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{{Redirect2|Organs|Viscera||Organ (disambiguation){{!}}Organ|and|Viscera (disambiguation)}} |
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{{short description|Collection of tissues with similar functions}} |
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{{Redirect|Organs|other uses|Organ (disambiguation){{!}}Organ}} |
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{{TAFI}} |
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{{Infobox anatomy |
{{Infobox anatomy |
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| Name = Organ |
| Name = Organ |
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[[Image:Red Hibiscus in Chennai during Spring.JPG|thumb|right|The flower is the angiosperm's reproductive organ. This ''[[Hibiscus]]'' flower is hermaphroditic, and it contains [[stamen]] and [[Gynoecium|pistils]].]] |
[[Image:Red Hibiscus in Chennai during Spring.JPG|thumb|right|The flower is the angiosperm's reproductive organ. This ''[[Hibiscus]]'' flower is hermaphroditic, and it contains [[stamen]] and [[Gynoecium|pistils]].]] |
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[[Image:Equisetum telmateia strob.jpg|thumb|right|Strobilus of ''[[Equisetum telmateia]]'']] |
[[Image:Equisetum telmateia strob.jpg|thumb|right|Strobilus of ''[[Equisetum telmateia]]'']] |
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The study of plant organs is referred to as [[plant morphology]], rather than anatomy {{En dash}} as in [[animal]] systems. Organs of [[plant]]s can be divided into vegetative and reproductive. Vegetative plant organs include [[root]]s, [[plant stem|stems]], and [[leaf|leaves]]. The reproductive organs are variable. In [[flowering plant]]s, they are represented by the [[flower]], [[seed]] and [[fruit]]. In [[Pinophyta|conifers]], the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a [[conifer cone|cone]]. In other divisions ([[phylum|phyla]]) of plants, the reproductive organs are called [[strobili]], in ''[[Lycopodiophyta]]'', or simply gametophores in [[moss]]es. |
The study of plant organs is referred to as [[plant morphology]], rather than anatomy {{En dash}} as in [[animal]] systems. Organs of [[plant]]s can be divided into vegetative and reproductive. Vegetative plant organs include [[root]]s, [[plant stem|stems]], and [[leaf|leaves]]. The reproductive organs are variable. In [[flowering plant]]s, they are represented by the [[flower]], [[seed]] and [[fruit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reproduction in Plants |url=http://www. biologyreference. com/Re-Se/Reproduction-in-Plants.html |website=Biology Reference |publisher=Biology Reference |accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref> In [[Pinophyta|conifers]], the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a [[conifer cone|cone]]. In other divisions ([[phylum|phyla]]) of plants, the reproductive organs are called [[strobili]], in ''[[Lycopodiophyta]]'', or simply gametophores in [[moss]]es. |
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The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as [[photosynthesis]], while the reproductive organs are essential in [[plant sexuality|reproduction]]. However, if there is [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] [[vegetative reproduction]], the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants (see [[clonal colony]]). |
The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as [[photosynthesis]], while the reproductive organs are essential in [[plant sexuality|reproduction]]. However, if there is [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] [[vegetative reproduction]], the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants (see [[clonal colony]]). |
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The English word "organ" dates back to the twelfth century, in reference to any musical instrument. By the late 14th century, the musical term's meaning had narrowed to refer specifically to the [[Organ (music)|keyboard-based instrument]]. At the same time, a second meaning arose, in reference to a "body part adapted to a certain function".<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=organ (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/organism#etymonline_v_7139 |dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref> |
The English word "organ" dates back to the twelfth century, in reference to any musical instrument. By the late 14th century, the musical term's meaning had narrowed to refer specifically to the [[Organ (music)|keyboard-based instrument]]. At the same time, a second meaning arose, in reference to a "body part adapted to a certain function".<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=organ (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/organism#etymonline_v_7139 |dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref> |
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Plant organs are made from tissue composed of different types of tissue. When three or more organs are present, it is called an organ system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://biologydictionary.net/organ-system/|title=Organ System - Definition and Examples {{!}} Biology Dictionary|date=2016-10-31|work=Biology Dictionary|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref> |
Plant organs are made from tissue composed of different types of tissue. The three tissue types are ground, vascular, and dermal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plant Development I: Tissue differentiation and function |url=http://bio1520.biology.gatech.edu/growth-and-reproduction/plant-development-i-tissue-differentiation-and-function/ |website=Biology 1520 (Georgia Tech) |publisher=Georgia Tech |accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref> When three or more organs are present, it is called an organ system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://biologydictionary.net/organ-system/|title=Organ System - Definition and Examples {{!}} Biology Dictionary|date=2016-10-31|work=Biology Dictionary|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>. |
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The adjective ''[[wikt:visceral|visceral]]'', also ''[[splanchnic]]'', is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by [[Rome|Roman]] pagan [[priest]]s like the [[haruspices]] or the [[augur]]s in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors. This practice remains an important ritual in some remote, tribal societies. |
The adjective ''[[wikt:visceral|visceral]]'', also ''[[splanchnic]]'', is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by [[Rome|Roman]] pagan [[priest]]s like the [[haruspices]] or the [[augur]]s in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dickie |first1=Matthew W. |title=Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World |date=February 23, 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415311292 |page=274 |edition=1}}</ref> This practice remains an important ritual in some remote, tribal societies. |
