Total population | |
---|---|
75 families (1865) | |
Languages | |
Vainakh dialect akin to the Galanchozh dialect |
The Orstkhoy, exonyms: Karabulaks, Balsu[1] — historical ethnoterritorial society, among the Chechen and Ingushes. Homeland - the upper reaches of the Assa and Fortanga rivers - the historical region of Ärshti-Mokhk (modern most of the Sunzha region of Ingushetia, the Sernovodsky region of the Chechen Republic and the border part of the Achkhoi-Martan region of Chechnya, Russia). In the tradition of the Chechen ethno-hierarchy, it is considered one of the nine historical Chechen tukhums, in the Ingush tradition - one of the seven historical Ingush shahars.[2][3]
General information
Ethnicity
To the Chechens. In several encyclopedic dictionaries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Karabulaks (Orstkhoys) are attributed to the Chechen people:
“Chechens are usually divided into many groups, or societies, giving them a name from the rivers and mountains on which they lived, or from significant auls that reveal influence on others. Such are the Aldins, the Atagins, the Karabulaks (Orstkhois), the Michikians, the Kachkalyks, the Ichkerinians, the Aukhovites, and others, and others. But this division of the Chechen people into many separate clans was done, however, by Russians and, in the strict sense, matters only for them. It is completely unknown to the locals. The Chechens themselves call themselves Nakhche, that is, the people, and this name applies equally to all tribes and generations that speak the Chechen language and its dialects.
To the Ingush. In the first ethnographic descriptions of the Orstkhoys in the works of European authors of the second half of the 18th century, the Orstkhoys are identified with the Ingush. In particular, the aforementioned I. A. Guldenshtedt calls the “Karabulak district” and some Orstkhoy villages among other Ingush proper and opposes all of them together to the Chechens[4]. Ten years later, L. L. Shteder, making notes about karabulaks, gives an almost textbook description of the unique details of typical Ingush vestments, cited by travelers and authors of the late 18th-19th centuries, often replicated on the images of that era and no longer characteristic of any other of the peoples Caucasus[5][6]. The German scientist Professor Johann-Gotlieb Georgi in his fundamental encyclopedic “Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state” in the section “Kists or Kists” wrote about Karabulaks that they: “Before this they were called Yugush, but they call themselves Arshts”[7], and another German scientist, P. S. Pallas, also argued that the Karabulaks come precisely from the Ingush (galgay)[8]. Subsequently, S. M. Bronevsky confirmed the identity of the Orstkhois with the Ingush[9].
In the Russian Empire, on the basis of scientific, statistical and ethnographic data, the Orstkhoys, under the name "Karabulaks", were officially classified as Ingush along with the Galashev, Nazran and other Ingush societies[10][11]. This is how the Orstkhoys were perceived, that is, they were called Ingush, and in the Imamate of Shamil [12]. In Soviet times, they were also officially included in the Ingush, fixing this in their passports. In the scientific community in the 2nd half of the 20th - early 21st centuries, the ethnicity of the Orstkhois is defined as one of the Ingush societies[13].
Downfall
The late 1850s saw the end of the Eastern and Central Caucasian resistance to Tsarist rule was defeated; and in 1865, the Caucasian cleansing operations occurred. Although they mainly targeted Circassians for expulsion or murder, the Arshtins also fell victim. In May–July 1865, according to official documents, 1366 Arshtin families disappeared (i.e. either fled or were killed) and only 75 remained.[2] These 75, realizing the impossibility of existing as a nation of only hundreds of people, joined (or rejoined) the Chechen nation as the Erstkhoi tukhum.[2][14] The land of the 1366 Arshtin families that "disappeared" was settled by Cossacks.
See also
- History of Chechnya
- Chechens
- Ingush
- Caucasian Wars
- Nakh Peoples
- Nakh languages
- Chechen language
- Ethnic Cleansing of Circassians
References
- ^ "Johann Anton Güldenstädt. Journey through the Caucasus in 1770-1773. SPb., 2002. S. 243".
- ^ a b c Anchabadze, George. The Vainakhs. Page 29
- ^ Павлова, О. С. (2012). Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета. Москва.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Гюльденштедт, И.А. (2002). Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770—1773 гг : [нем.] = Reisen durch Russland und im Caucasischen Gebürge / von P. S. Pallas : полев. исслед / Пер. Т. К. Шафроновской, ред. и коммент. Ю. Ю. Карпов. — РАН. Музей антропологии и этнографии имени Петра Великого (Кунсткамера). — СПб. : «Петербургское востоковедение». — 512 [или 507?] с. — [1-е изд. на русск. яз. всех материалов И. А. Гюльденштедта последней трети XVIII в.]. — 1000 экз.
- ^ Штедер, Л.Л. (2010). Дневник Путешествия в 1781 году от пограничной крепости Моздок во внутренние области Кавказа. // Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII—XVIII веков / Сост., пер. В. Аталиков. : Издательство В. и М. Котляровых. Нальчик.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Капрот, Юлиуас (1807–1808). Путешествие по Кавказу и Грузии, предпринятое в 1807 и 1808 годах по поручению Императорской академии наук Санкт-Петербурга, содержащее полное описание Кавказских стран и ее жителей. Санкт-Петербург.
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: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Георги, И. Г. (1799). Описание всех обитающих в Российском государстве народов. Их житейских обрядов, обыкновений, одежд, жилищ, упражнений, забав, вероисповеданий и других достопамятностей. Императорская Академия Наук.
- ^ Паллас, П.С. (1996). Путешествие по южным провинциям российской империи в 1793 и 1794 годах // Наша старина / Отв. ред. В. М. Аталиков. Нальчик.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Броневский, С.М. (1823). Кисты (глава третья) // Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе (часть вторая) = Новѣйшія географическія и историческія извѣстія о Кавказѣ : моногр. — М. : В тип. С. Селивановского.
- ^ Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи: издаваемое по высочайшему повелению при 1-м отделении Департамента Генерального штаба. — СПб.: Типография Департамента Генерального штаба. 1851.
- ^ Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии (общие положения) / Общенациональная Комиссия по рассмотрению вопросов, связанных с определением территории и границ Ингушетии. — Архивные документы, иллюстрации и карты. Назрань. 2021.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Волкова, Н.Г. (1973). Глава пятая. Вайнахи // Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа / Ответ. ред. Л. И. Лавров. — АН СССР. Институт этнографии им. Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклая. — М.: «Наука», Главная редакция восточной литературы.
- ^ Крупнов, Е.И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия. — М.: Наука.
- ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens: A Handbook. Page 259.