24 October 1942. It was thought to be safe from bombing threats due to its underground location, and played host to jazz musicians, including Glenn Miller. It was renamed the London Jazz Club in 1948, and subsequently the Humphrey Littleton Club after Littleton took over the lease in the 1950s. Louis Armstrong played at the venue during this time. It became a key venue for the trad jazz revival, hosting gigs by Chris Barber and Acker Bilk. It was renamed the 100 Club in 1964 after Roger Horton bought a stake in the venue, adding an alcohol licence for the first time. It became a key venue for British Rhythm and Blues including gigs by the Who, the Kinks and the Animals. It was an important venue for punk rock in the UK and hosted the first British punk festival on 21 September 1976, featuring the Sex Pistols, the Damned and the Buzzcocks.[32]
The Tottenham is a Grade II* listed public house at No 6 Oxford Street, near to Tottenham Court Road. It was built in the mid 19th century and is the last remaining pub on the entire street, which once had 20.[33][34][35]
The London College of Fashion has an Oxford Street campus, which is on John Prince's Street near Oxford Circus. The college is part of the University of the Arts London, formerly the London Institute.[36]
The cosmetics retailer Lush opened a store in 2015 on Oxford Street. Measuring 9,300 square feet (860 m2) and containing three floors, it is their largest retail premises in the company.[37]
Transport links
Oxford Street is served by many major bus routes and by four tube stations of the London Underground. From Marble Arch eastwards, these stations are:
- Marble Arch, on the Central line
- Bond Street, on the Central line and Jubilee line
- Oxford Circus, on the Central line, Bakerloo line and Victoria line
- Tottenham Court Road, on the Central line and Northern line
The four stations serve an average of 100 million passengers every year, with Oxford Circus being the busiest.[38]
Crossrail will have two stations serving Oxford Street, at Bond Street and Tottenham Court Road. Each station will be "double-ended", with exits through the existing tube station and also some distance away: to the east of Bond Street, in Hanover Square near Oxford Circus;[39] to the west of Tottenham Court Road, in Dean Street.[40]
Traffic
Oxford Street has been ranked as the most important retail location in Britain and the busiest shopping street in Europe. In 2014, on average over 500,000 people visited the street every day.[41] The footway can become congested both on the pavements, due to the large number of shoppers and tourists, most of whom arrive by one of the tube stations, and on the roadway as a result of the many buses routed along the street.[42]
There is heavy competition between foot and bus traffic on Oxford Street, which is the main east-west bus corridor through Central London. Around 175,000 people get on or off a bus on Oxford Street every day, along with 43,000 further through passengers. Taxis are popular, particularly along the stretch between Oxford Circus and Selfridges.[41] Between 2009 and 2012, there were 71 accidents involving traffic and pedestrians.[43]
There have been several proposals to reduce congestion on Oxford Street. Horse-drawn vehicles were banned in 1931, and traffic signals were installed in the same year.[44][45] To alleviate congestion and help traffic flow of buses, most of Oxford Street is designated a bus lane during peak daytime hours, where private vehicles are banned. It is only open to buses, taxis and two-wheeled vehicles between 7:00am and 7:00pm on all days except Sundays.[41] The ban was first introduced as an experimental system in June 1972. It was considered a success, with an estimated revenue increase of £250,000.[46][47] In 2009, a new diagonal crossing opened at Oxford Circus, allowing pedestrians to cross from one corner of Oxford Street to the other without having to cross the road twice. This doubles the pedestrian capacity at the junction.[48]
Pedestrianisation
From 2005 to 2012, Oxford Street was made completely traffic-free on a Saturday before Christmas, which became known as VIP Day (for Very Important Pedestrians). The scheme was popular and boosted sales by over £17m in 2012. In 2013, the New West End Company announced the scheme would not go ahead that year as they wanted to do "something new".[49] In 2014 Liberal Democrat members of the London Assembly proposed that Oxford Street should be pedestrianised by 2020.[50]