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The term "visceral" is contrasted with the term "{{linktext|parietal}}", meaning "of or relating to the wall of a body part, [[Body cavity|organ or cavity]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://team.inria.fr/parietal/|title=Parietal – Learning brain structure, function and variability from neuroimaging data.|website=team.inria.fr|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> The two terms are often used in describing a membrane or piece of connective tissue, referring to the opposing sides.{{ |
The term "visceral" is contrasted with the term "{{linktext|parietal}}", meaning "of or relating to the wall of a body part, [[Body cavity|organ or cavity]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://team.inria.fr/parietal/|title=Parietal – Learning brain structure, function and variability from neuroimaging data.|website=team.inria.fr|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> The two terms are often used in describing a membrane or piece of connective tissue, referring to the opposing sides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thoracic cavity |url=https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Thoracic_cavity |website=Amboss |publisher=Amboss |accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref> |
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===Antiquity=== |
===Antiquity=== |
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===Modern times=== |
===Modern times=== |
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{{anchor|Modern times}} |
{{anchor|Modern times}} |
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The variations in [[natural language]] definitions of what constitutes an organ, their degree of precision, and the variations in how they map to [[ontology (information science)|ontologies]] and [[taxonomy for search engines|taxonomies]] in [[information science]] (for example, to count how many organs exist in a typical human body) are topics explored by writer Carl Engelking of [[Discover (magazine)|''Discover'' magazine]] in 2017 as he analyzed the [[science journalism]] coverage of the evolving scientific understanding of the [[mesentery]].<ref name="Engelking_2017-01-06">{{Citation |last=Engelking |first=Carl |date=2017-01-06 |title=We got the mesentery news all wrong |work=The Crux (a [[group blog]] by Discover writers) |url= http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2017/01/06/got-mesentery-news-wrong/ |doi= |postscript=.}}</ref> He explored a challenge now faced by anatomists: as human understanding of [[ontology]] generally (that is, how things are defined, and how the relationship of one thing to another is defined) meets [[applied ontology]] and [[ontology engineering]], unification of varying views is in higher demand.<ref name="Engelking_2017-01-06"/> However, such unification always faces [[epistemology|epistemologic]] frontiers, as humans can only declare computer ontologies with certainty and finality to the extent that their own cognitive [[taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] (that is, science's understanding of the universe) is certain and final. For example, the fact that the tissues of the mesentery are continuous was something that was simply not known for sure until it was demonstrated with [[microscopy]].<ref name="CoffeyO'Leary2016">{{cite journal|last1=Coffey|first1=J Calvin|last2=O'Leary|first2=D Peter|title=The mesentery: structure, function, and role in disease|journal=The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=1|issue=3|year=2016|pages=238–247|doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30026-7}}</ref> Because humans cannot predict all future scientific discoveries, they cannot build a unified [[ontology]] that is totally certain and will never again change. However, one of the points made by an anatomist interviewed by Engelking is that, finality aside, much more could be done even now to [[knowledge representation and reasoning|represent existing human knowledge more clearly for computing purposes]]. |
The variations in [[natural language]] definitions of what constitutes an organ, their degree of precision, and the variations in how they map to [[ontology (information science)|ontologies]] and [[taxonomy for search engines|taxonomies]] in [[information science]] (for example, to count how many organs exist in a typical human body) are topics explored by writer Carl Engelking of [[Discover (magazine)|''Discover'' magazine]] in 2017 as he analyzed the [[science journalism]] coverage of the evolving scientific understanding of the [[mesentery]].<ref name="Engelking_2017-01-06">{{Citation |last=Engelking |first=Carl |date=2017-01-06 |title=We got the mesentery news all wrong |work=The Crux (a [[group blog]] by Discover writers) |url= http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2017/01/06/got-mesentery-news-wrong/ |doi= |postscript=.}}</ref> He explored a challenge now faced by anatomists: as human understanding of [[ontology]] generally (that is, how things are defined, and how the relationship of one thing to another is defined) meets [[applied ontology]] and [[ontology engineering]], unification of varying views is in higher demand.<ref name="Engelking_2017-01-06"/> However, such unification always faces [[epistemology|epistemologic]] frontiers, as humans can only declare computer ontologies with certainty and finality to the extent that their own cognitive [[taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] (that is, science's understanding of the universe) is certain and final. For example, the fact that the tissues of the mesentery are continuous was something that was simply not known for sure until it was demonstrated with [[microscopy]].<ref name="CoffeyO'Leary2016">{{cite journal|last1=Coffey|first1=J Calvin|last2=O'Leary|first2=D Peter|title=The mesentery: structure, function, and role in disease|journal=The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=1|issue=3|year=2016|pages=238–247|doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30026-7 |pmid=28404096}}</ref> Because humans cannot predict all future scientific discoveries, they cannot build a unified [[ontology]] that is totally certain and will never again change. However, one of the points made by an anatomist interviewed by Engelking is that, finality aside, much more could be done even now to [[knowledge representation and reasoning|represent existing human knowledge more clearly for computing purposes]]. |
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===Organ Procedures=== |
===Organ Procedures=== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Organoid]] |
* [[Organoid]] |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |