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'''Old Great Bulgaria''' or '''Great Bulgaria''' ([[Byzantine Greek]]: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, ''Palaiá Megálē Boulgaría'') was а term used by Byzantine historians to refer to the [[Lake Maeotis|Maeotian]] [[Bulgars|Bulgar Khanate]] during the reign of [[Kubrat]] in the |
'''Old Great Bulgaria''' or '''Great Bulgaria''' ([[Byzantine Greek]]: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, ''Palaiá Megálē Boulgaría'') was а term used by Byzantine historians to refer to the [[Lake Maeotis|Maeotian]] [[Bulgars|Bulgar Khanate]] during the reign of [[Kubrat]] in the 6th century centred on [[Phanagoria]] north of the [[Caucasus mountains]] between the [[Dniester]] and Lower [[Volga]].<ref>[[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]],[http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg5.htm Op. cit., p. 356-357]</ref> |
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==Kubrat== |
==Kubrat== |
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[[Kubrat]] (also Kurt or Houvrat) was of the kingly [[Dulo clan]]<ref>[[Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans]]</ref> and the rightful heir of the Bulgar throne.<ref>Mingazov S. Kubrat - the Ruler of Great Bulgaria and Ketrades - character of John of Nikiu work - Kazan: Institute of History of Academy of Science of Republic of Tatarstan, 2012</ref> |
[[Kubrat]] (also Kurt or Houvrat) was of the kingly [[Dulo clan]]<ref>[[Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans]]</ref> and the rightful heir of the Bulgar throne.<ref>Mingazov S. Kubrat - the Ruler of Great Bulgaria and Ketrades - character of John of Nikiu work - Kazan: Institute of History of Academy of Science of Republic of Tatarstan, 2012</ref> |
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Kubrat quickly managed to |
Kubrat quickly managed to unite the tribes into a domination extending [[Western Hunic Khaganate|Bulgar]] influence among the Ongarians in Pannonia in what subsequently became known as Hungary. He became entangled in dynastic conflicts with his cousins from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_(clan) Ashina clan]. Ultimately however, although there is no evidence that the Hazars were independent of the Bulgars until after Kubrat's empire weakened, it is believed they seceded from the [[Western Hunic Khaganate|Ongar]]. After Kubrat's burial in [[Pereshchepina Treasure|Mala Pereshchepina]], the [[Khazars]] who had triumphed in the collapse of Ongaria subjugated Kubrat's heir Batbayan forcing his other sons to flee north up the Volga (Kotrag) and west into the Balkans (Kuber & [[Asparuh]]) and Italy (Alcek, Alzek) <ref>[http://philology-and-culture.kpfu.ru/?q=system/files/39_0.pdf Mingazov S. The Heirs of Great Bulgaria in Western Europe// Philology and Culture. - 2012. - № 1 (27).- S. 201-207.] .</ref> |
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[[File:Bulgarians and Slavs VI-VII century.png|thumb|left|280px|Bulgars' settlements 6th-7th century]] |
[[File:Bulgarians and Slavs VI-VII century.png|thumb|left|280px|Bulgars' settlements 6th-7th century]] |
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==Establishment== |
==Establishment== |
||
Between 630 and 635, [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Kubrat]] managed to unite the two main Bulgar tribes of [[ |
Between 630 and 635, [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Kubrat]] managed to unite the two main Bulgar tribes of [[Kotrag|Kotrigar]] and [[Utigar]] under a single rule, creating a powerful confederation which is referred to by the [[medieval]] authors as ''The Old Great Bulgaria''<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople]], ''Historia syntomos, breviarium''</ref> and also known as [[Onogars|Onogandur]]-Bulgar Empire (or in western version: ''Onoghuria'').<ref>[http://www.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/ZimonyiIP.pdf Zimonyi Istvan: "History of the Hunic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans".] (Uppsala University: Institute of Linguistics and Philology)</ref> Some scholars assume that it also included among its subjects the defeated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans Alans] and stretched as far west as the [[Pannonian plain]]. It is presumed that his capital was the ancient city of [[Phanagoria]] on the [[Taman peninsula]]. Kubrat's grave was discovered in 1912 at [[Pereshchepina]], [[Ukraine]].<ref>Rasho Rashev, ''Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert'', Orbel, Sofia, 2005 (in Bulgarian, German summary)</ref> |
