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{{Short description|2011 American protest movement}} |
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{{About|the protests in New York City|the wider movement|Occupy movement}} |
{{About|the protests in New York City|the wider movement|Occupy movement}} |
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{{overly detailed|date=December 2018}} |
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{{Use American English|date=May 2014}} |
{{Use American English|date=May 2014}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} |
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{{Infobox civil conflict |
{{Infobox civil conflict |
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| title = Occupy Wall Street |
| title = Occupy Wall Street |
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| side3= |
| side3 = |
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|partof = the [[Occupy movement]] |
| partof = the [[Occupy movement]] |
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| image = Wall |
| image = Day 28 Occupy Wall Street Tom Morello 2011 Shankbone.JPG |
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| caption = [[Rage Against the Machine]] guitarist [[Tom Morello]] with Occupy Wall Street protesters outside of the [[Equitable Building (Manhattan)|Equitable Building]] at 120 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in [[Lower Manhattan]], New York on October 14, 2011 |
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| caption = Adbusters poster advertising the original protest |
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| date = {{Start date|2011| |
| date = {{Start date|17|9}} – {{End date|2011|11|15}} |
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| place= New York City |
| place = New York City |
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| coordinates = {{Coord|40|42|33 |
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|42|33|N|74|0|40|W|display=inline,title}} |
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| causes = [[Wealth inequality in the United States|Wealth inequality]], [[political corruption]],<ref>{{cite |
| causes = [[Wealth inequality in the United States|Wealth inequality]], [[political corruption]],<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.newint.org/features/2011/11/01/wall-street-corruption-protests/ | title=Let's end corruption – starting with Wall Street | journal=New Internationalist Magazine | issue=447 | date=November 1, 2011 | access-date=July 12, 2012 | author=Engler, Mark | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102012454/http://newint.org/features/2011/11/01/wall-street-corruption-protests/ | archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}</ref> [[Big business|corporate influence of government]] |
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| goals = |
| goals = |
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| methods = |
| methods = * [[Occupation (protest)|Occupation]] |
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* [[Occupation (protest)|Occupation]] |
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* [[Civil disobedience]] |
* [[Civil disobedience]] |
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* [[Picketing]] |
* [[Picketing]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Political demonstration|Demonstrations]] |
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* [[Internet activism]] |
* [[Internet activism]] |
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| status = |
| status = |
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| result = |
| result = |
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| side1 = [[Occupy movement]] protesters |
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| side1= |
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| side2= |
| side2 = [[Wall Street]] |
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| leadfigures1 = |
| leadfigures1 = |
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| leadfigures2 = |
| leadfigures2 = |
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| leadfigures3 = |
| leadfigures3 = |
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| howmany1 = |
| howmany1 = |
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| howmany2 = |
| howmany2 = |
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| howmany3 = |
| howmany3 = <div style="text-align: left;"> |
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<div style="text-align: left;"> |
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Zuccotti Park |
Zuccotti Park |
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* 50,000–100,000 marchers <br />(2012 May Day march on Wall St.)<ref name="Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day"/> |
* 50,000–100,000 marchers <br />(2012 May Day march on Wall St.)<ref name="Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day"/> |
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</div> |
</div> |
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| notes = |
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| notes = |
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}} |
}} |
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<!-- Definition : name, location, date --> |
<!-- Definition : name, location, date --> |
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'''Occupy Wall Street''' ('''OWS''') was a protest [[Social movement|movement]] against [[economic inequality]] that began in [[Zuccotti Park]], located in [[New York City]]'s [[Financial District, Manhattan|Wall Street financial district]], in September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occupywallst.org/about/|title=OccupyWallStreet – About|publisher=The Occupy Solidarity Network, Inc|accessdate=July 20, 2014}}</ref> It gave rise to the wider [[Occupy movement]] in the United States and other countries. |
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{{Socialism US|history}} |
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The Canadian [[anti-consumerist]] and pro-environment group/magazine ''[[Adbusters]]'' initiated the call for a protest. The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street were [[social equality|social]] and [[economic inequality]], greed, corruption and the undue [[Regulatory capture|influence of corporations]] on government—particularly from the [[financial services]] sector. The OWS slogan, "[[We are the 99%]]", refers to [[income inequality in the United States|income and wealth inequality in the U.S.]] between [[The 1%|the wealthiest 1%]] and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, protesters acted on consensus-based decisions made in [[General assembly (Occupy movement)|general assemblies]] which emphasized redress through [[direct action]] over [[Right to petition in the United States|the petitioning to authorities]].<ref name="Auto1Y-2"/>{{#tag:ref|Author Dan Berrett writes: "But Occupy Wall Street's most defining characteristics—its decentralized nature and its intensive process of participatory, consensus-based decision-making—are rooted in other precincts of academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism and, specifically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar."<ref name="Auto1Y-2"/>|group="nb"}} |
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'''Occupy Wall Street''' ('''OWS''') was a [[Left-wing populism|left-wing populist]] [[Social movement|movement]] against [[economic inequality]], [[corporate greed]], [[2007–2008 financial crisis|big finance]], and the [[Campaign finance|influence of money in politics]] that began in [[Zuccotti Park]], located in [[New York City]]'s [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]], and lasted for fifty-nine days—from September 17 to November 15, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occupywallst.org/about/|title=OccupyWallStreet – About|publisher=The Occupy Solidarity Network, Inc|access-date=July 20, 2014|archive-date=July 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722033941/http://occupywallst.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011. Protesters then turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, and college and university campuses. |
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The motivations for Occupy Wall Street largely resulted from public distrust in the [[private sector]] during the aftermath of the [[Great Recession]] in the United States. There were many particular points of interest leading up to the Occupy movement that angered [[Populism|populist]] and [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] groups. For instance, the [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|2008 bank bailouts]] under the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]] utilized congressionally [[Appropriation bill|appropriated]] taxpayer funds to create the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]] (TARP), which purchased [[toxic asset]]s from failing banks and financial institutions. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruling in ''[[Citizens United v. FEC]]'' in January 2010 allowed [[corporation]]s to spend unlimited amounts on [[Independent expenditure|independent]] political expenditures without [[Regulation|government regulation]]. This angered many populist and left-wing groups that viewed the ruling as a way for moneyed interests to [[Corruption|corrupt]] public [[institution]]s and [[Legislature|legislative]] bodies, such as the [[United States Congress]]. |
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==Origins== |
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The original protest was called for by [[Kalle Lasn]] and others of [[Adbusters]], a Canadian [[anti-consumerist]] publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in Lower Manhattan. The first such proposal appeared on the Adbusters website on February 2, 2011, under the title "A Million Man March on Wall Street."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Adbusters|title=A Million Man March on Wall Street|url=https://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/million-man-march-wall-street.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104218/https://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/million-man-march-wall-street.html|archivedate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Lasn registered the ''OccupyWallStreet.org'' web address on June 9.<ref name="preoccupied"/> The website has since been taken down. That same month, Adbusters emailed its subscribers saying "America needs its own [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011|Tahrir]]." White said the reception of the idea "snowballed from there".<ref name="preoccupied" /><ref name="Fleming"/> In a blog post on July 13, 2011,<ref name="Auto1Y-3"/> Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest [[Regulatory capture|corporate influence]] on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth.<ref name="Fleming"/> The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic [[Charging Bull]] statue.<ref name="inline.poster"/><ref name="nation.FAQ"/><ref name="The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet"/> |
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The protests gave rise to the wider [[Occupy movement]] in the United States and other [[Western world|Western]] countries. The Canadian [[anti-consumerist]] magazine [[Adbusters]] initiated the call for a protest.<ref name="NPR2222">{{cite news |last1=Kaste |first1=Martin |title=Exploring Occupy Wall Street's 'Adbuster' Origins |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/10/20/141526467/exploring-occupy-wall-streets-adbuster-origins |access-date=30 October 2022 |work=NPR.org |agency=National Public Radio |publisher=National Public Radio |language=en}}</ref> The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street were [[social equality|social]] and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue [[Regulatory capture|influence of corporations]] on government—particularly from the [[financial services]] sector. The OWS slogan, "[[We are the 99%]]", refers to [[income inequality in the United States|income and wealth inequality in the U.S.]] between [[The 1%|the wealthiest 1%]] and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, protesters acted on consensus-based decisions made in [[General assembly (Occupy movement)|general assemblies]] which emphasized redress through [[direct action]] over [[Right to petition in the United States|the petitioning to authorities]].<ref name="Auto1Y-2" />{{#tag:ref|Author Dan Berrett writes: "But Occupy Wall Street's most defining characteristics—its decentralized nature and its intensive process of participatory, consensus-based decision-making—are rooted in other precincts of academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism and, specifically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar."<ref name="Auto1Y-2"/>|group="nb"}} |
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Meanwhile, several similar proposals were being explored by independent groups, as reported by journalist [[Nathan Schneider]] in his book ''Thank You, Anarchy: Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Genius|last=Schneider|first=Nathan|url=https://genius.com/2107774/Nathan-schneider-thank-you-anarchy-chap-1/A-million-man-march-on-wall-street|title=Some Great Cause}}</ref> Thousands of people organized by a group of labor unions marched on Wall Street 12; the online collective [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] attempted an occupation on June 14; activists planned an indefinite occupation of Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C., which eventually became known as Occupy Washington, D.C.; in New York City a group of protestors met for several months to plan an occupation which was originally to be stationed at Chase Plaza, with Zucotti Park as "Plan B". |
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The protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011. Protesters then turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses and social media. |
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On August 1, 2011, almost a month prior to the major media event, a group of artists were arrested after a series of days protesting nude as an art performance on Wall Street.<ref name="Press">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Wall Street naked performance art ends in arrests|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2011/08/02/wall-street-naked-art.html|accessdate=May 23, 2013|newspaper=CBC.ca|date=August 2, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804081141/http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2011/08/02/wall-street-naked-art.html|archivedate=August 4, 2011}}</ref> This event may have inspired or triggered the major event to follow. This was a protest by the 49 participants on American Institutions and was titled "Ocularpation: Wall Street" by artist Zefrey Throwell.<ref name="RYZIK">{{cite news|last=RYZIK|first=MELENA|title=A Bare Market Lasts One Morning|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/02/arts/design/zefrey-throwells-ocularpation-wall-street.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=May 23, 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022053812/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/02/arts/design/zefrey-throwells-ocularpation-wall-street.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archivedate=October 22, 2012}}</ref> |
