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{{double image|right|Flag of Peru (state).svg|180|Escudo nacional del Perú.svg|120|The [[Flag of Peru]]|The [[Coat of arms of Peru]]}} |
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[[Image:Peru (orthographic projection).svg|right|188px]] |
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[[Image:Un-peru.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of the [[Republic of Peru]]]] |
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{{See also|Index of Peru-related articles}} |
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The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Peru: |
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'''[[Peru]]''' – country located in western [[South America]], on the [[Pacific Coast]], north of [[Chile]]. Peruvian territory was home to [[Ancient Peru|ancient cultures]] spanning from the [[Norte Chico civilization]], one of the oldest in the world, to the [[Inca Empire]], the largest state in [[Pre-Columbian|Pre-Columbian America]]. The [[Spanish Empire]] conquered the region in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|established a Viceroyalty]], which included most of its South American colonies. After [[Independence of Peru|achieving independence]] in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and [[fiscal crisis]] as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. |
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{{TOC limit|limit=2}} |
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== General reference == |
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[[Image:Peru rel1991.gif|thumb|An enlargeable relief map of [[Peru]]]] |
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* [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]: |
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* Common English country name: [[Peru]] |
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* Official English country name: The [[Republic of Peru]] |
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* Common [[endonym]](s): [[List of countries and capitals in native languages| ]] |
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* Official endonym(s): [[List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states| ]] |
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* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Adjectival]](s): [[Peruvian]] |
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* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Demonym]](s): |
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* [[Etymology]]: [[Name of Peru]] |
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* [[International rankings of Peru]] |
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* [[ISO country codes]]: PE, PER, 604 |
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* [[ISO region codes]]: See [[ISO 3166-2:PE]] |
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* [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]]: [[.pe]] |
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== Geography of Peru == |
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[[Image:Peru Topography.png|thumb|An enlargeable topographic map of [[Peru]]]] |
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{{Main|Geography of Peru}} |
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* Peru is: a [[Megadiverse countries|megadiverse]] [[Nation state|country]] |
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* Location: |
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** [[Southern Hemisphere]] |
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** [[Western Hemisphere]] |
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***[[Americas]] |
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**** [[Latin America]] |
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***** [[South America]] |
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** [[Time in Peru]] |
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*** [[Time zone]]: [[UTC-05]] |
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** [[Extreme points of Peru]] |
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*** High: [[Huascarán]] {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} – highest point in the [[Tropics]] |
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*** Low: [[South Pacific Ocean]] 0 m |
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** Land boundaries: 7,461 km |
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::{{Flag|Brazil}} 2,995 km |
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::{{Flag|Colombia}} 1,800 km |
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::{{Flag|Ecuador}} 1,420 km |
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::{{Flag|Bolivia}} 1,075 km |
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::{{Flag|Chile}} 171 km |
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:* Coastline: [[South Pacific Ocean]] 2,414 km |
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* [[Population of Peru]]: 28,750,770 (June 30, 2007) - [[List of countries by population|40th most populous country]] |
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* [[Area of Peru]]: {{convert|1285220|km2|abbr=on}} - [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|20th largest country]] |
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* [[:commons:Atlas of Peru|Atlas of Peru]] |
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=== Environment of Peru === |
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[[Image:Peru sat.png|thumb|An enlargeable satellite image of [[Peru]]]] |
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* [[Climate of Peru]] |
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* [[Environmental issues in Peru]] |
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* [[Renewable energy in Peru]] |
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* [[Geology of Peru]] |
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** [[List of earthquakes in Peru]] |
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* [[Natural regions of Peru]] |
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* [[Protected areas of Peru]] |
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** [[List of biosphere reserves in Peru|Biosphere reserves in Peru]] |
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** [[List of national parks of Peru|National parks of Peru]] |
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* [[Wildlife of Peru]] |
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** [[Flora of Peru]] |
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** [[Fauna of Peru]] |
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*** [[List of birds of Peru|Birds of Peru]] |
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*** [[List of mammals in Peru|Mammals of Peru]] |
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==== Natural geographic features of Peru ==== |
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* [[Fjords of Peru]] |
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* [[Glaciers of Peru]] |
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* [[List of islands of Peru|Islands of Peru]] |
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* [[List of lakes in Peru|Lakes of Peru]] |
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* [[List of mountains in Peru|Mountains of Peru]] |
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** [[List of volcanoes in Peru|Volcanoes in Peru]] |
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* [[Peru–Chile Trench]] |
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* [[List of rivers of Peru|Rivers of Peru]] |
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** [[List of waterfalls of Peru|Waterfalls of Peru]] |
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* [[List of valleys of Peru|Valleys of Peru]] |
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* [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas#Peru|World Heritage Sites in Peru]] |
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=== Regions of Peru === |