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{{History of Bulgaria}} |
{{History of Bulgaria}} |
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==Disintegration and successor states== |
==Disintegration and successor states== |
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The events that unfolded following Kubrat's death are described by the Byzantine Patriarch [[Nicephorus I]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the times of Emperor [[Constantine IV]], he narrates, Kubrat died and [[Batbayan]], the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state. Under strong [[Khazar]] pressure, Kubrat's other sons disregarded their father's advice to stay together in order to resist the enemies and soon departed, taking their own tribes. Old Great Bulgaria |
The events that unfolded following Kubrat's death are described by the Byzantine Patriarch [[Nicephorus I]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the times of Emperor [[Constantine IV]], he narrates, Kubrat died and [[Batbayan]], the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state. Under strong [[Khazar]] pressure, Kubrat's other sons disregarded their father's advice to stay together in order to resist the enemies and soon departed, taking their own tribes. Old Great Bulgaria weakened under Khazars pressure in 668.<ref>[http://books.google.bg/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=Bulgaria+Khazars+631+668&source=bl&ots=UqjiyC5leb&sig=oPvvfkwRLPoicuDa480yQL81tIU&hl=bg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=old%20great%20Bulgaria%20&f=false The Other Europe in the Middle ages: Alans, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Florin Curta, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9004163891, p. 351.]</ref> |
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===Volga Bulgars=== |
===Volga Bulgars=== |
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{{main|Volga Bulgaria}} |
{{main|Volga Bulgaria}} |
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[[Kotrag]], the leader of the |
[[Kotrag]], the leader of the Kutrigars (or Kotrags), left for Middle Volga, where he later established [[Volga Bulgaria]] at the Volga–[[Kama River|Kama]] confluence, a state which was to become very prosperous. The [[Volga Bulgars]] or the Silver Bulgars (''Bessermens'') as they were called at the time, converted voluntarily to [[Islam]] in the 10th century and managed to preserve their national identity well into the 13th century, by repelling the first [[Mongol]] attacks in 1223. However, they were eventually subdued, their capital [[Bolghar|Bulgar]] city became one of major cities of the [[Golden Horde]] of the Mongols and the Bulgars mixed with the [[Tatars]]. The citizens of the modern [[Russian Federation|Russian]] republics of [[Tatarstan]] and [[Chuvashia Republic|Chuvashia]] are considered to be descendants of those Bulgars. |
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===Bulgars in Vojvodina and Macedonia=== |
===Bulgars in Vojvodina and Macedonia=== |
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[[Kuber]] ruled in [[Sirmium]] over a mixed group of peoples (Bulgars, 'Romans' |
[[Kuber]] ruled in [[Sirmium]] over a mixed group of peoples (Bulgars, 'Romans', Germanics) as a vassal of the [[Eurasain Avars|Avar]] khagan. After a revolt he led his people to [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. There he had settled in the region of Keremisia and made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of [[Thessaloniki]]. After this, he disappears from history and his people were later consolidated into the Bulgarian Empire by khan Krum. |
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===Bulgars in Southern Italy=== |
===Bulgars in Southern Italy=== |
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{{see| Bulgarians in Italy}} |
{{see| Bulgarians in Italy}} |
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Other Bulgars, circa 662, led by their "Duke Alzeco" ([[Altsek]]) sought refuge from the |
Other Bulgars, circa 662, led by their "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcek Duke Alzeco]" ([[Altsek]]) sought refuge from the Alans with the [[Lombards]] and requested |
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land from the Lombard King [[Grimoald I of Benevento]] in exchange for military service "for an uncertain reason", initially staying near [[Ravenna]] and later moving further south. Grimoald sent Altzek and his followers to his son [[Romuald I of Benevento|Romuald]] in Benevento and they were then granted by Romuald land northeast of [[Naples]] in the "spacious but up till that time deserted" towns of [[Sepino]], Bovianum ([[Boiano]]), and [[Isernia]], in the present-day region of [[Molise]] in the [[Apennines]]. Instead of the title "Duke" Altzek was granted the Lombard title of "[[Gastald]]". [[Paul the Deacon]] in his ''[[Historia Langobardorum]]'' writing after the year 787 says that in his time Bulgars still inhabited the area, and that even though they speak "Latin", "they have not forsaken the use of their own tongue".<ref>{{cite book | last = Diaconis | first = Paulus | authorlink = Paul the Deacon | title = Historia Langobardorum | date = 787 | location = Monte Cassino, Italy | url = http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php | nopp = true | page = Book V chapter 29 }}</ref> |
land from the Lombard King [[Grimoald I of Benevento]] in exchange for military service "for an uncertain reason", initially staying near [[Ravenna]] and later moving further south. Grimoald sent Altzek and his followers to his son [[Romuald I of Benevento|Romuald]] in Benevento and they were then granted by Romuald land northeast of [[Naples]] in the "spacious but up till that time deserted" towns of [[Sepino]], Bovianum ([[Boiano]]), and [[Isernia]], in the present-day region of [[Molise]] in the [[Apennines]]. Instead of the title "Duke" Altzek was granted the Lombard title of "[[Gastald]]". [[Paul the Deacon]] in his ''[[Historia Langobardorum]]'' writing after the year 787 says that in his time Bulgars still inhabited the area, and that even though they speak "Latin", "they have not forsaken the use of their own tongue".<ref>{{cite book | last = Diaconis | first = Paulus | authorlink = Paul the Deacon | title = Historia Langobardorum | date = 787 | location = Monte Cassino, Italy | url = http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php | nopp = true | page = Book V chapter 29 }}</ref> |
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Excavations in the necropolis of Vicenne-[[Campochiaro]] near Boiano which dates from the |
Excavations in the necropolis of Vicenne-[[Campochiaro]] near Boiano which dates from the 6th century, found among 130 burials that there were 13 human burials alongside horses along with artifacts of Germanic and [[Eurasian Alans|Alan]] origin.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sepolture Con Cavallo Da Vicenne (Cb):|journal= I° Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale.|year=2001|first=Bruno|last=Genito|coauthors=|volume=|issue=|pages=|id= |url=http://192.167.112.135/NewPages/COLLANE/TESTISAMI/SAMI1/48.PDF|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-09-27 |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20060602175209/http://192.167.112.135/NewPages/COLLANE/TESTISAMI/SAMI1/48.PDF |archivedate = June 2, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Anthropological and cultural features of a skeletal sample of horsemen from the medieval necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro (Molise, Italy)|journal=Collegium antropologicum (Coll. antropol.) ISSN 0350-6134 |year=2001|first=M. G. |last=Belcastro|coauthors=Faccini F.|volume=25 |issue=2|pages=387–401|id= |url=http://www.collantropol.hr/_doc/Coll.%20Antropol.%2025%20(2001)%202:%20387%E2%80%93401.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italia.it/it/guide/5,en,SCH1/objectId,SIG56921Pit,curr,EUR,parentId,RGN21it,season,at1,selectedEntry,artculture/intern.html |title=Longobard necropolis of Campochiaro |accessdate=2007-09-27 |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20071106041902/http://www.italia.it/it/guide/5,en,SCH1/objectId,SIG56921Pit,curr,EUR,parentId,RGN21it,season,at1,selectedEntry,artculture/intern.html |archivedate = November 6, 2007}}</ref> Horse burials are characteristic of Central Asian horse-nomads, and therefore these burials are clearly those of the Bulgar settlers of Molise and [[Campania]].<ref>Conte Miltenova, N. - I Bulgari di [[Gallo Matese]] - Prefazione e postfazione di Giuseppe Mario Tufarulo Passaporto Editore, Roma, 1993. - C.N.R.</ref> |
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=== |
===Ongaria=== |
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BatBayan's Blacksea Bulgars remained in their Ukrainian homeland, |