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==Origins== |
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Then in an unrelated incident, a group called ''New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts (NYAB)'' was formed, which promoted a "sleep in" in lower Manhattan called "Bloombergville", in July 2011, preceding OWS, and provided a number of activists to begin organizing.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ca.artinfo.com/news/story/760815/how-a-canadian-culture-magazine-helped-spark-occupy-wall-street| archive-url=https://archive.is/20120921170138/http://ca.artinfo.com/news/story/760815/how-a-canadian-culture-magazine-helped-spark-occupy-wall-street| url-status=dead| archive-date=September 21, 2012| title=How a Canadian Culture Magazine Helped Spark Occupy Wall Street| accessdate=July 26, 2012| work='Website publisher's name'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vtdigger.org/2012/09/18/occupy-movement-confronts-limitations-as-it-celebrates-one-year-anniversary/ |title=Occupy movement confronts limitations as it celebrates one year anniversary : VTDigger |access-date=January 22, 2013 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120923002214/http://vtdigger.org/2012/09/18/occupy-movement-confronts-limitations-as-it-celebrates-one-year-anniversary/ |archive-date=September 23, 2012 |url-status=bot: unknown |date=September 18, 2012 }}</ref> Activist, anarchist and anthropologist [[David Graeber]] and several of his associates attended the NYAB general assembly but, disappointed that the event was intended to be a precursor to marching on Wall Street with predetermined demands, Graeber and his small group created their own general assembly, which eventually developed into the New York General Assembly. The group began holding weekly meetings to work out issues and the movement's direction, such as whether or not to have a set of demands, forming working groups and whether or not to have leaders.<ref name="preoccupied"/><ref name="Drake"/><ref name="HuffingtonReawakening">{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/10/occupy-wall-street-origins_n_1083977.html| title=Reawakening The Radical Imagination: The Origins Of Occupy Wall Street| accessdate=July 25, 2012| work=The Huffington Post | first=Matt | last=Sledge | date=November 10, 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524065941/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/10/occupy-wall-street-origins_n_1083977.html| archivedate=May 24, 2013}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Huffington Post reports that Graeber and friends discovered that the "General Assembly" had been "taken over by a veteran protest group called the Worker's World Party". Graeber, his companions and others went off on their own to begin their own assembly. Eventually both factions came together. Matt Sledge of the Huffington Post writes: "As the meetings evolved, they became forums for people to air their grievances." There were about 200 activists who organized the ground rules 47 days before the protest began.<ref name="HuffingtonReawakening"/>|group="nb"}} The Internet group [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] created a video encouraging its supporters to take part in the protests.<ref name="cnn"/> The U.S. Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest "corporate influence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government", also joined the movement.<ref name="Auto1Y-5"/><ref name="ibtimes"/> The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.<ref name="Auto1Y-6"/> |
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The original protest was called for by [[Kalle Lasn]] and others of [[Adbusters]], a Canadian [[anti-consumerist]] publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in [[Lower Manhattan]]. The first such proposal appeared on the Adbusters website on February 2, 2011, under the title "A Million Man March on Wall Street."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Adbusters|title=A Million Man March on Wall Street|url=https://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/million-man-march-wall-street.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104218/https://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/million-man-march-wall-street.html|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Lasn registered the ''OccupyWallStreet.org'' web address on June 9.<ref name="preoccupied"/> The website redirected to Adbusters.org/Campaigns/OccupyWallStreet and Adbusters.org/OccupyWallStreet, but later became [[HTTP 404|"Not Found"]].<ref name="occupywallstreet.org">{{cite web |title=occupywallstreet.org |url=http://occupywallstreet.org |website=occupywallstreet.org |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828164639/http://occupywallstreet.org |archive-date=2011-08-28}}</ref> In a blog post on July 13, 2011,<ref name="Auto1Y-3"/> Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest [[Regulatory capture|corporate influence]] on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth.<ref name="Fleming"/> The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic [[Charging Bull]] statue.<ref name="inline.poster"/><ref name="nation.FAQ"/><ref name="The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet"/> In July, [[Justine Tunney]] registered OccupyWallSt.org which became the main online hub for the movement.<ref name="preoccupied" /> |
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The U.S. Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest "corporate influence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government", also joined the movement.<ref name="Auto1Y-5" /><ref name="ibtimes" /> The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.<ref name="Auto1Y-6" /> |
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The original location for the protest was [[One Chase Manhattan Plaza]], with [[Bowling Green Park]] (the site of the "Charging Bull") and [[Zuccotti Park]] as alternate choices. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations; but they left Zuccotti Park, the group's third choice, open. Since the park was private property, police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.<ref name="twsC65"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-map.html | title=Map: How Occupy Wall Street Chose Zuccotti Park |work=The New Yorker | date=November 21, 2011 | accessdate=July 12, 2012 | author=Schwartz, Mattathias | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405004551/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-map.html | archivedate=April 5, 2014 }}</ref> At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."<ref name="ibtimes"/> |
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The original location for the protest was [[28 Liberty Street|One Chase Manhattan Plaza]], with [[Bowling Green (New York City)|Bowling Green Park]] (the site of the "Charging Bull") and [[Zuccotti Park]] as alternate choices. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations; but they left Zuccotti Park, the group's third choice, open. Since the park was private property, police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.<ref name="twsC65"/><ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-map.html | title=Map: How Occupy Wall Street Chose Zuccotti Park |magazine=The New Yorker | date=November 21, 2011 | access-date=July 12, 2012 | author=Schwartz, Mattathias | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405004551/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-map.html | archive-date=April 5, 2014 }}</ref> At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."<ref name="ibtimes"/> |
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Because of its connection to the financial system, lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the 1800s,<ref name="Auto1Y-7"/> and OWS has been compared to other historical protests in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Commentators have put OWS within the political tradition of other movements that made themselves known by occupation of public spaces, such as [[Coxey's Army]] in 1894, the [[Bonus Marchers]] in 1932, and the [[1971 May Day Protests|May Day protesters]] in 1971.<ref name="Auto1Y-8"/><ref name="Auto1Y-9"/> |
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[[File:David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The anthropologist [[David Graeber]] played a leading early role in the movement and in the coining of the slogan "[[We are the 99%]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=2020-09-04 |title=David Graeber, Caustic Critic of Inequality, Is Dead at 59 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/books/david-graeber-dead.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>]] |
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Antecedent and subsequent OWS prototypes include the [[2010 United Kingdom student protests|British student protests of 2010]], [[2009 Iranian presidential election protests|2009-2010 Iranian election protests]], the [[Arab Spring|Arab Spring protests]],<ref name="Wall">{{cite news | last=Apps |first=Peter | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 | title=Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring? | publisher=Reuters | date= October 11, 2011 | access-date=November 24, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018134949/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 | archive-date=October 18, 2011 }}</ref> and, more closely related, protests in [[2011–2013 Chilean student protests|Chile]], [[Anti-austerity movement in Greece|Greece]], [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|Spain]] and [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests|India]]. Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the [[Occupy movement in the United States]].<ref name="Auto1Y-10" /><ref name="Auto1Y-11" /><ref name="top5" /> |
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Many commentators have stated that the Occupy Wall Street movement has roots in the philosophy of [[anarchism]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Graeber |first=David |title=Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130052027/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2012 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schneider |first=Nathan |date=December 20, 2011 |title=Thank You, Anarchists |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/thank-you-anarchists/ |url-status=live |journal=The Nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111723/https://www.thenation.com/article/thank-you-anarchists/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Morgan Rodgers (2013) |year=2013 |title=The 'Anarchism' of the Occupy Movement |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=335–348 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2013.820687 |s2cid=144776094}}</ref> |
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More recent prototypes for OWS include the [[2010 UK student protests|British student protests of 2010]], [[2009-2010 Iranian election protests]], the [[Arab Spring|Arab Spring protests]],<ref name="Wall">{{cite news | last=Apps |first=Peter | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 | title=Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring? | publisher=Reuters | date= October 11, 2011 | accessdate=November 24, 2011 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018134949/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 | archivedate=October 18, 2011 }}</ref> and, more closely related, protests in [[2011–13 Chilean student protests|Chile]], [[2010–2011 Greek protests|Greece]], [[2011–2012 Spanish protests|Spain]] and [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests|India]]. These antecedents have in common with OWS a reliance on social media and electronic messaging,<ref>{{cite journal |author = MD Conover & C Davis & E Ferrara & K McKelvey & [[Filippo Menczer|F Menczer]] & A Flammini |title = The Geospatial Characteristics of a Social Movement Communication Network |journal = [[PLoS ONE]] |volume = 8 |issue = 3 |year = 2013 |pages = e55957 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0055957 |pmid=23483885 |pmc=3590214|bibcode = 2013PLoSO...855957C |arxiv = 1306.5473 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author = MD Conover & E Ferrara & [[Filippo Menczer|F Menczer]] & A Flammini |title = The Digital Evolution of Occupy Wall Street |journal = [[PLoS ONE]] |volume = 8 |issue = 5 |year = 2013 |pages = e64679 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0064679 |pmid=23734215 |pmc=3667169|bibcode = 2013PLoSO...864679C |arxiv = 1306.5474 }}</ref> as well as the belief that financial institutions, corporations, and the political elite have been [[wikt:malfeasant|malfeasant]] in their behavior toward youth and the middle class.<ref name="Reutersmalfeasant"/><ref name="ArabSpring"/> Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the [[Occupy movement in the United States]].<ref name="Auto1Y-10"/><ref name="Auto1Y-11"/><ref name="top5"/> David Graeber has argued that the [[Occupy movement]], in its anti-hierarchical and anti-authoritarian consensus-based politics, its refusal to accept the legitimacy of the existing legal and political order, and its embrace of [[prefigurative politics]], has roots in an [[Anarchism|anarchist]] political tradition.<ref name="Auto1Y-4"/> Sociologist Dana Williams has likewise argued that "the most immediate inspiration for Occupy is anarchism", and the ''[[LA Times]]'' has identified the "controversial, anarchist-inspired organizational style" as one of the hallmarks of OWS.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Dana|title=The anarchist DNA of Occupy|journal=Contexts|year=2012|volume=11|issue=2|page=19|doi=10.1177/1536504212446455}}</ref><ref name="Pearce">{{cite news|last=Pearce |first=Matt |title=Could the end be near for Occupy Wall Street movement? |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-the-end-of-occupy-wall-street-20120610,0,7439790.story |accessdate=June 12, 2012 |newspaper=LA Times |date=June 11, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213105359/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-the-end-of-occupy-wall-street-20120610%2C0%2C7439790.story |archivedate=December 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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{{Main|We are the 99%}} |
{{Main|We are the 99%}} |
