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[[File:Iceberg with hole near sanderson hope 2007-07-28 2.jpg|300px|thumb|Water in three states: liquid, solid ([[ice]]), and (invisible) [[water vapor]] in the air. [[Clouds]] are the accumulations of the droplets, [[condensation|condensed]] from vapor-saturated air.]] |
[[File:Iceberg with hole near sanderson hope 2007-07-28 2.jpg|300px|thumb|Water in three states: liquid, solid ([[ice]]), and (invisible) [[water vapor]] in the air. [[Clouds]] are the accumulations of the droplets, [[condensation|condensed]] from vapor-saturated air.]] |
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'''Water''' is a ubiquitous [[chemical substance]] that is composed of [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] and is vital for all known forms of[[life]].<ref>[http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/background.html United Nations]</ref> |
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'''[[Water]]''' is composed of [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] molecules and is essential for the existence [[life]]. ''Water'' usually refers to its [[liquid]] [[States of matter|state]]. Water's [[solid]] state is referred to as [[ice]] and its [[gaseous]] state, [[water vapor]], or [[steam]]. |
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In typical usage, ''water'' refers only to its [[liquid]] form or [[States of matter|state]], but the substance also has a [[solid]] state, [[ice]], and a [[gaseous]] state, [[water vapor]] or [[steam]]. <!--About 1.460 [[Tonne#Multiples|petatonnes]] (Pt) (10<sup>21</sup> kilograms) of water-->Water covers 71% of the [[Earth]]'s surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#Geo|title=CIA- The world fact book|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=2008-12-20}}</ref> On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in [[aquifer]]s and 0.001% in the[[atmosphere|air]] as [[vapor]], [[cloud]]s (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]].<ref> |
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[http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System], Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007).[http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ Vital Water] [[UNEP]].</ref> [[Ocean]]s hold 97% of surface water, [[glacier]]s and polar [[ice cap]]s 2.4%, and other land surface water such as [[river]]s, [[lake]]s and [[pond]]s 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. |
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Water on Earth moves continually through a [[water cycle|cycle]] of [[evaporation]] or [[transpiration]] ([[evapotranspiration]]), [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], and[[runoff (water)|runoff]], usually reaching the [[sea]]. Over land, evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land. |
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The [[oceans]] make up 97% of water on [[Earth]] while other forms (such as [[glacier]]s and [[lake]]s) make up 3%. |
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Clean, fresh [[drinking water]] is essential to [[human]] and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world.<ref name=lomborg>{{cite book| author = Lomborg, Björn|year =2001|title =The Skeptical Environmentalist| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn = 0521010683| url =http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/basic_items/69-file/skeptenvironChap1.pdf|page =22}}</ref> There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita.<ref>[http://www.gapminder.org/videos/gapcasts/gapcast-9-public-services/ "Public Services"], Gapminder video</ref> However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the [[world population]] will be facing water-based vulnerability.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Kulshreshtha, S.N|year = 1998|title = A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025|journal = Water Resources Management|volume = 12|issue = 3|pages = 167–184|accessdate = 2008-06-09|doi = 10.1023/A:1007957229865}}</ref> A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.<ref>[http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf "Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision-making"]</ref> Water plays an important role in the [[world economy]], as it functions as a [[solvent]] for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of [[freshwater]] is consumed by [[agriculture]].<ref name=Baroni2007>{{cite journal|author = Baroni, L.|coauthors = Cenci, L.; Tettamanti, M.; Berati, M.|year = 2007|title = Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems|journal = European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume = 61|pages = 279–286|doi = 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522|pmid = 17035955|issue = 2}}</ref> |
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==Chemical properties and use== |
==Chemical properties and use== |
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{{Fishery science topics|state=autocollapse}} |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 03:58, 13 March 2010
Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms oflife.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[2] On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in theair as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[3] Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.
Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle of evaporation or transpiration (evapotranspiration), precipitation, andrunoff, usually reaching the sea. Over land, evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.
Clean, fresh drinking water is essential to human and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world.[4] There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita.[5] However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability.[6] A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.[7] Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of freshwater is consumed by agriculture.[8]
Chemical properties and use
- Water (molecule)
- Electrolysis of water
- Water of crystallization
- Dealkalization of water
- Self-ionization of water
- Water-in-water emulsion
- Water purification
- Water (data page)
- Hard Water / Soft Water
- Water absorption
- Heavy water
- Distilled water
- Salinity
- Hydrate
- Boiling
Physical properties
Geography
Weather
In nature and life
Marine life
Politics and issues
- Water politics
- Water law
- Water right
- Water resources
- Reuse of water bottles
- Water crisis
- Water industry
- Water conflicts
- Water export
- Water pollution
Supply and sanitation
In culture and sport
- Water deity
- Water (classical element)
- Holy water
- Water sport (recreation)
- Winter sport
- Water gun
- Water fight
- Fountain
Uses
- Water wheel
- Hydropower
- Drinking
- Water clock
- Irrigation
- Use of water in fire fighting
- Professional diving
- Water transport
- Bathing
- Washing
- Naval warfare
Fishing
References
- ^ United Nations
- ^ "CIA- The world fact book". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Water Vapor in the Climate System, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007).Vital Water UNEP.
- ^ Lomborg, Björn (2001). The Skeptical Environmentalist (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 0521010683.
- ^ "Public Services", Gapminder video
- ^ Kulshreshtha, S.N (1998). "A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025". Water Resources Management. 12 (3): 167–184. doi:10.1023/A:1007957229865.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision-making"
- ^ Baroni, L. (2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (2): 279–286. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522. PMID 17035955.
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