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==== Administrative divisions of Peru ==== |
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{{main|Administrative divisions of Peru}} |
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* [[Regions of Peru]] |
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** [[Provinces of Peru]] |
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*** [[Districts of Peru]] |
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**** [[Populated centers of Peru]] |
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** [[Former regions of Peru]] |
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* [[Municipalities of Peru]] |
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===== Regions of Peru ===== |
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{{Main|Regions of Peru}} |
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Peru is divided into [[Regions of Peru|25 regions]] and the [[Lima Province|province of Lima]]. |
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{{Imageframe|width=300|content= {{Peru Labelled Area Map}} |caption=Clickable map of the regions of Peru.|link=Image:Scalable Vectorized Administrative Map of Perú JMK.SVG|align=right}} |
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{| style="background:none;" |
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|- |
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| |
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* [[Amazonas Region|Amazonas]] |
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* [[Ancash Region|Ancash]] |
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* [[Apurímac Region|Apurímac]] |
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* [[Arequipa Region|Arequipa]] |
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* [[Ayacucho Region|Ayacucho]] |
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* [[Cajamarca Region|Cajamarca]] |
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* [[Callao Region|Callao]] |
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* [[Cusco Region|Cusco]] |
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* [[Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica]] |
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* [[Huánuco Region|Huánuco]] |
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* [[Ica Region|Ica]] |
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* [[Junín Region|Junín]] |
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* [[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]] |
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| style="vertical-align:top;" | |
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* [[Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque]] |
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* [[Lima Region|Lima]] |
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* [[Loreto Region|Loreto]] |
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* [[Madre de Dios Region|Madre de Dios]] |
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* [[Moquegua Region|Moquegua]] |
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* [[Pasco Region|Pasco]] |
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* [[Piura Region|Piura]] |
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* [[Puno Region|Puno]] |
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* [[San Martín Region|San Martín]] |
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* [[Tacna Region|Tacna]] |
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* [[Tumbes Region|Tumbes]] |
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* [[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]] |
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* [[Lima Province]] |
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| |
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|} |
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===== Provinces of Peru ===== |
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{{Main|Provinces of Peru}} |
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===== Districts of Peru ===== |
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{{Main|Districts of Peru}} |
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===== Municipalities of Peru ===== |
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{{Main|Municipalities of Peru}} |
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* [[Capital (political)|Capital]] of Peru: [[Lima]] |
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* [[List of cities in Peru|Cities of Peru]] |
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=== Demography of Peru === |
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{{main|Demographics of Peru}} |
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* [[Census in Peru]] |
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=== Neighbours of Peru === |
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Peru is bordered by: |
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* [[Bolivia]] |
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* [[Brazil]] |
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* [[Chile]] |
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* [[Colombia]] |
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* [[Ecuador]] |
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== Government and politics of Peru == |
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: ''Main article: [[Government of Peru]] and [[Politics of Peru]]'' |
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* [[Form of government]]: [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]] |
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* [[Capital (political)|Capital]] of Peru: [[Lima]] |
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* [[Census in Peru]] |
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* [[Communism in Peru]] |
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* [[Decentralization process in Peru]] |
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* [[Elections in Peru]] |
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** [[Peruvian electoral system]] |
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*** Voting in Peru is [[Compulsory voting|cumpulsory]] |
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** [[Elections in Peru|Peruvian presidential elections]]: [[Peruvian presidential election, 1895|1895]] - [[Peruvian presidential election, 1899|1899]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2000|2000]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2001|2001]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2006|2006]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2011|''2011'']] |
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** [[Elections in Peru|Peruvian parliamentary elections]]: [[Peruvian Constituent Assembly election, 1978|1978]] - [[Democratic Constitutional Congress|1992]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2000|2000]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2001|2001]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2006|2006]] - [[Peruvian general election, 2011|''2011'']] |
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* [[Liberalism in Peru]] |
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* [[List of political parties in Peru|Political parties in Peru]] |
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* [[2009 Peruvian political crisis]] |
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* [[Taxation in Peru]] |
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=== Branches of the government of Peru === |
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{{Main|Government of Peru}} |
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==== Executive branch of the government of Peru ==== |
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* [[Head of state]]: [[President of Peru]], [[Alan García]] |
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** [[Vice Presidents of Peru]] (Peru has 2) |
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* [[Head of government]]: [[Prime Minister of Peru]], [[Yehude Simon]] |