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[[File:We Are The 99%.jpg|thumb|"We Are The 99%"]] |
[[File:We Are The 99%.jpg|thumb|"We Are The 99%"]] |
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The [[Occupy movement|Occupy protesters']] [[political slogan|slogan]] "We are the 99%" referred to the |
The [[Occupy movement|Occupy protesters']] [[political slogan|slogan]] "We are the 99%" referred to the [[Income inequality in the United States|income disparity in the US]] and [[economic inequality]] in general, which were main issues for OWS. It derives from a "We the 99%" flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation "We ''are'' the 99%" originated from a [[Tumblr]] page of the same name.<ref name="Auto1Y-13"/><ref name="motherjonesfoundation"/> Huffington Post reporter Paul Taylor said the slogan was "arguably the most successful slogan since '[[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War#Slogans and chants|Hell no, we won't go!]]'" of the [[Vietnam War]] era, and that the vast majority of Americans saw the income gap as causing social friction.<ref name="Auto1Y-13"/> The slogan was boosted by statistics which were confirmed by a [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) report released in October 2011.<ref name="Auto1Y-14"/> Writing in 2022, historian [[Gary Gerstle]] says that the slogan "proved surprisingly appealing" in a nation that, during its [[neoliberal]] high point, often denounced ideas of [[class conflict|class warfare]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gerstle|first=Gary|date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&|location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=253–254|isbn=978-0197519646}}</ref> |
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===Income and wealth inequality=== |
===Income and wealth inequality=== |
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[[File:2008 Top1percentUSA.svg|thumb|275px|A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="Auto1Y-16"/> Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters.<ref name="CFR Analysis"/><ref name="HuffPo Income Inequality"/><ref name="Auto1Y-17"/>]] |
[[File:2008 Top1percentUSA.svg|thumb|275px|A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="Auto1Y-16"/> Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters.<ref name="CFR Analysis"/><ref name="HuffPo Income Inequality"/><ref name="Auto1Y-17"/>]] |
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[[Income inequality in the United States|Income inequality]] and [[wealth inequality in the United States| |
[[Income inequality in the United States|Income inequality]] and [[wealth inequality in the United States|wealth inequality]] were focal points of the Occupy Wall Street protests.<ref name="Auto1Y-19"/><ref name="Auto1Y-20"/><ref name="Auto1Y-21"/> This focus by the movement was studied by Arindajit Dube and Ethan Kaplan of the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], who noted that "... Only after it became increasingly clear that the political process was unable to enact serious reforms to address the causes or consequences of the economic crisis did we see the emergence of the OWS movement."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://people.umass.edu/adube/DubeKaplan_EV_OWS_2012.pdf|title=Occupy Wall Street and the Political Economy of Inequality|access-date=February 9, 2013|archive-date=January 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114112539/http://people.umass.edu/adube/DubeKaplan_EV_OWS_2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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An article on the same subject published in ''[[Salon Magazine]]'' by Natasha Leonard noted "Occupy has been central to driving media stories about income inequality in America. Late last week, Radio Dispatch's John Knefel compiled a report for media watchdog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), which illustrates Occupy's success: Media focus on the movement in the past half year, according to the report, has been almost directly proportional to the attention paid to income inequality and corporate greed by mainstream outlets. During peak media coverage of the movement last October, mentions of the term "income inequality" increased "fourfold"... tokens of Occupy rhetoric — most notably the idea of a "99 percent" against a "1 percent" — has seeped into everyday cultural parlance."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2012/05/07/media_grows_bored_of_occupy/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108095101/http://www.salon.com/2012/05/07/media_grows_bored_of_occupy/|url-status=dead|title=Media grows bored of Occupy|date=May 7, 2012|archivedate=January 8, 2014|website=Salon}}</ref> As income inequality remained on people's minds, Republican Presidential Candidate [[Mitt Romney]] said such a focus was about envy and [[class conflict|class warfare]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/01/12/news/economy/romney_envy/index.htm | work=CNN | first=Tami | last=Luhby | title=Romney: Income inequality is just 'envy' | date=January 12, 2012| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104061729/http://money.cnn.com/2012/01/12/news/economy/romney_envy/index.htm | archivedate=November 4, 2013 }}</ref> |
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=== Goals === |
=== Goals === |
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[[File:Occupy Wall Street Crowd Size 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|325px|Beginning on September 17, 2011, Zuccotti Park was [[Occupation (protest)|occupied]] by protesters.<ref name="Scola">{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2011/10/3583314/anti-corporate-occupy-wall-street-demonstrators-semi-corporate-statu |title=For the Anti-corporate Occupy Wall street demonstrators, the semi-corporate status of Zuccotti Park may be a boon |first=Nancy |last=Scola |date=October 5, 2011 |work=Capitalnewyork.com |publisher=Capital New York Media Group, Inc. | |
[[File:Occupy Wall Street Crowd Size 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|325px|Beginning on September 17, 2011, Zuccotti Park was [[Occupation (protest)|occupied]] by protesters.<ref name="Scola">{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2011/10/3583314/anti-corporate-occupy-wall-street-demonstrators-semi-corporate-statu |title=For the Anti-corporate Occupy Wall street demonstrators, the semi-corporate status of Zuccotti Park may be a boon |first=Nancy |last=Scola |date=October 5, 2011 |work=Capitalnewyork.com |publisher=Capital New York Media Group, Inc. |access-date=October 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204171231/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2011/10/3583314/anti-corporate-occupy-wall-street-demonstrators-semi-corporate-statu |archive-date=December 4, 2011 }}</ref>]] |
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OWS's goals included a reduction in the [[Regulatory capture|influence of corporations]] on politics,<ref name=Lowenstein/> more balanced distribution of income,<ref name="Lowenstein"/> [[Unemployment in the United States|more and better jobs]],<ref name=Lowenstein/> bank reform<ref name="top5">{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0129/What-s-next-for-Occupy-Wall-Street-Activists-target-foreclosure-crisis |title=What's next for Occupy Wall Street? Activists target foreclosure crisis. |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=January 29, 2012 |first=Kara|last=Bloomgarden-Smoke| |
OWS's goals included a reduction in the [[Regulatory capture|influence of corporations]] on politics,<ref name=Lowenstein/> more balanced distribution of income,<ref name="Lowenstein"/> [[Unemployment in the United States|more and better jobs]],<ref name=Lowenstein/> bank reform<ref name="top5">{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0129/What-s-next-for-Occupy-Wall-Street-Activists-target-foreclosure-crisis |title=What's next for Occupy Wall Street? Activists target foreclosure crisis. |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=January 29, 2012 |first=Kara|last=Bloomgarden-Smoke|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413030839/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0129/What-s-next-for-Occupy-Wall-Street-Activists-target-foreclosure-crisis |archive-date=April 13, 2014 }}</ref> (especially to curtail speculative trading by banks<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://occupydesign.org/gallery/designs/volcker-rule-dont-use-our-deposits-your-risky-bets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105083833/http://occupydesign.org/gallery/designs/volcker-rule-dont-use-our-deposits-your-risky-bets|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|title=Volcker Rule: Don't use our deposits for your risky bets |work=Occupy Design|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref>), [[Student loans in the United States#Criticisms|forgiveness of student loan debt]]<ref name=Lowenstein/><ref name="Auto1Y-25"/> or other relief for indebted students,<ref name="Auto1Y-26"/><ref name="Auto1Y-27"/> and [[Occupy Homes|alleviation of the foreclosure situation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/occupy-protests-move-foreclosed-homes-222757553.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109102152/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/occupy-protests-move-foreclosed-homes-222757553.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 9, 2012 |title=Occupy protests move to foreclosed homes |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |date=December 6, 2011 |access-date=July 12, 2012 |author=Valdes, Manuel (Associated Press) }}</ref> Some media labeled the protests "anti-capitalist",<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/16/occupy-protests-europe-london-assange | location=London |work=The Guardian | first1=Mark | last1=Townsend | first2=Lisa | last2=O'Carroll | first3=Adam | last3=Gabbatt | title=Occupy protests against capitalism spread around world | date=October 15, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709132112/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/16/occupy-protests-europe-london-assange | archive-date=July 9, 2013 }}</ref> while others disputed the relevance of this label.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/27/occupy-wall-street-isnt-h_n_1035988.html |work=Huffington Post | first=Jason | last=Linkins | title=Occupy Wall Street: Not Here To Destroy Capitalism, But To Remind Us Who Saved It | date=October 27, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031151458/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/27/occupy-wall-street-isnt-h_n_1035988.html | archive-date=October 31, 2011 }}</ref> |
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Some |
Some protesters favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref name="walsh1"/> One OWS group that favored specific demands created a document entitled the [[99 Percent Declaration]],<ref name="twsW32"/> but this was regarded as an attempt to "co-opt" the "Occupy" name,<ref name="NPR"/> and the document and group were rejected by the General Assemblies of Occupy Wall Street and [[Occupy Philadelphia]].<ref name=NPR /> |
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During the occupation in Liberty Square, a declaration was issued with a list of grievances. The declaration stated that the "grievances are not all-inclusive".<ref>{{cite web|url= |
During the occupation in Liberty Square, a declaration was issued with a list of grievances. The declaration stated that the "grievances are not all-inclusive".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/occupy-wall-street-declaration-york-protesters/story?id=14656653 |title=Declaration: Occupy Wall Street Says What It Wants |work=ABC News |date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081258/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/occupy-wall-street-declaration-york-protesters/story?id=14656653 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycga.net/resources/declaration/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220033126/http://www.nycga.net/resources/declaration/ |archive-date=December 20, 2011 |title=Declaration of the Occupation of New York City |work=New York City General Assembly }}</ref> |
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=== Protester demographics === |
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Early on the protesters were mostly young.<ref name="Kleinfield"/><ref name="christianpost"/> As the protest grew, older protesters also became involved.<ref name="LIP"/> The average age of the protesters was 33, with people in their 20s balanced by people in their 40s.<ref name="CSMprofile"/> Various religious faiths have been represented at the protest including Muslims, Jews, and Christians.<ref name="Religion1"/> Rabbi Chaim Gruber,<ref name="Auto1Y-30"/> however, is reportedly the only clergy member to have actually camped at Zuccotti Park.<ref name="Auto1Y-31"/><ref name="Auto1Y-32"/><ref name="Auto1Y-33"/> The Associated Press reported in October that there was "diversity of age, gender and race" at the protest.<ref name=LIP/> A study based on survey responses at OccupyWallSt.org reported that the protesters were 81.2% White, 6.8% Hispanic, 2.8% Asian, 1.6% Black, and 7.6% identifying as "other".<ref name="Auto1Y-34"/><ref name="Auto1Y-35"/> |
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According to a survey of occupywallst.org website visitors<ref name="Auto1Y-36"/> by the Baruch College School of Public Affairs published on October 19, of 1,619 web respondents, one-third were older than 35, half were employed full-time, 13% were unemployed and 13% earned over $75,000. When given the option of identifying themselves as Democratic, Republican or Independent/Other 27.3% of the respondents called themselves Democrats, 2.4% called themselves Republicans, while the rest, 70%, called themselves independents.<ref name="Auto1Y-37"/> A study released by [[City University of New York]] found that over a third of protesters had incomes over $100,000, 76% had bachelor's degrees, and 39% had graduate degrees. While a large percent of them were employed, they largely reported they were "unconstrained by highly demanding family or work commitments". The study also found that they disproportionally represented upper-class, highly educated white males.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/339146/study-ows-was-disproportionately-rich-overwhelmingly-white-katherine-connell | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209165808/http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/339146/study-ows-was-disproportionately-rich-overwhelmingly-white-katherine-connell |title=Occupy Wall Street Activists Aren't Quite What You Think: Report| archivedate=February 9, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/29/occupy-wall-street-report_n_2574788.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Jillian | last=Berman | title=Occupy Wall Street Activists Aren't Quite What You Think: Report | date=January 29, 2013| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219193829/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/29/occupy-wall-street-report_n_2574788.html | archivedate=December 19, 2013 }}</ref> A survey of 301 respondents by a Fordham University political science professor identified the protester's political affiliations as 25% Democratic, 2% Republican, 11% Socialist, 11% Green Party, 0% Tea Party, and 12% "Other"; meanwhile, 39% of the respondents said they did not identify with any political party.<ref name="Auto1Y-38"/> Ideologically the Fordham survey found 39% self-identifying as extremely liberal, 33% as Liberal, 8% as slightly liberal, 15% as moderate/"middle of the road", 2% as slightly conservative, 3% as conservative, and 1% as extremely conservative.<ref>http://www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/2538/occupy_wall_street_survey.pdf</ref> |
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=== Main organization === |
=== Main organization === |
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The assembly was the main OWS decision-making body and used a modified consensus process, where participants attempted to reach consensus and then dropped to a 9/10 vote if consensus was not reached. |
The assembly was the main OWS decision-making body and used a modified consensus process, where participants attempted to reach consensus and then dropped to a 9/10 vote if consensus was not reached. |
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Assembly meetings involved OWS working groups and affinity groups, and were open to the public for both attendance and speaking.<ref name="Auto1Y-40"/> The meetings lacked formal leadership. Participants commented upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York used a [[progressive stack]], in which people from [[marginalized groups]] are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups. Facilitators and "stack-keepers" |
Assembly meetings involved OWS working groups and affinity groups, and were open to the public for both attendance and speaking.<ref name="Auto1Y-40"/> The meetings lacked formal leadership. Participants commented upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York used a [[progressive stack]], in which people from [[marginalized groups]] are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups. Facilitators and "stack-keepers" urged speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities often moved to the front of the line, while white men often had to wait for a turn to speak.<ref name="Auto1Y-41"/><ref name="Auto1Y-42"/> In addition to the over 70 working groups,<ref name="Auto1Y-43"/> the organizational structure also included "spokes councils", at which every working group could participate.<ref name="Auto1Y-44"/> |
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=== Funding === |
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During the initial weeks of the park encampment it was reported that most of OWS funding was coming from donors with incomes in the $50,000 to $100,000 range, and the median donation was $22.<ref name=CSMprofile/> According to finance group member Pete Dutro, OWS had accumulated over $700,000.<ref name="Auto1Y-46"/> The largest single donor to the movement was former [[New York Mercantile Exchange]] vice chairman Robert Halper, who was noted by media as having also given the maximum allowable campaign contribution to Republican presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gawker.com/5850730/the-single-largest-benefactor-of-occupy-wall-street-is-a-mitt-romney-donor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313014608/http://gawker.com/5850730/the-single-largest-benefactor-of-occupy-wall-street-is-a-mitt-romney-donor|url-status=dead|title=The Single Largest Benefactor of Occupy Wall Street Is a Mitt Romney Donor|first=Max|last=Read|archivedate=March 13, 2014|website=Gawker}}</ref> During the period that protesters were encamped in the park the funds were being used to purchase food and other necessities and to bail out fellow protesters. With the closure of the park to overnight camping on November 15, members of the OWS finance committee stated they would initiate a process to streamline the movement and re-evaluate their budget and eliminate or merge some of the "working groups" they no longer needed on a day-to-day basis.<ref name="burruss1"/><ref name="Auto1Y-47"/> |
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Met with increasing costs and significant overhead expenses in order to sustain the movement, an internal audit from the fiscal management team known as the "accounting working group" revealed on March 2, 2012, that only $44,000 of the several hundred thousand dollars raised still remained available. The report warned that if current revenues and expenses were maintained at current levels, then funds would run out in three weeks.<ref name="Auto1Y-48"/><ref name="Auto1Y-49"/> Some of the movement's biggest costs include ground-level activities such as food kitchens, street medics, bus tickets, subway passes, and printing expenses.<ref name="Auto1Y-50"/><ref name="Auto1Y-51"/> |
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In late February 2012 it was reported that a group of business leaders including [[Ben Cohen (businessman)|Ben Cohen]], [[Jerry Greenfield]], [[Gold Castle Records|Danny Goldberg]], [[Norman Lear]], and Terri Gardner<ref name="Auto1Y-52"/> created a new working group, the Movement Resource Group, and with it have pledged $300,000 with plans to add $1,500,000 more.<ref name="Auto1Y-53"/><ref name="Auto1Y-54"/> The money would be made available in the form of grants of up to $25,000 for eligible recipients. |
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=== The People's Library === |
=== The People's Library === |
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{{Main|The People's Library}} |
{{Main|The People's Library}} |
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The People's Library at Occupy Wall Street was started a few days after the protest when a pile of books was left in a cardboard box at Zuccotti Park. The books were passed around and organized, and as time passed, it received additional books and resources from readers, private citizens, authors and corporations.<ref name="Zabriskie 2011-11-16">{{cite news | first = Christian | last = Zabriskie | title = The Occupy Wall Street Library Regrows in Manhattan | date = November 16, 2011 | url = http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/11162011/occupy-wall-street-library-regrows-manhattan | work = American Libraries | |
The People's Library at Occupy Wall Street was started a few days after the protest when a pile of books was left in a cardboard box at Zuccotti Park. The books were passed around and organized, and as time passed, it received additional books and resources from readers, private citizens, authors and corporations.<ref name="Zabriskie 2011-11-16">{{cite news | first = Christian | last = Zabriskie | title = The Occupy Wall Street Library Regrows in Manhattan | date = November 16, 2011 | url = http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/11162011/occupy-wall-street-library-regrows-manhattan | work = American Libraries | access-date = November 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119004922/http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/11162011/occupy-wall-street-library-regrows-manhattan| url-status = dead |archive-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> As of November 2011 the library had 5,554 books cataloged in [[LibraryThing]] and its collection was described as including some rare or unique articles of historical interest.<ref name="ALA 2011-11-17">{{cite press release|url=http://ala.org/ala/newspresscenter/news/pr.cfm?id=8568 |title=ALA alarmed at seizure of Occupy Wall Street library, loss of irreplaceable material |access-date=November 19, 2011 |date=November 17, 2011 |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120013131/http://ala.org/ala/newspresscenter/news/pr.cfm?id=8568 |archive-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to ''[[American Libraries]]'', the library's collection had "thousands of circulating volumes", which included "holy books of every faith, books reflecting the entire political spectrum, and works for all ages on a huge range of topics."<ref name='Zabriskie 2011-11-16' /> |
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The library was largely destroyed during the November 15, 2011 raid and, in a court settlement, the City later agreed to pay $360,000 in compensation, including attorney fees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rawstory.com/2013/04/court-orders-nypd-to-pay-360000-for-raid-that-destroyed-occupy-wall-street-library/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214192117/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/04/10/court-orders-nypd-to-pay-360000-for-raid-that-destroyed-occupy-wall-street-library/|url-status=dead|title=Court orders NYPD to pay $360,000 for raid that destroyed Occupy Wall Street library|archive-date=December 14, 2013|website=[[Raw Story]]|via=Business Insider|last=Kelly|first=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/cases/show.php?db=special&id=284|title=ruling|access-date=April 11, 2013|archive-date=June 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616103859/http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/cases/show.php?db=special&id=284|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, the City of New York has since begun settling cases with individual participants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lawnews.hofstra.edu/2013/06/26/hofstra-laws-occupy-wall-street-clinic-settles-1st-case-against-the-city-of-new-york/ |title=Hofstra Law's Occupy Wall Street Clinic Settles First Case Against the City of New York |work=Maurice A. Deane School of Law |publisher=Hofstra University |date=October 26, 2011 |access-date=August 12, 2013 |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808091053/http://lawnews.hofstra.edu/2013/06/26/hofstra-laws-occupy-wall-street-clinic-settles-1st-case-against-the-city-of-new-york/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Following the example of the OWS People's Library, protesters throughout North America and Europe formed sister libraries at their encampments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/10182011/library-occupies-heart-occupy-movement|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63Kj0ifup|url-status=dead|title=A Library Occupies the Heart of the Occupy Movement |work=American Libraries Magazine|archivedate=November 20, 2011}}</ref> |
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There were already libraries in the encampments of Spain<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Ramírez-Blanco|first=Julia|title=Artistic Utopias of Revolt|publisher=Palgrave|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-71422-6|location=New York}}</ref> and Greece. Following the example of the OWS People's Library, protesters throughout North America and Europe formed sister libraries at their encampments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/10182011/library-occupies-heart-occupy-movement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120121733/http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/10182011/library-occupies-heart-occupy-movement|url-status=dead|title=A Library Occupies the Heart of the Occupy Movement |work=American Libraries Magazine|archive-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> |
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==Zuccotti Park encampment== |
==Zuccotti Park encampment== |
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{{Main|Timeline of Occupy Wall Street}} |
{{Main|Timeline of Occupy Wall Street}} |
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[[File:Day 47 Occupy Wall Street November 2 2011 Shankbone 10.JPG|right|thumb|Encampment at Zuccotti Park and "[[The People's Library|People's Library]]" with over 5,000 books, wi-fi internet, and a reference service, often staffed by professional librarians, procuring material through the [[interlibrary loan]] system |
[[File:Day 47 Occupy Wall Street November 2 2011 Shankbone 10.JPG|right|thumb|Encampment at Zuccotti Park and "[[The People's Library|People's Library]]" with over 5,000 books, wi-fi internet, and a reference service, often staffed by professional librarians, procuring material through the [[interlibrary loan]] system]] |
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Prior to being closed to overnight use and during the occupation of the space, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.<ref name="google11"/> Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. While some visitors ate at nearby restaurants, according to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' and the ''[[New York Post]]'' many businesses surrounding the park were adversely affected.<ref name="kadet"/><ref name="WSJ-Vendors"/><ref name="Auto1Y-55"/> Contribution boxes collected about $5,000 a day, and supplies came in from around the country.<ref name="kadet"/> Eric Smith, a local chef who was laid off at the [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]] in Midtown, said that he was running a five-star restaurant in the park.<ref name="Auto1Y-56"/> In late October, kitchen volunteers complained about working 18-hour days to feed people who were not part of the movement and served only brown rice, simple sandwiches, and potato chips for three days.<ref name="Auto1Y-57"/> |
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Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.<ref name="WSJ OWS Economy"/> |
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Prior to being closed to overnight use and during the occupation of the space, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.<ref name="google11"/> Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.<ref name="WSJ OWS Economy" /> |
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New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound", including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the "[[human microphone]]" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison. The effect has been called "comic or exhilarating—often all at once." Some feel this provided a further unifying effect for the crowd.<ref name="We Are All Human Microphones Now"/><ref name="google11"/> |
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New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound", including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the "[[human microphone]]" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison.<ref name="We Are All Human Microphones Now" /><ref name="google11" /> |
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During the weeks that overnight use of the park was allowed, a separate area was set aside for an information area which contained laptop computers and several wireless routers.<ref name="cjr6"/><ref name="thedailybeast7"/> The items were powered with gas generators until the [[New York City Fire Department]] removed them on October 28, saying they were a fire hazard.<ref name="Auto1Y-58"/> Protesters then used bicycles rigged with an electricity-generating apparatus to charge batteries to power the protesters' laptops and other electronics.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gambs|first=Deborah|title=Occupying Social Media|journal=Socialism and Democracy|year=2012|volume=26|issue=2|doi=10.1080/08854300.2012.686275|pages=55–60}}</ref><ref name="Auto1Y-59"/> According to the ''Columbia Journalism Review''{{'}}s New Frontier Database, the media team, while unofficial, ran websites like Occupytogether.org, video livestream, a "steady flow of updates on Twitter, and Tumblr" as well as [[Skype]] sessions with other demonstrators.<ref name="cjr9"/> |
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[[File:Day 60 Occupy Wall Street November 15 2011 Shankbone 7.JPG|left|thumb|[[Zuccotti Park]], cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011]] |
[[File:Day 60 Occupy Wall Street November 15 2011 Shankbone 7.JPG|left|thumb|[[Zuccotti Park]], cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011]] |
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On October 13, New York City Mayor Bloomberg and [[Brookfield Properties]] announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.<ref name="Kilkenny" /><ref name="BusinessWeek Cleanup Canceled" /><ref name="Deprez2" /> The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.<ref name="BusinessWeek Cleanup Canceled" /> Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.<ref name="Kilkenny" /> |
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On October 6, Brookfield Office Properties, which owns Zuccotti Park, issued a statement saying: "Sanitation is a growing concern ... Normally the park is cleaned and inspected every weeknight [but] because the protesters refuse to cooperate ... the park has not been cleaned since Friday, September 16 and as a result, sanitary conditions have reached unacceptable levels."<ref name="cbslocal"/><ref name="Grossman"/> |
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Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.<ref name="Auto1Y-61"/><ref name="RestrainingOrderVacated"/> About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. |
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On October 13, New York City's mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.<ref name="Kilkenny"/> However, protesters vowed to "defend the occupation" after police said they would not allow them to return with sleeping bags and other gear following the cleaning, and many protesters spent the night sweeping and mopping the park.<ref name="BusinessWeek Cleanup Canceled"/><ref name="Deprez2"/> The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.<ref name="BusinessWeek Cleanup Canceled"/> Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.<ref name=Kilkenny/> MTV followed two protesters for their series ''True Life''; one of whom, Bryan, was on the sanitation crew. Filming took place during the time when the cleanup happened.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gill |date=October 24, 2011 |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1673057/occupy-wall-street-true-life.jhtml |title=MTV's 'True Life' To Explore Occupy Wall Street |work=[[MTV]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214201701/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1673057/occupy-wall-street-true-life.jhtml |archivedate=December 14, 2013 }}</ref> |
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On December 31, 2011, protesters started to re-occupy the park.<ref name="Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park"/> Police in riot gear started to clear out the park around 1:30 am. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, including one accused by media of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors.<ref name="OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park"/> |
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On October 20, residents at a community board meeting complained about inadequate sanitation, verbal taunts and harassment by protesters, noise, and related issues. One resident angrily complained that the protesters "[a]re defecating on our doorsteps"; board member Tricia Joyce said, "They have to have some parameters. That doesn't mean the protests have to stop. I'm hoping we can strike a balance on parameters because this could be a long term stay."<ref name="Auto1Y-60"/> |
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When the Zuccotti Park encampment was closed, some former campers were allowed to sleep in local churches.<ref name="Auto1Y-62"/> After the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. As of March 15, 2012, since its inception the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City had cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park.<ref name="Auto1Y-63"/><ref name="Auto1Y-64"/><ref name="Auto1Y-65"/> |
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Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner (Brookfield Office Properties) to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.<ref name="Auto1Y-61"/><ref name="RestrainingOrderVacated"/> About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. |
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On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six-month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protesters were soon cleared away by police, who made over 70 arrests.<ref name="Auto1Y-66"/><ref name="Auto1Y-67"/> On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to [[Union Square, Manhattan|Union Square]] in a demonstration against police violence.<ref name="Auto1Y-68"/> |
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[[File:Day 28 Occupy Wall Street Tom Morello 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|[[Rage Against the Machine]] guitarist [[Tom Morello]] playing Occupy Wall Street in New York, October 2011]] |
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On December 31, 2011, protesters started to re-occupy the park. At one point, protesters started to push police barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.<ref name="Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park"/> Police called in reinforcements as more activists entered the park. Police tried to enter the park but were pushed back by protesters. There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. At about 12:40 am, after the group celebrated New Years in the park, they exited the park and marched down Broadway. Police in riot gear started to clear out the park around 1:30 am. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, including one accused of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors.<ref name="OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park"/> |
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On September 17, 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti Park to mark the first anniversary of the beginning of the occupation. Protesters blocked access to the New York Stock Exchange as well as other intersections in the area. This, along with several violations of Zuccotti Park rules, led police to surround groups of protesters, at times pulling protesters from the crowds to be arrested for blocking pedestrian traffic. There were 185 arrests across the city.<ref name="NYT-2012anniv">{{cite news| url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/protests-near-stock-exchange-on-occupy-wall-st-anniversary/|title=185 Arrested on Occupy Wall St. Anniversary|last=Moynihan| first=Colin | date=September 17, 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109060334/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/protests-near-stock-exchange-on-occupy-wall-st-anniversary/|archive-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ST-2012anniv">{{cite news| last=Barr|first=Meghan|title=1-year after encampment began, Occupy in disarray| url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019179284_apusoccupyanniversary.html|date=September 17, 2012|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|agency=Associated Press|access-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224024555/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019179284_apusoccupyanniversary.html|archive-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Politiker-2012anniv">{{cite news|url=http://politicker.com/2012/09/38955/|title=Unoccupied: The Morning After in Zuccotti Park|last=Walker|first=Hunter|date=September 18, 2012|work=[[Politicker Network]]|publisher=Observer.com|access-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813105324/http://politicker.com/2012/09/38955/|archive-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NYMag-anniv2012">{{cite news|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/09/jumaane-williams-roughed-up-nypd-occupy-wall-street.html|title=NYPD Arrests Almost 200 Occupy Protesters, Roughs Up City Councilman Again| last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=September 18, 2012|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]| access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007022638/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/09/jumaane-williams-roughed-up-nypd-occupy-wall-street.html|archive-date=October 7, 2012}}</ref> |
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When the Zuccotti Park encampment was closed, some former campers were allowed to sleep in local churches. Since the removal, New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space, with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.<ref name="Auto1Y-62"/> Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement has turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. Since its inception, the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City have cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park.<ref name="Auto1Y-63"/><ref name="Auto1Y-64"/><ref name="Auto1Y-65"/> |
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On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six-month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protesters were soon cleared away by police, who made over 70 arrests. Veteran protesters said the force used by police was the most violent they had witnessed and a Guardian reporter witnessed a protester being slammed into a glass door by a police officer.<ref name="Auto1Y-66"/><ref name="Auto1Y-67"/> On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square in a demonstration against police violence.<ref name="Auto1Y-68"/> |
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On September 17, 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti Park to mark the one-year anniversary of the beginning of the occupation. Protesters blocked access to the New York Stock Exchange as well as other intersections in the area. This, along with several violations of Zuccotti Park rules, led police to surround groups of protesters, at times pulling protesters from the crowds to be arrested for blocking pedestrian traffic. A police lieutenant instructed reporters not to take pictures. ''The New York Times'' reported that two officers shoved city councilman [[Jumaane D. Williams]] off a bench with batons after he refused two orders to move. A spokesman for Williams later stated that he had been pushed by police while trying to explain his reason for being in the park, but was not arrested or injured. There were 185 arrests across the city.<ref name="NYT-2012anniv">{{cite news| url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/protests-near-stock-exchange-on-occupy-wall-st-anniversary/|title=185 Arrested on Occupy Wall St. Anniversary|last=Moynihan| first=Colin | date=September 17, 2012|work=The New York Times|accessdate=September 26, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109060334/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/protests-near-stock-exchange-on-occupy-wall-st-anniversary/|archivedate=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ST-2012anniv">{{cite news| last=Barr|first=Meghan|title=1-year after encampment began, Occupy in disarray| url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019179284_apusoccupyanniversary.html|date=September 17, 2012|work=Seattle Times|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=September 26, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224024555/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019179284_apusoccupyanniversary.html|archivedate=February 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Politiker-2012anniv">{{cite news|url=http://politicker.com/2012/09/38955/|title=Unoccupied: The Morning After in Zuccotti Park|last=Walker|first=Hunter|date=September 18, 2012|work=[[Politicker Network]]|publisher=Observer.com|accessdate=September 26, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813105324/http://politicker.com/2012/09/38955/|archivedate=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NYMag-anniv2012">{{cite news|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/09/jumaane-williams-roughed-up-nypd-occupy-wall-street.html|title=NYPD Arrests Almost 200 Occupy Protesters, Roughs Up City Councilman Again| last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=September 18, 2012|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]| accessdate=October 2, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007022638/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/09/jumaane-williams-roughed-up-nypd-occupy-wall-street.html|archivedate=October 7, 2012}}</ref> |
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== Occupy media == |
== Occupy media == |
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[[File:Wall-Street-1.jpg|left|thumb|Adbusters poster of Ms. Chelsea Elliott advertising the original protest]] |
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Occupy Wall Street activists disseminated their movement updates through variety of mediums, including social media, print magazines, newspapers, film, radio and live stream. Like much of Occupy, many of these alternative media projects were collectively managed, while autonomous from the decision making bodies of Occupy Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kavada|first=Anastasia|date=May 26, 2015|title=Creating the collective: social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor|journal=Information, Communication & Society|language=en|volume=18|issue=8|pages=872–886|doi=10.1080/1369118x.2015.1043318|issn=1369-118X|url=http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/16258/1/Creating%20the%20Collective%20-%20final%20draft.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/17/occupy-books.html|title=OWS: Studies of the movement|last=Pinto|first=Nick|date=September 17, 2013|work=Al Jazeera America|access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> |
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Occupy Wall Street activists disseminated their movement updates through a variety of mediums, including social media, print magazines, newspapers, film, radio and live stream. Like much of Occupy, many of these alternative media projects were collectively managed, while autonomous from the decision-making bodies of Occupy Wall Street.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kavada|first=Anastasia|date=May 26, 2015|title=Creating the collective: social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor|journal=Information, Communication & Society|language=en|volume=18|issue=8|pages=872–886|doi=10.1080/1369118x.2015.1043318|s2cid=141504676|issn=1369-118X|url=http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/16258/1/Creating%20the%20Collective%20-%20final%20draft.pdf|access-date=July 30, 2019|archive-date=July 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195554/http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/16258/1/Creating%20the%20Collective%20-%20final%20draft.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/17/occupy-books.html|title=OWS: Studies of the movement|last=Pinto|first=Nick|date=September 17, 2013|work=Al Jazeera America|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-date=September 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920020710/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/17/occupy-books.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Arun Gupta photo3.jpg|alt=|thumb|254x254px|Arun Gupta, editor of ''Occupied Wall Street Journal'' holding a copy of the first issue, standing inside Zuccotti Park]] |
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'''''The Occupied Wall Street Journal''''' (''OWSJ'') was a free [[newspaper]] founded in October 2011 by independent journalists Arun Gupta, Jed Brandt and Michael Levitin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/occupying-and-now-publishing-too/|title=Occupying, and Now Publishing, Too - NYTimes.com|last=Moynihan|first=Colin|date=October 1, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2012|publisher=Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com|location=Manhattan (NYC)|archive-date=April 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406220359/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/occupying-and-now-publishing-too/|url-status=live}} |
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=== Occupied Media Pamphlet Series === |
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* {{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/10/04/protesters-newspaper-occupies-a-familiar-name/|title=Occupied Wall Street Journal: Protesters' Newspaper Occupies a Familiar Name - Metropolis - WSJ|last=Firger|first=Jessica|date=October 4, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2012|publisher=Blogs.wsj.com|archive-date=January 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125173851/http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/10/04/protesters-newspaper-occupies-a-familiar-name/|url-status=live}} |
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'''''Occupied Media Pamphlet Series''','' published ''by'' Zuccotti Park Press was co-founded by Open Magazine Pamphlet Series and Adelante Alliance. A published series of 5 mini-books available for purchase, by different renowned academics and activists offering their perspectives and visions for the Occupy movement. [[Occupy (book)|Occupy]], the first book in the series, by [[Noam Chomsky]] was launched on May 1, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/greg-ruggiero/noam-chomsky-occupy_b_1464658.html|title=Occupying With Noam Chomsky|last=Ruggiero|first=Greg|date=April 30, 2012|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=August 19, 2018}}</ref> |
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* {{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2011/10/occupation-dispatch.html|title=The Book Bench: Occupation Dispatch|last=Hendrix|first=Jenny|magazine=The New Yorker|date=October 6, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2012|archive-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119170637/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2011/10/occupation-dispatch.html|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/business/media/wall-street-protesters-have-ink-stained-fingers-media-equation.html?pagewanted=all|title=Wall Street Protesters Have Ink-Stained Fingers|last=Carr|first=David|date=October 9, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-date=July 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054749/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/business/media/wall-street-protesters-have-ink-stained-fingers-media-equation.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/occupied-wall-street-journal-2011-10-03|title=Check Out The "Occupy Wall Street Journal" The Official Newspaper Of The Protesters|author=Julia La Roche|date=October 3, 2011|work=Business Insider|access-date=April 6, 2012|archive-date=January 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124172559/http://www.businessinsider.com/occupied-wall-street-journal-2011-10-03|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/occupied-wall-street-journal_n_996560.html|title=Occupied Wall Street Journal: The Newspaper Of Occupy Wall Street (PHOTOS)|last=Mirkinson|first=Jack|date=October 5, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2012|publisher=Huffingtonpost.com|archive-date=March 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203044/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/occupied-wall-street-journal_n_996560.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/occupied-wall-street-journal-2011-10-03?IR=T#the-feature-we-occupy-because-features-a-list-of-twitter-responses-from-people-declaring-their-support-of-occupy-wall-street-7|title=Check Out The "Occupy Wall Street Journal" The Official Newspaper Of The Protesters|work=Business Insider|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091121/https://www.businessinsider.com/occupied-wall-street-journal-2011-10-03?IR=T#the-feature-we-occupy-because-features-a-list-of-twitter-responses-from-people-declaring-their-support-of-occupy-wall-street-7|url-status=live}}</ref> The first issue had a total print run of 70,000 copies, along with an unspecified number in Spanish.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/business/media/wall-street-protesters-have-ink-stained-fingers-media-equation.html|title=Wall Street Protesters Have Ink-Stained Fingers|last=Carr|first=David|work=The New York Times |date=October 10, 2011 |access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en|archive-date=June 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005059/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/business/media/wall-street-protesters-have-ink-stained-fingers-media-equation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Its last article appeared in February 2012.[[File:Day 60 Occupy Wall Street November 15 2011 Shankbone 9.JPG|alt=Occupier holding up newspaper, covering his face. Back of paper shows Native America, with caption "Decolonize WallStreeet, Decolonize the 99%"|thumb|258x258px|Occupier reading the special edition of Occupied Wall Street, with posters curated by Occuprint]] |
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The '''''Occuprint''''' collective, founded by Jesse Goldstein and [[Josh MacPhee]], formed through the curation of the fourth and special edition of ''The'' ''Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://justseeds.org/product/occupied-wall-street-journal-poster-edition/|title=Occupied Wall Street Journal Poster Edition|website=justseeds.org|language=en-US|access-date=August 20, 2018|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034627/https://justseeds.org/product/occupied-wall-street-journal-poster-edition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/americas/2013/08/the-art-of-occupy.html|title=The Art of Occupy|work=American Collections Blog, British Library|access-date=August 20, 2018|language=en|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105813/http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/americas/2013/08/the-art-of-occupy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Afterwards, it continued to collect and publish images under the [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons for non commercial use]] license, to spread the artwork throughout the movement. |
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'''''The Occupy! Gazette''''' was founded by editors [[Astra Taylor]], [[Keith Gessen]] of ''[[n+1]]'' and Sarah Leonard of [[Dissent (American magazine)|''Dissent Magazine'']]. It published five issues from October 2011 to September 2012,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Occupy! An OWS Inspired Gazette|url=https://nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-5.pdf|journal=Occupy! Gazette|pages=29|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221064718/https://nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with a commemorative sixth issue published in May 2014, to support OWS activist [[Cecily McMillan]] during the sentencing phase of her trial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/free-cecily-mcmillan-special-issue-occupy-gazette/|title=Free Cecily McMillan! A Special Issue of the Occupy Gazette {{!}} The Nation|last=Leonard|first=Sarah|journal=The Nation|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815060148/https://www.thenation.com/article/free-cecily-mcmillan-special-issue-occupy-gazette/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2014/05/13/free-cecily-a-must-read-gazette-about-cecily-mcmillan-and-the-failure-of-justice/|title=Free Cecily!: A Must-Read Gazette About Cecily McMillan and the Failure of Justice - Brooklyn Magazine|date=May 13, 2014|work=Brooklyn Magazine|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055347/http://www.bkmag.com/2014/05/13/free-cecily-a-must-read-gazette-about-cecily-mcmillan-and-the-failure-of-justice/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{cite book |isbn=978-1884519017|title=Occupy: Reflections on Class War, Rebellion and Solidarity|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|publisher=Zuccotti Park Press|year=2012|location=|pages=|series=Occupied Media Pamphlet Series}} |
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'''''Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy''''' magazine was published twice a year, with its first release in December 2011, the fourth and final issue in March 2013. It consisted of long essays, poetry and art within thirty pages. Each issue had a circulation of 12,000 to 50,000.<ref name="ShafferYoung2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRURCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|title=Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics|first1=Marguerite S.|last1=Shaffer|first2=Phoebe S. K.|last2=Young|date=July 2, 2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9145-2|pages=379–|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819233253/https://books.google.com/books?id=tRURCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{cite book |isbn= 978-1884519093|title=Occupying Language: The Secret Rendezvous with History and the Present|last=Sitrin|first=Marina|publisher=Zuccotti Park Press|year=2012|location=|pages=|last2=Azzellini|first2=Dario}} |
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'''''In Front and Center: Critical Voices in the 99%''''' was a fully-online publication managed by an editorial collective of OWS participants. It featured critical essays and reflections from within OWS, aiming to put the voices, experiences and issues of oppressed and marginalized communities in the front and center of the Occupy movement. It is still available online. |
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{{cite book|isbn= 978-1884519079|title=Message to the Movement|last=Abu-Jamal|first=Mumia|publisher=Zuccotti Park Press|year=2012|location=|pages=|last2=Walker|first2=Alice}} |
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{{cite book|isbn= 978-1884519055|title=Taking Brooklyn Bridge|last=Leonard|first=Stuart|publisher=Zuccotti Park Press|year=2012|location=|pages=}} |
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{{Cite book|title=A Dream Foreclosed: Black America and the Fight for a Place to Call Home|last=Gottesdiener|first=Laura|publisher=Zuccotti Park Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1884519215|location=|pages=}} |
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=== ''Occupied Wall Street Journal'' === |
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[[File:Arun Gupta photo3.jpg|alt=|thumb|254x254px|Arun Gupta, editor of ''Occupied Wall Street Journal'' holding a copy of the first issue, standing inside Zuccotti Park.]] |
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'''''The Occupied Wall Street Journal''''' (''OWSJ'') was a free [[newspaper]] founded in October 2011 by independent journalists Arun Gupta, Jed Brandt and Michael Levitin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/occupying-and-now-publishing-too/|title=Occupying, and Now Publishing, Too - NYTimes.com|last=Moynihan|first=Colin|date=October 1, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2012|publisher=Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com|location=Manhattan (NYC)}} |
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* {{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/10/04/protesters-newspaper-occupies-a-familiar-name/|title=Occupied Wall Street Journal: Protesters' Newspaper Occupies a Familiar Name - Metropolis - WSJ|last=Firger|first=Jessica|date=October 4, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2012|publisher=Blogs.wsj.com}} |
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* {{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2011/10/occupation-dispatch.html|title=The Book Bench: Occupation Dispatch|last=Hendrix|first=Jenny|date=|magazine=The New Yorker|accessdate=April 6, 2012}} |
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* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/business/media/wall-street-protesters-have-ink-stained-fingers-media-equation.html?pagewanted=all|title=Wall Street Protesters Have Ink-Stained Fingers|last=Carr|first=David|date=October 9, 2011|work=The New York Times}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/occupied-wall-street-journal-2011-10-03|title=Check Out The "Occupy Wall Street Journal" The Official Newspaper Of The Protesters|author=Julia La Roche|date=October 3, 2011|work=Business Insider|accessdate=April 6, 2012}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://rt.com/usa/news/occupied-wall-street-journal-911/|title=The Occupied Wall Street Journal – news from the revolution — RT|date=|publisher=Rt.com|accessdate=April 6, 2012}} |
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* {{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/occupied-wall-street-journal_n_996560.html|title=Occupied Wall Street Journal: The Newspaper Of Occupy Wall Street (PHOTOS)|last=Mirkinson|first=Jack|date=October 5, 2011|accessdate=April 6, 2012|publisher=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Over $75,000 was raised through [[Kickstarter]] to fund the distribution and printing of the newspaper. [[Independent Media Center|Indypendent Media]] provided the printing facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204468004577165423192946892|title=Protest Sapped of Cash|last=Firger|first=Jessica|date=January 17, 2012|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1785698/stealth-leaders-occupy-wall-street|title=The Stealth Leaders Of Occupy Wall Street|date=October 7, 2011|work=Fast Company|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> It featured the voices of prominent activist/academics as well as lesser known members of [[the 99%]] in four page color issues.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/occupied-wall-street-journal-2011-10-03?IR=T#the-feature-we-occupy-because-features-a-list-of-twitter-responses-from-people-declaring-their-support-of-occupy-wall-street-7|title=Check Out The "Occupy Wall Street Journal" The Official Newspaper Of The Protesters|work=Business Insider|access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> The first issue had a total print run of 70,000 copies, along with an unspecified number in Spanish.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/business/media/wall-street-protesters-have-ink-stained-fingers-media-equation.html|title=Wall Street Protesters Have Ink-Stained Fingers|last=Carr|first=David|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Its last article appeared in February 2012. |
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''OWSJ'' was not an official organ of the Occupy movement, but it did publish official statements of the Occupy movement, for example, in its first issue, it disseminated ''The Declaration of Occupy Wall Street'' and meeting minutes from the [[General assembly (Occupy movement)|General Assembly]] decision-making bodies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sparrowmedia.net/2011/11/the-declaration-of-the-occupation-of-new-york-city/|title=The Declaration of the Occupation of New York City|date=November 1, 2011|work=The Sparrow Project|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Occuprint === |
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[[File:Day 60 Occupy Wall Street November 15 2011 Shankbone 9.JPG|alt=Occupier holding up newspaper, covering his face. Back of paper shows Native America, with caption "Decolonize WallStreeet, Decolonize the 99%"|thumb|258x258px|Occupier reading the special edition of Occupied Wall Street, with posters curated by Occuprint.]] |
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The '''''Occuprint''''' collective, founded by Jesse Goldstein and [[Josh MacPhee]], formed through the curation of the fourth and special edition of ''The'' ''Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ),'' featuring 21 posters and graphics highlighting Occupy art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://justseeds.org/product/occupied-wall-street-journal-poster-edition/|title=Occupied Wall Street Journal Poster Edition|website=justseeds.org|language=en-US|access-date=August 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/americas/2013/08/the-art-of-occupy.html|title=The Art of Occupy|last=|first=|date=|work=American Collections Blog, British Library|access-date=August 20, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Afterwards, it continued to collect and publish images under the [[Creative Commons-BY-NC-ND|Creative Commons for non commercial use]] license, to spread the artwork throughout the movement. In addition to sending out posters across the different Occupy encampments, Occuprint collaborated with the OWS Screen Printing Guild to make buttons and silk screen clothing free of cost.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.colorlines.com/articles/5-occuprint-posters-tell-tale-global-solidarity-99-percent|title=5 Occuprint Posters Tell the Tale of Global Solidarity for 99 Percent {{!}} Colorlines|last=Lee|first=Hatty|date=November 15, 2011|work=Colorlines|access-date=August 20, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/11/occuprint-occupy-wall-street-posters/|title=Raging at the Bull: Occupy Wall Street Posters From Occuprint|last=Watercutter|first=Angela|date=|work=WIRED|access-date=August 20, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Jesse Goldstein, Dave Loewenstein, Alexandra Clotfelter and Marshall Weber of [[Booklyn Artist Alliance]] selected 31 hand silk-screened prints out of hundreds of submissions, with the goal that limited editions of them end up in museums, libraries, archive centers and universities, preserving and sharing Occupy's legacy. Tens of thousands more copies were distributed for free across the country to different Occupy groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/museum/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/2015-2/the-art-of-occupy-the-occuprint-portfolio/|title=The Art of Occupy: The Occuprint Portfolio {{!}} Museum of Art {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2014/02/17/the-occuprint-portfolio/|title=The Occuprint Portfolio|date=February 17, 2014|work=Graphic Arts|access-date=August 20, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2013, the [[Museum of Modern Art]] confirmed it acquired the originals of the Occuprint portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/moma-acquires-occupy-wall-street-art-prints|title=New York's Moma acquires Occupy Wall Street art prints|last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|date=October 10, 2013|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2018}}</ref> |
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As part of the [[Occupy Sandy]] disaster response to [[Hurricane Sandy]], ''Occuprint'' created a 12-page resource pamphlet on how to survive and seek help, after determining that the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] booklets were incomplete. 6,000 copies were made in first print run, with a total circulation of 12,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brooklyndaily.com/stories/2012/46/all_neighbors_occuprintsandyinfo_2012_11_16_bk.html|title=Poster boys! Occupy Wall Street poster printers become pamphleteers|last=Rosenberg|first=Eli|date=|work=Brooklyn Daily|access-date=August 20, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://occuprint.org/wiki/uploads/Info/sandy-relief-bulletin.pdf|title=Resources, Sandy Relief, south Brooklyn, south Queens, Staten Island|last=|first=|date=November 7, 2012|work=Resources|access-date=|publisher=Occuprint}}</ref> |
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=== ''Occupy! Gazette'' === |
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'''''The Occupy! Gazette''''' was founded by editors [[Astra Taylor]], [[Keith Gessen]] of ''[[N+1]]'' and Sarah Leonard of [[Dissent (American magazine)|''Dissent Magazine'']]. It published five issues from October 2011 to September 2012,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Occupy! An OWS Inspired Gazette|url=https://nplusonemag.com/dl/occupy/Occupy-Gazette-5.pdf|journal=Occupy! Gazette|volume=|pages=29|via=}}</ref> with a commemorative sixth issue published in May 2014, to support OWS activist [[Cecily McMillan]] during the sentencing phase of her trial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/free-cecily-mcmillan-special-issue-occupy-gazette/|title=Free Cecily McMillan! A Special Issue of the Occupy Gazette {{!}} The Nation|last=Leonard|first=Sarah|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2014/05/13/free-cecily-a-must-read-gazette-about-cecily-mcmillan-and-the-failure-of-justice/|title=Free Cecily!: A Must-Read Gazette About Cecily McMillan and the Failure of Justice - Brooklyn Magazine|date=May 13, 2014|work=Brooklyn Magazine|access-date=August 15, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Each issue ranged from thirty to forty pages and was featured in a different color theme each time. |
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Articles from ''Occupy!'' were later anthologized in a book titled ''Occupy!: Scenes From Occupied America'', published by [[Verso Books]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.versobooks.com/books/1122-occupy|title=Occupy!: Scenes from Occupied America|website=VersoBooks.com|accessdate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> |
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=== ''Tidal'' === |
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'''''Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy''''' magazine was published twice a year, with its first release in December 2011, the fourth and final issue in March 2013. It consisted of long essays, poetry and art within thirty pages. Each issue had a circulation of 12,000 to 50,000.<ref name="ShafferYoung2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRURCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|title=Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics|first1=Marguerite S.|last1=Shaffer|first2=Phoebe S. K.|last2=Young|date=July 2, 2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9145-2|pages=379–}}</ref> |
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==Security, crime and legal issues== |
==Security, crime and legal issues== |
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OWS demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2,500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.<ref name="Auto1Y-69" /> In November, a man was arrested for breaking an [[Emergency medical technician|EMT]]'s leg.<ref name="Auto1Y-70" /> |
OWS demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2,500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.<ref name="Auto1Y-69" /> In November, a man was arrested for breaking an [[Emergency medical technician|EMT]]'s leg.<ref name="Auto1Y-70" /> |
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After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of rape, sexual assault, and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.<ref name="Auto1Y-73" /><ref name="Auto1Y-74" /><ref name="Auto1Y-75" /><ref name="Auto1Y-76" /> Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally ... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventive measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm."<ref name="Auto1Y-77" /> |
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NYPD spokesman Paul Browne said protesters delayed reporting crime until three complaints were made against the same individual.<ref name="Auto1Y-71" /> The protesters denied a "three strikes policy", and one protester told the ''New York Daily News'' that he had heard police respond to an unspecified complaint by saying, "You need to deal with that yourselves".<ref name="Auto1Y-72" /> |
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After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of rape, sexual assault, and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.<ref name="Auto1Y-73" /><ref name="Auto1Y-74" /><ref name="Auto1Y-75" /><ref name="Auto1Y-76" /> Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally ... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventative measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm."<ref name="Auto1Y-77" /> |
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It was revealed that an internal [[Department of Homeland Security]] report warned that Occupy Wall Street protests were a potential source of violence; the report stated that "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas". The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information, according to leaked emails released by [[WikiLeaks]].<ref name="Auto1Y-78" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://truth-out.org/news/item/8012-dhs-turns-over-occupy-wall-street-documents-to-truthout |title=DHS Turns Over Occupy Wall Street Documents to Truthout |publisher=Truth-out.org |date=March 20, 2012 |accessdate=July 12, 2012 |author=Leopold, Jason |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409161555/http://truth-out.org/news/item/8012-dhs-turns-over-occupy-wall-street-documents-to-truthout |archivedate=April 9, 2014}}</ref> |
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== Government crackdowns == |
== Government crackdowns == |
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=== Surveillance === |
=== Surveillance === |
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[[File:Department of Homeland Security surveillance of Occupy Wall Street.pdf|thumb|An internal document of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] showed that the U.S. government was |
[[File:Department of Homeland Security surveillance of Occupy Wall Street.pdf|thumb|An internal document of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] showed that the U.S. government was closely monitoring protesters.]] |
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As the movement spread across the United States, the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) began keeping tabs on protesters. |
As the movement spread across the United States, the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) began keeping tabs on protesters, under the pretext that the protest was a potential locus of violence. Following this, there was a DHS report entitled "SPECIAL COVERAGE: Occupy Wall Street", dated October 2011, observed that "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major [[metropolitan area]]s."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/exclusive-homeland-security-kept-tabs-on-occupy-wall-street-20120228|title=Exclusive: Homeland Security Kept Tabs on Occupy Wall Street|last=[[Michael Hastings (journalist)|Michael Hastings]]|date=February 28, 2012|newspaper=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=January 5, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230049/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/exclusive-homeland-security-kept-tabs-on-occupy-wall-street-20120228|archive-date=May 2, 2014}}</ref> The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information.<ref name="Auto1Y-78" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Leopold, Jason |date=March 20, 2012 |title=DHS Turns Over Occupy Wall Street Documents to Truthout |url=http://truth-out.org/news/item/8012-dhs-turns-over-occupy-wall-street-documents-to-truthout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409161555/http://truth-out.org/news/item/8012-dhs-turns-over-occupy-wall-street-documents-to-truthout |archive-date=April 9, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2012 |publisher=Truth-out.org}}</ref> |
