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{{About|a dialect cluster covering the entire Okinawa Islands|its subgroup|Okinawan language}} |
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{{Infobox language family |
{{Infobox language family |
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|name=Okinawan |
|name=Okinawan |
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|states=[[Japan]] |
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|familycolor=Altaic |
|familycolor=Altaic |
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|fam1=[[Japonic languages|Japonic]] |
|fam1=[[Japonic languages|Japonic]] |
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|fam2=[[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]] |
|fam2=[[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]] |
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|fam3=[[Amami–Okinawan languages|Amami–Okinawan]] |
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|child1=[[ |
|child1=[[Kunigami language|Kunigami]] |
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|child2=[[Okinawan language| |
|child2=[[Okinawan language|Okinawan]] |
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|glotto=okin1244 |
|glotto=okin1244 |
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|map=Boundaries of the Okinawan Languages.svg |
|map=Boundaries of the Okinawan Languages.svg |
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|mapcaption= |
|mapcaption= |
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{{legend|#0000FF|Northern Okinawan}} |
{{legend|#0000FF|Northern Okinawan (Kunigami)}} |
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{{legend|#FF0000| |
{{legend|#FF0000|South–Central Okinawan (Shuri–Naha)}} |
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Darker areas represent regions that have been classified by Lewis (2009), Pellard (2009) and Curry (2004). |
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Darker areas represent regions that have been classified by Lewis (2009), Pellard (2009)<ref name="pellard2009">{{cite thesis |last=Pellard |first=Thomas |title=Ogami: Éléments de description d'un parler du sud des Ryukyus |publisher=École des hautes études en sciences sociales |year=2009 |place=Paris, France |url=http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/44/41/50/PDF/ogami-cpr.pdf |language=French }}</ref> and Curry (2004).<ref name="curry2004">{{cite thesis |last=Curry |first=Stewart A. |title=Small Linguistics: Lexical Loans in Nakijin Dialect Okinawan |publisher=University of Hawaii Library |year=2004 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/11526/2/uhm_phd_4427_r.pdf }}</ref> |
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The '''Okinawan languages''' are a hypothetical [[dialect cluster]] spoken in the [[Okinawa Islands]], [[Okinawa Prefecture]] of southwestern [[Japan]]. They constitute the [[Amami–Okinawan languages|northern branch]] of the [[Ryukyuan languages]], which are then part of the [[Japonic languages]]. The subdivisions of [[Amami–Okinawan languages|Amami–Okinawan]] are a matter of scholarly debate. The Okinawan languages, together with the [[Amami languages]], represent the two-subdivision hypothesis. |
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The '''Okinawan languages''' are a subgroup of the Northern [[Ryukyuan languages]] of Japan. There are two: |
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==Classification== |
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{{main|Amami–Okinawan languages#Subgroups}} |
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The basic unit of language or language variety in Ryukyuan is a traditionally isolated village community called ''shima'', where people used to live their entire life. Each ''shima'' has developed its own form of speech. People are well aware of differences in speeches between neighboring ''shima''. Clustering languages of some 800 ''shima'' requires non-trivial scholarly work.<ref name="nishioka2011">{{cite book |author=Nishioka Satoshi 西岡敏 |chapter=''Ryūkyūgo: shima goto ni kotonaru hōgen'' 琉球語: 「シマ」ごとに異なる方言 |editor=Kurebito Megumi 呉人恵 |title=''Nihon no kiki gengo'' 日本の危機言語 |year=2011 |language=Japanese }}</ref> Understanding how they have evolved from a common ancestor is an even more challenging task. |
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* [[Kunigami language|Kunigami]] (or "Northern Okinawan" or the [[Nakijin, Okinawa|Nakijin]] dialect) |
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At high level, linguists mostly agree to make the north–south division. In this framework, Amami–Okinawan covers the [[Amami Islands]], [[Kagoshima Prefecture]] and the [[Okinawa Islands]], [[Okinawa Prefecture]]. The subdivisions of Amami–Okinawan, however, remain a matter of scholarly debate.<ref name="karimata2000">{{cite journal|author=Karimata Shigehisa 狩俣繁久 |title=''Amami Okinawa hōgengun ni okeru Okinoerabu hōgen no ichizuke"'' 奄美沖縄方言群における沖永良部方言の位置づけ (Position of Okierabu Dialect in Northern Ryukyu Dialects) |journal=''Nihon Tōyō bunka ronshū'' 日本東洋文化論集 |number=6 |year=2000 |page=43–69 |language=Japanese |url=http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/handle/123456789/2379 }}</ref> There are at least two competing hypotheses and names given to hypothetical clusters are far from standardized. |
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* [[Okinawan language|(South–Central) Okinawan]] (Standard Okinawan or the [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]] and [[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]] dialects) |