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* [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]]: [[Council of Ministers of Peru]] |
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* [[Ministries of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Agriculture of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Defense of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Education of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Environment of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Foreign Relations of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Health of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of the Interior of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Justice of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Production of Peru]] |
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** [[Ministry of Transportation and Communication of Perú]] |
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** [[Ministry of Women and Social Development of Peru]] |
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==== Legislative branch of the government of Peru ==== |
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* [[Congress of Peru]] ([[unicameral]]) |
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** [[List of Congresspeople of Peru|Members of Congress]] |
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==== Judicial branch of the government of Peru ==== |
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{{Main|Judicial system of Peru}} |
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* [[Constitutional Court of Peru]] - interprets the constitution on matters of individual rights |
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* [[Supreme Court of Peru]] - located in the [[Palace of Justice (Peru)|Palace of Justice]] |
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** [[Superior Courts of Justice of Peru]] preside over the [[Judicial Districts of Peru]] |
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*** [[Courts of First Instance of Peru]] hold jurisdiction over each [[Provinces of Peru|province]] |
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**** [[Courts of Peace of Peru]] each have jurisdiction over a single [[Districts of Peru|district]] |
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=== Foreign relations of Peru === |
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{{Main|Foreign relations of Peru}} |
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* [[List of diplomatic missions in Peru|Diplomatic missions in Peru]] |
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* [[Diplomatic missions of Peru]] |
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* [[Chile–Peru relations]] |
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==== International organization membership ==== |
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The Republic of Peru is a member of:<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook>{{cite web|date=July 13, 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|title=Peru|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=July 23, 2009}}</ref> |
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{{Col-begin}} |
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{{Col-2}} |
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*[[Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean]] (OPANAL) |
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*[[Andean Community of Nations]] (CAN) |
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*[[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) |
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*[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) |
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*[[Group of 15]] (G15) |
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*[[Group of 24]] (G24) |
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*[[Group of 77]] (G77) |
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*[[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IADB) |
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*[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) |
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*[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) |
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*[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) |
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*[[International Criminal Court]] (ICCt) |
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*[[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol) |
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*[[International Development Association]] (IDA) |
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*[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS) |
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*[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) |
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*[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) |
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*[[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) |
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*[[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) |
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*[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) |
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*[[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) |
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*[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) |
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*[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) |
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*[[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) |
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*[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) |
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*[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) |
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*[[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) |
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*[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO) |
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*[[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) |
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*[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU) |
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{{Col-2}} |
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*[[Latin American Economic System]] (LAES) |
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*[[Latin American Integration Association]] (LAIA) |
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*[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA) |
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*[[Nonaligned Movement]] (NAM) |
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*[[Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) |
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*[[Organization of American States]] (OAS) |
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*[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) |
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*[[Rio Group]] (RG) |
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*[[Southern Cone Common Market]] (Mercosur) (associate) |
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*''[[Unión Latina]]'' |
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*[[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR) |
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*[[United Nations]] (UN) |
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*[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) |
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*[[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) |
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*[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) |
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*[[United Nations Mission in Liberia]] (UNMIL) |
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*[[United Nations Mission in the Sudan]] (UNMIS) |
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*[[United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire]] (UNOCI) |
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*[[United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (MONUC) |
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*[[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti]] (MINUSTAH) |
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*[[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) |
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*[[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL) |
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*[[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) |
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*[[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) |
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*[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |
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*[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) |
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*[[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) |
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*[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |
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*[[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) |
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{{Col-end}} |
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=== Law and order in Peru === |
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* [[Capital punishment in Peru]] |
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* [[Constitution of Peru]] |
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* [[Crime in Peru]] |
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** [[Domestic violence in Peru]] |
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* [[Human rights in Peru]] |
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** [[Abortion in Peru]] |
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** [[LGBT rights in Peru]] |
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** [[Freedom of religion in Peru]] |
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* [[Law enforcement in Peru]] |
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** [[National Police of Peru]] |
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* [[Nationality law of Peru]] |
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=== Military of Peru === |
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{{main|Military of Peru}} |
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* Command |
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** [[Commander-in-chief]]: |
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*** [[Ministry of Defense (Peru)|Ministry of Defense of Peru]] |
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**** [[Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru]] |
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* Forces |
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** [[Army of Peru]] |
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** [[Navy of Peru]] |
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** [[Air Force of Peru]] |
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** [[Special forces of Peru]] |
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* [[Military history of Peru]] |
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* [[Military ranks of Peru]] |
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=== Local government in Peru === |
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* [[Regional Governments of Peru]] |
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== History of Peru == |
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: ''Main article: [[History of Peru]] and [[Timeline of the history of Peru]] |
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=== By period === |
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* [[Ancient civilizations of Peru]] |
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** [[Cultural periods of Peru]] |
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* [[Inca Empire]] |
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** [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]] |
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** [[Neo-Inca State]] |
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* [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] |
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* [[Peruvian War of Independence]] |
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* [[Guano era in Peru]] |
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* [[War of the Pacific]] |
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* [[Colombia-Peru War]] |
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* [[Ecuadorian-Peruvian war]] |
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* [[Internal conflict in Peru]] |
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=== By subject === |
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* [[Agricultural history of Peru]] |
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* [[Demographic history of Peru]] |
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* [[Economic history of Peru]] |
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* [[Homosexuality in ancient Peru]] |
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* [[Military history of Peru]] |
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=== By type of event === |
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* [[List of massacres in Peru|Massacres in Peru]] |
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== Culture of Peru == |
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{{main|Culture of Peru}} |
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* [[Architecture of Peru]] |
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** [[Inca architecture]] |
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** [[Peruvian Viceroyal architecture]] |
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* [[Cuisine of Peru]] |
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* [[Festivals in Peru]] |
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* [[Languages of Peru]] |
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* [[Media in Peru]] |
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* [[Metrication in Peru]] |
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* [[National symbols of Peru]] |
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** [[Coat of arms of Peru]] |
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** [[Flag of Peru]] |
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** [[National anthem of Peru]] |
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** [[Cockade of Peru]] (unofficial national symbol) |
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* [[People of Peru]] |
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** [[Indigenous peoples in Peru]] |
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* [[Prostitution in Peru]] |
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* [[Public holidays in Peru]] |
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* [[List of records of Peru|Records of Peru]] |
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* [[Scouting and Guiding in Peru]] |
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* [[Television in Peru]] |
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* [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas#Peru|World Heritage Sites in Peru]] |
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=== Art in Peru === |
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* [[Art in Peru]] |
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* [[Cinema of Peru]] |
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* [[Literature of Peru]] |
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* [[Music of Peru]] |
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* [[Television in Peru]] |