BatBayan's Blacksea Bulgars remained in their Ukrainian homeland, Ongaria, but were subdued by their relatives, the [[Khazars|Kazarigs]]. Some {{who|date=March 2014}} believe that the present-day [[Balkars]] are the descendants of the BatBayan horde even though they call themselves Malkars (after the river [[Malka (river)|Malka]]) and speak a Turkic language of the [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] type. |
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But in most Turkic languages the sound "b" became "m".{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} |
But in most Turkic languages the sound "b" became "m".{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} |
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After the state disintegrated under Khazar attack in 668, [[Asparuh]] parted ways with his brothers and led some of the [[Bulgars]] to seek a secure home. He was followed by 30,000 to 50,000 Bulgars.<ref>[http://www.promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_b1_1.html Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.]</ref> After the [[Battle of Ongal]] Asparuh founded the First Bulgarian Empire, which was officially recognized as an independent state by the Byzantine Empire in 681. |
After the state disintegrated under Khazar attack in 668, [[Asparuh]] parted ways with his brothers and led some of the [[Bulgars]] to seek a secure home. He was followed by 30,000 to 50,000 Bulgars.<ref>[http://www.promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_b1_1.html Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.]</ref> After the [[Battle of Ongal]] Asparuh founded the First Bulgarian Empire, which was officially recognized as an independent state by the Byzantine Empire in 681. |
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==Etymology of |
==Etymology of Ongharia== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2013}} |
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2013}} |
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{{See also| |
{{See also|Onogars}} |
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Variations of the name include: |
Variations of the name include: |
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There are numerous speculations about the origin of the Onogur name: |
There are numerous speculations about the origin of the Onogur name: |
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* "Gar" is considered to be the word for "tribe" Bul-gar, Un-gar, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcek Aldi-gar], Ui-gar, Uy-gar, O-gar, O-guz, Uy-gur. |
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Considering that the modern states Bulgaria and Hungaria succeed to survive over the centuries compared to Hazaria/Buzaria |
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which confirming mistyping, fading or mistranslation errors over the centuries. |
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* In modern language of the [[Caucasian Avars]] Onoghuria could mean "Everlasting", from ''uno'' - ever and ''guro'' - lasting. |
* In modern language of the [[Caucasian Avars]] Onoghuria could mean "Everlasting", from ''uno'' - ever and ''guro'' - lasting. |
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* Some |
* Some translations from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words ''On'' (ten) and ''Ghur'' (arrow) which in combination may mean "Ten Arrows", i.e. the [[Western Turkic Kaghanate]] which was a federation of ten tribes.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} |
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* Another explanation states that because in [[Turkic languages]] the sound "z" turns to "r" when you go westwards and therefore the ethnonym of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oguz/Oghuz]] Turks would sound as Ogur/Oghur in the west. Then ''Onogur'' would mean "ten clans of Oguz/Oghuz (Turks)".{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} In support to this view is fact that the Bulgars are listed among the ten sons of [[Togarmah]] (the mythic ancestor of the Turks) in the [[Khazar Correspondence]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} |
* Another explanation states that because in [[Turkic languages]] the sound "z" turns to "r" when you go westwards and therefore the ethnonym of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oguz/Oghuz]] Turks would sound as Ogur/Oghur in the west. Then ''Onogur'' would mean "ten clans of Oguz/Oghuz (Turks)".{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} In support to this view is fact that the Bulgars are listed among the ten sons of [[Togarmah]] (the mythic ancestor of the Turks) in the [[Khazar Correspondence]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} |