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[[Oki-no-Erabu language|Oki-no-Erabu]] and [[Yoron language|Yoron]] are sometimes included as well. |
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The cluster of the Okinawan languages bases its existence on the two-subdivision hypothesis: |
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**[[Amami languages|Amami]] |
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***[[Amami language|Northern Amami]] |
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***Southern Amami |
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**'''Okinawan''' |
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***[[Northern Okinawan language|Northern Okinawan]] |
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***[[Okinawan language|Southern Okinawan]] |
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The other hypothesis assigns three primary branches to Amami–Okinawan: |
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*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan |
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**[[Amami language|Ōshima–Tokunoshima / Amami–Tokunoshima / Amami]] |
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**[[Kunigami language|Okinoerabu–Northern Okinawan / Okinoerabu–Yoron-Northern Okinawan / Kunigami]] |
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**[[Okinawan language|Southern Okinawan / South–Central Okinawan / Central Okinawan / Okinawan]] |
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In this framework, the Okinawan languages in question are disassembled into the last two groups. |
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==Footnotes== |
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The Okinawan languages consist of the following subgroups. |
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*[[Northern Okinawan language|Northern Okinawan]] |
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*[[Okinawan language|Southern/South–Central/Central Okinawan]] |
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==Geographic distribution== |
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* Curry, Stewart A. (2004). "[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/11526/2/uhm_phd_4427_r.pdf Small Linguistics: Lexical Loans in Nakijin Dialect Okinawan]". University of Hawaii Library. |
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The Okinawan languages are spoken on [[Okinawa Island]] and some surrounding islands. On Okinawa Island, the boundary between Northern and Southern Okinawan can be drawn between Ishikawa, [[Uruma, Okinawa|Uruma City]] and Yaka, [[Kin, Okinawa|Kin Town]] on the east coast and between Onna, [[Onna, Okinawa|Onna Village]] and Tancha, Onna Village on the west coast. This corresponds to the administrative boundary between Yuntanza Magiri and Kin Magiri before Onna Magiri was created in 1673. Karimata conjectured that the linguistic boundary could be dated back at least to the [[Sanzan period]], when a polity named Sanhoku supposedly controlled the modern-day Kunigami region.<ref name="karimata2000" /> |
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* Pellard, Thomas (2009). "[http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/44/41/50/PDF/ogami-cpr.pdf Ogami: Éléments de description d'un parler du sud des Ryukyus]". École des hautes études en sciences sociales. Paris, France. |
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Small islands around Okinawa Island show complex patterns. [[Nakamoto Masachie|Nakamoto]] labeled the south–central islands of [[Kudaka Island|Kudaka]] and [[Tsuken Island|Tsuken]] as Northern Okinawan-like while he regarded the northern islands of [[Iheya Island|Iheya]] and [[Izena Island|Izena]] as pretty Southern Okinawan-like.<ref name="nakamoto1976c3_4">{{cite book |author=Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 | chapter=''Okinawa hōgen no on'in'' 沖縄方言の音韻 | title=''Ryūkyū hōgen on'in no kenkyū'' 琉球方言音韻の研究 |pages=275–311 |year=1976 |language=Japanese }}</ref> |
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{{Ja-lang-stub}} |
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{{Japanese language |collapsed}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Okinawan Languages}} |
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Revision as of 20:02, 4 October 2014
Okinawan | |
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Geographic distribution | Japan (Okinawa Prefecture, Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture) |
Linguistic classification | Japonic
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | okin1244 |
![]() Northern Okinawan (Kunigami)
South–Central Okinawan (Shuri–Naha)
Darker areas represent regions that have been classified by Lewis (2009), Pellard (2009) and Curry (2004). |
The Okinawan languages are a subgroup of the Northern Ryukyuan languages of Japan. There are two:
- Kunigami (or "Northern Okinawan" or the Nakijin dialect)
- (South–Central) Okinawan (Standard Okinawan or the Shuri and Naha dialects)
Oki-no-Erabu and Yoron are sometimes included as well.
Footnotes
References
- Curry, Stewart A. (2004). "Small Linguistics: Lexical Loans in Nakijin Dialect Okinawan". University of Hawaii Library.
- Pellard, Thomas (2009). "Ogami: Éléments de description d'un parler du sud des Ryukyus". École des hautes études en sciences sociales. Paris, France.