In 2006, the New West End Company and the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone put forward proposals to pedestrianise Oxford Street with a tram service running end to end.[51] However the new Mayor, Boris Johnson, elected in 2008, announced that the scheme would not go ahead as it was not cost effective and too disruptive. In response to a request from Johnson, Transport for London undertook to reduce the bus flow in Oxford Street by 10% in each of 2009 and 2010.[52] Subsequently, the New West End Company had called for a 33% reduction in bus movements in Oxford Street.[53]
In 2014, Transport for London suggested that pedestrianisation may not be a suitable long-term measure due to Crossrail reducing the demand for bus services along Oxford Street, and proposed to ban all traffic except buses and cycles during peak shopping times.[42] Optimisation to existing traffic signals along the street, including Pedestrian Countdown signals, have also been proposed.[54] Transport for London are concerned that traffic problems may affect the long-term trade on Oxford Street, which is now competing with shopping centres such as Westfield London, Westfield Stratford City and the Brent Cross shopping centre.[43]
Pollution
In 2014, it was reported that Oxford Street had the world's highest concentration of nitrogen dioxide pollution, at 135 micrograms per cubic metre of air (mcg/m3). However, this figure was an average that included night-time, when traffic was much lower. At peak times during the day, levels up to 463mcg were recorded – over 10 times the permitted EU maximum of 40mcg.[55] Largely because of the diesel-engined traffic in the street (buses and taxis), annual average NO2 concentrations on Oxford Street are around 180 μg per cubic metre. This is 4.5 times the EU target of 40 μg per cubic metre (Council Directive 1999/30/EC).[56]
Christmas lights
Every Christmas, Oxford Street is decorated with festive lights. The tradition of Christmas lights began in 1959, five years after the neighbouring Regent Street. There were no light displays in 1976 or 1977 due to economic recession, but the tradition returned in 1978 when Oxford Street organised a laser display, and they have occurred every year since.[57]
Current tradition involves a celebrity turning the lights on in mid- to late-November and they remain lit until 6 January (Twelfth Night). The festivities were postponed in 1963 due to the assassination of John F. Kennedy and in 1989 to fit in with Kylie Minogue's touring commitments.[57]
The following celebrities have turned on the lights since 1981:
- 1981 — Pilin Leon (Miss World, Venezuela)[58]
- 1982 — Daley Thompson[58]
- 1983 — Pat Phoenix[58]
- 1984 — Esther Rantzen[58]
- 1985 — Bob Geldof[58]
- 1986 — Leslie Grantham, Anita Dobson[58]
- 1987 — Derek Jameson[58]
- 1988 — Terry Wogan[58]
- 1989 — Kylie Minogue[57]
- 1990 — Cliff Richard[58]
- 1991 — Westminster Children's Hospital[58]
- 1992 — Linford Christie[58]
- 1993 — Richard Branson[58]
- 1994 — Lenny Henry[58]
- 1995 — Coronation Street Cast[58]
- 1996 — Spice Girls[59]
- 1997 — Peter André[60]
- 1998 — Zoë Ball[58]
- 1999 — Ronan Keating[61]
- 2000 — Charlotte Church[62]
- 2001 — S Club 7[63]
- 2002 — Blue[58]
- 2003 — Enrique Iglesias[64][65]
- 2004 — Emma Watson, Il Divo, Steve Redgrave[66]
- 2005 — Westlife[67][68]
- 2006 — All Saints[69]
- 2007 — Leona Lewis[70][71]
- 2008 — Sugababes[72][73]
- 2009 — Jim Carrey[74][75]
- 2010 — Children from Kids Company[76]
- 2011 — The Saturdays[77]
- 2012 — Robbie Williams[78]
- 2013 — Jessie J[79]
- 2014 — Cheryl Cole[80]
Listed buildings
Oxford Street has several Grade II listed buildings. In addition, the facades to Oxford Circus tube are also listed.[81][82]
Number | Grade | Year listed | Description |
---|---|---|---|
6 | II* | 1987 | The Tottenham[35] |
34 & 36 | II | 1987 | Built 1912[83] |
35 | II | 2009 | Built for Richards & Co. jewellers in 1909.[84] |
105–109 | II | 1986 | Built c. 1887 for the hatter Henry Heath.[85] |
133–135 | II | 2009 | Pembroke House, built 1911[86] |
147 | II | 2009 | Built in 1897 for the chemist John Robbins.[87] |
156–162 | II* | 1975 | Built 1906–08; an early example of a steel framed structure.[88] |
164–182 | II | 1973[89] | |
173 | II | 2009 | The Pantheon, now Marks and Spencer[29] |
219 | II | 2001[90] | |
313 | II | 1975 | Built c. 1870–1880[91] |
360–366 | II | 1987[92] | |
368–370 | II | 2008 | Early 20th century construction with 1930s facade[93] |
Cultural references
Oxford Street is a square on the British Monopoly game board, forming part of the green set (together with Regent Street and Bond Street). The three streets were grouped together as they are all primarily retail areas.[8]
See also
- List of eponymous roads in London
- Somerset House, on the corner of Oxford Street and Park Lane
References
Citations
- ^ "Land Securities to Spend $1.1 Billion on London Developments". Bloomberg L.P. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ^ "Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team". The Londoner. September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ a b c A40, London W1D UK to 537 Oxford St, London W1C 2QP, UK (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "Central London Bus Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ Knight, Stephen (October 2014). Oxford Street – the case for pedestrianisation (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d Oxford Street: The Development of the Frontage, in Survey of London: volume 40: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings). 1980. pp. 171–173. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
- ^ a b "36". Tottenham Court Road, in Old and New London: Volume 4. 1878. pp. 467–480. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
"Rathbone Place, Oxford Street, 1718," fixes the date of its erection. As the "Tyburn Road" does not appear to have been generally known as "Oxford Street" till some ten or eleven years later
- ^ a b c d e Moore 2003, p. 241.
- ^ a b c d e Hibbert & Weinreb 2010, p. 611.
- ^ Oxford Street: The Development of the Frontage, in Survey of London: volume 40: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings) – section 2. 1980. pp. 171–173. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
- ^ Bracken 2011, p. 178.
- ^ Hibbert & Weinreb 2010, p. 443.
- ^ Hibbert & Weinreb 2010, p. 828.
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 243.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 244.
- ^ a b c "The Blitz: Oxford Street's store wars". BBC News. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "Shopping-bag bomb explodes in London". The Miami News. 12 September 1973. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ "London's Oxford St. bombed". The Gazette. Montreal. 20 December 1974. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ Moore 2003, pp. 243–244.
- ^ Osborne, Hilary (26 January 2015). "Work begins on luxury flat conversion of London landmark Centre Point". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ TfL 2014, p. 136.
- ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 245.
- ^ Campbell, Sophie. "West End London shopping". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
- ^ "Oxford Street Revisited". Time Out. 1 May 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ Glinert 2012, p. 304.
- ^ Inwood 2012, p. 267.
- ^ Piper & Jervis 2002, p. 81.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 242.
- ^ a b "The Pantheon (Marks and Spencers), Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ Inwood 2012, p. 269.
- ^ Shaikh, Thair (14 January 2014). "HMV closes historic Oxford Street store". The Independent. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ Kronenburg 2013, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Sullivan 2000, p. 194.
- ^ Jephcote, Geoff Brandwood & Jane (2008). London heritage pubs : an inside story. St. Albans: Campaign for Real Ale. p. 42. ISBN 9781852492472.
- ^ a b "The Tottenham public house". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "University of the Arts London". The Independent. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "In pictures : Lush unveils radical new look on Oxford Street". Retail Week. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ Moore 2003, p. 251.
- ^ "Bond Street Station – design". Crossrail. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ "Tottenham Court Road – design". Crossrail. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ a b c TfL 2014, p. 138.
- ^ a b TfL 2014, p. 137.
- ^ a b TfL 2014, p. 141.
- ^ "Traffic Regulations (London)". Hansard. 25 February 1931. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Traffic regulations, Oxford Street". Hansard. 1 July 1931. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Through traffic ban for Oxford Street". Commercial Motor. 30 June 1972. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Urban Transport Planning Expenditure". Hansard. 9 July 1973. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Oxford Circus 'X-crossing' opens". BBC News. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "Traffic-free shopping day in London's West End scrapped". 11 October 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
- ^ "Oxford Street doomed to decline, report claims". 21 October 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
- ^ "Mayor's Oxford Street tram vision". BBC. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "Streets ahead: Relieving congestion on Oxford Street, Regent Street and Bond Street" (PDF). London Assembly Transport Committee. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010. See Appendix 1.
- ^ "Way To Go January 2009". New West End Company. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ^ TfL 2014, p. 142.