Revision as of 17:25, 28 April 2014
Old Great Bulgaria | |||||||||||||||
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512–678 | |||||||||||||||
![]() Old Great Bulgaria | |||||||||||||||
Capital | Phanagoria (632–665) | ||||||||||||||
Common languages | Bulgar | ||||||||||||||
Religion | Paganism (Tengrism)[1] | ||||||||||||||
Government | Absolute Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Khan | |||||||||||||||
• 632–665 | Kubrat | ||||||||||||||
• 665–668 | Batbayan | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||||||
• Kubrat heirs the throne | 612 512 | ||||||||||||||
• Batbayan heirs the throne | 665 | ||||||||||||||
• Old Great Bulgaria is conquered by the Khazars | 678 | ||||||||||||||
|
Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Byzantine Greek: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, Palaiá Megálē Boulgaría) was а term used by Byzantine historians to refer to the Maeotian Bulgar Khanate during the reign of Kubrat in the 6th century centred on Phanagoria north of the Caucasus mountains between the Dniester and Lower Volga.[2]
Kubrat
Kubrat (also Kurt or Houvrat) was of the kingly Dulo clan[3] and the rightful heir of the Bulgar throne.[4]
Kubrat quickly managed to unite the tribes into a domination extending Bulgar influence among the Ongarians in Pannonia in what subsequently became known as Hungary. He became entangled in dynastic conflicts with his cousins from the Ashina clan. Ultimately however, although there is no evidence that the Hazars were independent of the Bulgars until after Kubrat's empire weakened, it is believed they seceded from the Ongar. After Kubrat's burial in Mala Pereshchepina, the Khazars who had triumphed in the collapse of Ongaria subjugated Kubrat's heir Batbayan forcing his other sons to flee north up the Volga (Kotrag) and west into the Balkans (Kuber & Asparuh) and Italy (Alcek, Alzek) [5]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bulgarians_and_Slavs_VI-VII_century.png/280px-Bulgarians_and_Slavs_VI-VII_century.png)
Establishment
Between 630 and 635, Khan Kubrat managed to unite the two main Bulgar tribes of Kotrigar and Utigar under a single rule, creating a powerful confederation which is referred to by the medieval authors as The Old Great Bulgaria[6] and also known as Onogandur-Bulgar Empire (or in western version: Onoghuria).[7] Some scholars assume that it also included among its subjects the defeated Alans and stretched as far west as the Pannonian plain. It is presumed that his capital was the ancient city of Phanagoria on the Taman peninsula. Kubrat's grave was discovered in 1912 at Pereshchepina, Ukraine.[8]
History of Bulgaria |
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|
Main category![]() |
History of Ukraine |
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Disintegration and successor states
The events that unfolded following Kubrat's death are described by the Byzantine Patriarch Nicephorus I.[6] In the times of Emperor Constantine IV, he narrates, Kubrat died and Batbayan, the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state. Under strong Khazar pressure, Kubrat's other sons disregarded their father's advice to stay together in order to resist the enemies and soon departed, taking their own tribes. Old Great Bulgaria weakened under Khazars pressure in 668.[9]
Volga Bulgars
Kotrag, the leader of the Kutrigars (or Kotrags), left for Middle Volga, where he later established Volga Bulgaria at the Volga–Kama confluence, a state which was to become very prosperous. The Volga Bulgars or the Silver Bulgars (Bessermens) as they were called at the time, converted voluntarily to Islam in the 10th century and managed to preserve their national identity well into the 13th century, by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. However, they were eventually subdued, their capital Bulgar city became one of major cities of the Golden Horde of the Mongols and the Bulgars mixed with the Tatars. The citizens of the modern Russian republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be descendants of those Bulgars.
Bulgars in Vojvodina and Macedonia
Kuber ruled in Sirmium over a mixed group of peoples (Bulgars, 'Romans', Germanics) as a vassal of the Avar khagan. After a revolt he led his people to Macedonia. There he had settled in the region of Keremisia and made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Thessaloniki. After this, he disappears from history and his people were later consolidated into the Bulgarian Empire by khan Krum.
Bulgars in Southern Italy
Other Bulgars, circa 662, led by their "Duke Alzeco" (Altsek) sought refuge from the Alans with the Lombards and requested land from the Lombard King Grimoald I of Benevento in exchange for military service "for an uncertain reason", initially staying near Ravenna and later moving further south. Grimoald sent Altzek and his followers to his son Romuald in Benevento and they were then granted by Romuald land northeast of Naples in the "spacious but up till that time deserted" towns of Sepino, Bovianum (Boiano), and Isernia, in the present-day region of Molise in the Apennines. Instead of the title "Duke" Altzek was granted the Lombard title of "Gastald". Paul the Deacon in his Historia Langobardorum writing after the year 787 says that in his time Bulgars still inhabited the area, and that even though they speak "Latin", "they have not forsaken the use of their own tongue".[10]
Excavations in the necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro near Boiano which dates from the 6th century, found among 130 burials that there were 13 human burials alongside horses along with artifacts of Germanic and Alan origin.[11][12][13] Horse burials are characteristic of Central Asian horse-nomads, and therefore these burials are clearly those of the Bulgar settlers of Molise and Campania.[14]
Ongaria
BatBayan's Blacksea Bulgars remained in their Ukrainian homeland, Ongaria, but were subdued by their relatives, the Kazarigs. Some [who?] believe that the present-day Balkars are the descendants of the BatBayan horde even though they call themselves Malkars (after the river Malka) and speak a Turkic language of the Kipchak type. But in most Turkic languages the sound "b" became "m".[citation needed]
First Bulgarian Empire
After the state disintegrated under Khazar attack in 668, Asparuh parted ways with his brothers and led some of the Bulgars to seek a secure home. He was followed by 30,000 to 50,000 Bulgars.[15] After the Battle of Ongal Asparuh founded the First Bulgarian Empire, which was officially recognized as an independent state by the Byzantine Empire in 681.
Etymology of Ongharia
Variations of the name include:
Onoghuria, Onoguri, Onoghuri, Onghur, Ongur, Onghuri, Onguri, Onghuria, Onguria, Onogundur, Unogundur, Unokundur, etc.
There are numerous speculations about the origin of the Onogur name:
- "Gar" is considered to be the word for "tribe" Bul-gar, Un-gar, Aldi-gar, Ui-gar, Uy-gar, O-gar, O-guz, Uy-gur.
Considering that the modern states Bulgaria and Hungaria succeed to survive over the centuries compared to Hazaria/Buzaria which confirming mistyping, fading or mistranslation errors over the centuries.
- In modern language of the Caucasian Avars Onoghuria could mean "Everlasting", from uno - ever and guro - lasting.
- Some translations from the Turkic words On (ten) and Ghur (arrow) which in combination may mean "Ten Arrows", i.e. the Western Turkic Kaghanate which was a federation of ten tribes.[citation needed]
- Another explanation states that because in Turkic languages the sound "z" turns to "r" when you go westwards and therefore the ethnonym of the Oguz/Oghuz Turks would sound as Ogur/Oghur in the west. Then Onogur would mean "ten clans of Oguz/Oghuz (Turks)".[citation needed] In support to this view is fact that the Bulgars are listed among the ten sons of Togarmah (the mythic ancestor of the Turks) in the Khazar Correspondence.[citation needed]
- Others relate Onoghur to Unok-vndur, a Bulgar people mentioned in the early Armenian sources.
See also
References
- ^ John of Nikiû, Chronicle
- ^ Theophanes,Op. cit., p. 356-357
- ^ Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans
- ^ Mingazov S. Kubrat - the Ruler of Great Bulgaria and Ketrades - character of John of Nikiu work - Kazan: Institute of History of Academy of Science of Republic of Tatarstan, 2012
- ^ Mingazov S. The Heirs of Great Bulgaria in Western Europe// Philology and Culture. - 2012. - № 1 (27).- S. 201-207. .
- ^ a b Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Historia syntomos, breviarium
- ^ Zimonyi Istvan: "History of the Hunic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans". (Uppsala University: Institute of Linguistics and Philology)
- ^ Rasho Rashev, Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert, Orbel, Sofia, 2005 (in Bulgarian, German summary)
- ^ The Other Europe in the Middle ages: Alans, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, Florin Curta, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9004163891, p. 351.
- ^ Diaconis, Paulus (787). Historia Langobardorum. Monte Cassino, Italy. Book V chapter 29.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ Belcastro, M. G. (2001). "Anthropological and cultural features of a skeletal sample of horsemen from the medieval necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro (Molise, Italy)" (PDF). Collegium antropologicum (Coll. antropol.) ISSN 0350-6134. 25 (2): 387–401. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Longobard necropolis of Campochiaro". Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Conte Miltenova, N. - I Bulgari di Gallo Matese - Prefazione e postfazione di Giuseppe Mario Tufarulo Passaporto Editore, Roma, 1993. - C.N.R.
- ^ Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.