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* [[Theatre in Peru]] |
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=== Religion in Peru === |
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{{Main|Religion in Peru}} |
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* [[Christianity in Peru]] |
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** [[Roman Catholicism in Peru]] |
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*** [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Peru|Roman Catholic dioceses in Peru]] |
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* [[Hinduism in Peru]] |
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* [[Islam in Peru]] |
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* [[Judaism in Peru]] |
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* [[Sikhism in Peru]] |
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=== Sports in Peru === |
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{{main|Sports in Peru}} |
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* [[Football in Peru]] |
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** [[Chile and Peru football rivalry]] |
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** [[List of football clubs in Peru|Football clubs in Peru]] |
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** [[List of football stadiums in Peru|Football stadiums in Peru]] |
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** [[Peru national football team]] |
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* [[Peru at the Olympics]] |
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* [[Tennis in Peru]] |
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** [[Peru Davis Cup team]] |
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* [[Rugby union in Peru]] |
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* [[Surfing in Peru]] |
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== Economy and infrastructure of Peru == |
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{{main|Economy of Peru}} |
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* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007)]]: 54th (fifty-fourth) |
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* [[Agriculture in Peru]] |
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* [[Banking in Peru]] |
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** [[National Bank of Peru]] |
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** [[Central Reserve Bank of Peru]] |
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* [[Communications in Peru]] |
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** [[Internet in Peru]] |
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** [[Media in Peru]] |
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*** [[List of newspapers in Peru|Newspapers in Peru]] |
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** [[List of postal codes in Peru]] |
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** [[Telephone numbers in Peru]] |
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* [[List of companies of Peru|Companies of Peru]] |
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*[[Currency|Currency of Peru]]: [[Peruvian nuevo sol|Nuevo Sol]] |
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**[[ISO 4217]]: PEN |
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* [[Economic history of Peru]] |
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* [[Energy in Peru]] |
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** [[Electric power in Peru]] |
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** [[Energy policy of Peru]] |
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** [[Oil industry in Peru]] |
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* [[Health care in Peru]] |
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** [[HIV/AIDS in Peru]] |
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** [[List of hospitals in Peru|Hospitals in Peru]] |
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* [[Mining in Peru]] |
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* [[Peru Stock Exchange]] |
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* [[Tourism in Peru]] |
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* [[Transport in Peru]] |
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** [[List of airports in Peru|Airports in Peru]] |
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** [[Rail transport in Peru]] |
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** [[Roads in Peru]] |
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*** [[Highways in Peru]] |
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* [[Water resources management in Peru]] |
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** [[Irrigation in Peru]] |
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** [[Water supply and sanitation in Peru]] |
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== Education in Peru == |
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{{main|Education in Peru}} |
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== See also == |
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{{InterWiki|Spanish language|code=es}} |
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{{InterWiki|Quechua language|code=qu}} |
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{{InterWiki|Aymara language|code=ay}} |
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{{Main|Peru}} |
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*[[Index of Peru-related articles]] |
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*[[Iperu, tourist information and assistance]] |
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*[[List of international rankings]] |
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*[[List of Peru-related topics]] |
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*[[Member state of the United Nations]] |
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*[[Outline of geography]] |
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*[[Outline of South America]] |
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{{Subject bar|portal1=Peru|portal2=Latin America|portal3=Geography}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|1}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Sisterlinks|Peru}} |
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{{Wikiatlas|Peru}} |
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; Government |
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* {{es icon}} [http://www.peru.gob.pe/ Web portal] of the Peruvian Government |
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* {{es icon}} [http://www.peru.gob.pe/gobierno/list_instituciones_alfabetico.asp Directory] of Peruvian Government websites |
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; General reference |
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* [[BBC News|BBC]] country profile of [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm Peru] |
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* {{CIA World Factbook link|pe|Peru}} |
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* [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] entry on [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Peru Peru] |
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* [http://www.perulinks.com/pages/english/ Peru web directory] |
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; Other |
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* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Peru}} |
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* {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Peru/}} |
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{{Outline footer}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Outline Of Peru}} |
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[[Category:Outlines of countries|Peru]] |
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[[Category:Peru| ]] |
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[[Category:Peru-related lists| ]] |
Revision as of 15:19, 23 March 2016
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