- ^ "Diesel fumes choke Tox-ford Street". The Sunday Times. 6 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ^ "Developing a new Air Quality Strategy and Action Plan – Consultation on Issues" (PDF). Westminster City Council. August 2008. See p 10
- ^ a b c "London's bright past". BBC News. 22 December 1997. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Swinnerton 2004, p. 24.
- ^ Sinclair, David (2004). Wannabe: how the Spice Girls reinvented pop fame. Omnibus Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7119-8643-5.
They [the Spice Girls] were an obvious choice, for example, to switch on the Oxford Street Christmas Lights in November 1996, a commitment which they took conspicuous delight in fulfilling.
- ^ McGeever, Mike (20 December 1997). "Peter Andre's got the 'Time'". Billboard. p. 18. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Andre has become a familiar face in Britain, where he was the celebrity chosen for the high-level media of switching on the Christmas lights Nov. 7 on London's Oxford Street.
- ^ "Boyzone star gets in Christmas spirit". BBC. 19 November 1999.
- ^ "Charlotte lighting up London". charlottechurch.net. 21 November 2000.
- ^ Hu, Claire (1 November 2001). "Seven light up Oxford St heavens". Evening Standard. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Enrique Turns It on For London Shoppers". Sky News. 21 November 2003. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Enrique the Christmas hero". Mirror. 28 October 2003. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Festive switch-on for Potter star". BBC. 16 November 2004.
- ^ "Westlife switch on festive lights". BBC. 15 November 2005.
- ^ "Westlife switch on London's Christmas lights". RTÉ Ten. 16 November 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Energy row over Christmas lights". BBC. 9 November 2006.
- ^ "Leona to turn on Christmas lights". BBC. 29 October 2007.
- ^ Carmichael, Sri (8 November 2007). "Thousands see Oxford Street lit up by spirit of Christmas". Evening Standard. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ Pilkington, Diana (13 November 2008). "Christmas crackers: Sugababes light up West End as X Factor finalists sing for screaming crowds". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Sugababes switch on Oxford Street Christmas lights". The Telegraph. London. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Jim Carrey switches on Oxford Street Christmas lights". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Actor Carrey switches on lights". BBC News. 4 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Rihanna lights up Westfield". Evening Standard. London. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "The Saturdays sing at Oxford Street Christmas lights switch-on". BBC News. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "Gary Barlow tribute ends with Take That reunion". BBC News. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "Jessie J turns on Oxford Street Christmas Lights". The Independent. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "Oxford Street Christmas lights". London Evening Standard. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "Listed Buildings in Westminster, Greater London, England". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "Listed buildings". Westminster City Council. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "34 and 36, Oxford Street W1, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "35, Oxford Street, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "105–109, Oxford Street W1". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "133–135, Oxford Street, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "147, Oxford Street, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "156–162, Oxford Street W1, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "164–182, Oxford Street W1, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "219, Oxford Street, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "313, Oxford Street, W1 – Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "360–366, Oxford Street W1, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "368–370, Oxford Street, Westminster". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
Sources
- Bracken, G. Byrne (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city’s architectural treasures... Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9-814-43536-9.
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(help) - Glinert, Ed (2012). The London Compendium. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-718-19204-4.
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(help) - Hibbert, Christopher; Weinreb, Ben (2010). The London Encyclopedia. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5.
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(help) - Inwood, Stephen (2012). Historic London: An Explorer's Companion. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-75252-8.
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(help) - Kronenburg, Robert (2013). Live Architecture: Venues, Stages and Arenas for Popular Music. ISBN 978-1-135-71916-6.
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(help) - Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-099-43386-6.
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(help) - Piper, David; Jervis, Fionnuala (2002). The Companion Guide to London. Companion Guides. ISBN 978-1-900-63936-1.
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(help) - Sullivan, Edward (2000). Evening Standard London Pub Bar Guide 1999. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86840-0.
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(help) - Swinnerton, Jo (2004). The London Companion. Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-799-0.
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(help) - London’s street family: Theory and case studies (PDF) (Report). Transport for London. 2014. p. 138. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Further reading
- John Timbs (1867), "Oxford Street", Curiosities of London (2nd ed.), London: J.C. Hotten, OCLC 12878129
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