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On December 21, 2012, [[Partnership for Civil Justice Fund|Partnership for Civil Justice]] obtained and published U.S. government documents<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.justiceonline.org/fbi_files_ows|title=FBI Documents Reveal Secret Nationwide Occupy Monitoring|work=Partnership for Civil Justice Fund|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref> revealing that over a dozen local [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] field offices, [[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]] and other federal agencies monitored Occupy Wall Street, despite labeling it a peaceful movement.<ref>Revealed: how the FBI coordinated the crackdown on Occupy, The Guardian, Naomi Wolf, December 29, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/dec/29/fbi-coordinated-crackdown-occupy {{webarchive|url=https:// |
On December 21, 2012, [[Partnership for Civil Justice Fund|Partnership for Civil Justice]] obtained and published U.S. government documents<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.justiceonline.org/fbi_files_ows|title=FBI Documents Reveal Secret Nationwide Occupy Monitoring|work=Partnership for Civil Justice Fund|access-date=May 20, 2018|archive-date=December 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208052332/http://www.justiceonline.org/fbi_files_ows|url-status=live}}</ref> revealing that over a dozen local [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] field offices, [[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]] and other federal agencies monitored Occupy Wall Street, despite labeling it a peaceful movement.<ref>Revealed: how the FBI coordinated the crackdown on Occupy, The Guardian, Naomi Wolf, December 29, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/dec/29/fbi-coordinated-crackdown-occupy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308120601/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/dec/29/fbi-coordinated-crackdown-occupy|date=March 8, 2013}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported in May 2014 that declassified documents showed extensive surveillance of OWS-related groups across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moynihan |first=Colin |date=2014-05-23 |title=Officials Cast Wide Net in Monitoring Occupy Protests |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/us/officials-cast-wide-net-in-monitoring-occupy-protests.html |access-date=2023-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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[[File:Brooklyn Bridge - 03.jpg|thumb|Site where the Brooklyn Bridge Arrest took place]] |
[[File:Brooklyn Bridge - 03.jpg|thumb|Site where the Brooklyn Bridge Arrest took place]] |
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=== Arrests === |
=== Arrests === |
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The first person arrested was Alexander Arbuckle, a student videographer from [[New York University]] engaged in a class project. The police department alleged he was blocking the street. However, video shown at his trial showed the protesters including Arbuckle, had followed police orders and withdrew to the sidewalk.<ref name=first/> |
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Gideon Oliver, who represented Occupy with the [[National Lawyers Guild]] in New York, said about 2,000 [protesters] had been arrested just in New York City alone. Most of these arrests in New York and elsewhere, are on charges of disorderly conduct, trespassing, and failure to disperse.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/01/weirdest-things-occupy-protesters-get-arrested/332658/|title=The Weirdest Things Occupy Protesters Get Arrested For|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=The Atlantic|access-date=May 20, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Nationally, a little under 8,000 Occupy affiliated arrests have been documented by tallying numbers published in local newspapers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/23/occupy-wall-street-arrests_n_3326640.html|title=Occupy Arrests Near 8,000 As Wall Street Eludes Prosecution|last=Fairchild|first=Caroline|date=May 23, 2013|work=Huffington Post|access-date=May 20, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Gideon Oliver, who represented Occupy with the [[National Lawyers Guild]] in New York, said about 2,000 [protesters] had been arrested just in New York City alone. Most of these arrests in New York and elsewhere, were on charges of [[disorderly conduct]], [[trespassing]], and failure to disperse.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/01/weirdest-things-occupy-protesters-get-arrested/332658/|title=The Weirdest Things Occupy Protesters Get Arrested For|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=The Atlantic|access-date=May 20, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=May 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520193113/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/01/weirdest-things-occupy-protesters-get-arrested/332658/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nationally, a little under 8,000 Occupy-affiliated arrests have been documented by tallying numbers published in local newspapers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/23/occupy-wall-street-arrests_n_3326640.html|title=Occupy Arrests Near 8,000 As Wall Street Eludes Prosecution|last=Fairchild|first=Caroline|date=May 23, 2013|work=Huffington Post|access-date=May 20, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=September 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195832/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/23/occupy-wall-street-arrests_n_3326640.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In a report<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/suppressing-protest-2.pdf |title=Suppressing Protest: Human Rights Violations in the U.S. Response to Occupy Wall Street |work=The Global Justice Clinic and the Walter Leitner International Human Rights Clinic at the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice |publisher=NYU School of Law and Fordham Law School }}</ref> that followed an eight-month study, researchers at the law schools of NYU and Fordham accuse the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]] of deploying unnecessarily aggressive force, obstructing press freedoms and making arbitrary and baseless arrests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/25/nypd-occupy-protests-report|title=NYPD 'consistently violated basic rights' during Occupy protests – study|last=Choudhury|first=Chitrangada|date=July 25, 2012|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref> |
In a report<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/suppressing-protest-2.pdf |title=Suppressing Protest: Human Rights Violations in the U.S. Response to Occupy Wall Street |work=The Global Justice Clinic and the Walter Leitner International Human Rights Clinic at the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice |publisher=NYU School of Law and Fordham Law School |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112031519/http://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/suppressing-protest-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> that followed an eight-month study, researchers at the law schools of NYU and [[Fordham University|Fordham]] accuse the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]] of deploying unnecessarily aggressive force, obstructing [[press freedoms]] and making arbitrary and baseless arrests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/25/nypd-occupy-protests-report|title=NYPD 'consistently violated basic rights' during Occupy protests – study|last=Choudhury|first=Chitrangada|date=July 25, 2012|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=May 20, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104112/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/25/nypd-occupy-protests-report|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==== Brooklyn Bridge arrests ==== |
==== Brooklyn Bridge arrests ==== |
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On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out to walk across the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] resulting in 768 arrests, the largest number of arrests in one day at any Occupy event |
On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out to walk across the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] resulting in 768 arrests, the largest number of arrests in one day at any Occupy event.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-20114436.html | work=CBS News | title=700 arrested at Brooklyn Bridge protest | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022080156/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-20114436.html | archive-date=October 22, 2013 | date=October 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-10-01-Wall-Street-protest-Brooklyn-Bridge.htm | work=USA Today | title=Most Popular E-mail Newsletter | date=October 2, 2011 | access-date=September 7, 2017 | archive-date=April 15, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415142446/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-10-01-Wall-Street-protest-Brooklyn-Bridge.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="700arrest">{{cite news|title=700 Arrested After Wall Street Protest on N.Y.'s Brooklyn Bridge |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/10/01/500-arrested-after-wall-street-protest-on-nys-brooklyn-bridge/?test=latestnews |access-date=October 1, 2011 |date=October 1, 2011 |publisher=Fox News Channel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002143421/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/10/01/500-arrested-after-wall-street-protest-on-nys-brooklyn-bridge/?test=latestnews |archive-date=October 2, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released with citations for [[disorderly conduct]] and a criminal court summons.<ref name="Hundreds freed after New York Wall Street protest">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15143509|title=Hundreds freed after New York Wall Street protest|date=October 2, 2011|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=October 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120050711/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15143509|url-status=live|archive-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> On October 4, a group of protesters who were arrested on the bridge filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging that officers had violated their constitutional rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them.<ref name="NYT Bridge Lawsuit">{{cite news |title=Citing Police Trap, Protesters File Suit |first=Elizabeth A. |last=Harris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/nyregion/citing-police-trap-protesters-file-suit.html?_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 5, 2011 |page=A25 |access-date=October 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209060158/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/nyregion/citing-police-trap-protesters-file-suit.html?_r=1 |archive-date=February 9, 2014 }}</ref> |
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In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/08/occupy-wall-street-bridge-victory | location=London |work=The Guardian | first=Ryan | last=Devereaux | title=Occupy Wall Street protesters win legal victory in Brooklyn bridge arrests | date=June 8, 2012 | |
In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/08/occupy-wall-street-bridge-victory | location=London |work=The Guardian | first=Ryan | last=Devereaux | title=Occupy Wall Street protesters win legal victory in Brooklyn bridge arrests | date=June 8, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226090416/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/08/occupy-wall-street-bridge-victory | archive-date=February 26, 2013 }}</ref> |
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=== Court cases === |
=== Court cases === |
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Video of his arrest was convincing evidence in Alexander Arbuckle's acquittal.<ref name=first>[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/05/16/152854265/video-evidence-helps-acquit-student-in-first-occupy-wall-street-trial Video Helps Acquit Student In First Occupy Wall Street Trial], ''[[National Public Radio]]'', Elise Hu, May 16, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2022.</ref> |
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In May 2012, three cases in a row were thrown out of court, the most recent one for "insufficient summons".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/168070/third-case-against-occupy-wall-street-protester-thrown-out# | title=Third Case Against Occupy Wall Street Protester Is Thrown Out | magazine=The Nation Magazine | date=May 25, 2012 | accessdate=July 12, 2012 | author=Kilkenny, Allison }}</ref> In another case, photographer Alexander Arbuckle was charged with blocking traffic for standing in the middle of the street, according to [[NYPD]] Officer Elisheba Vera. However, according to ''Village Voice'' staff writer Nick Pinto, this account was not corroborated by photographic and video evidence taken by protesters and the NYPD.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/05/in_the_first_oc.php | title=In The First Occupy Wall Street Protest Trial, Acquittal |work=The Village Voice | date=May 16, 2012 | accessdate=July 12, 2012 | author=Pinto, Nick | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504004214/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/05/in_the_first_oc.php | archivedate=May 4, 2014 }}</ref> In yet another case, Sgt. Michael Soldo, the arresting officer, said Jessica Hall was blocking traffic. But under cross-examination Soldo admitted, it was actually the NYPD metal barricades which blocked traffic. This was also corroborated by the NYPD's video documentation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/05/in_second_occup.php | title=In Second Occupy Wall Street Protest Trial, Police Claims Again Rejected |work=The Village Voice | date=May 17, 2012 | accessdate=July 12, 2012 | author=Pinto, Nick | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215204940/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/05/in_second_occup.php | archivedate=December 15, 2013 }}</ref> |
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In 2011, eight men associated with Occupy Wall Street were found guilty of trespassing, having intended to set up a camp on property controlled by [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]]. One was also convicted of attempted criminal mischief and attempted criminal possession of burglar's tools for trying to slice a lock on a chain-link fence with bolt cutters, spending a month in [[prison]]. The rest were sentenced to [[community service]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/occupy_trespassers_guilty_85BsL8AGqQoFqYXseKvxXM | title=Occupy trespassers guilty |work=New York Post | date=June 19, 2012 | access-date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/06/eight_occupy_wa.php | title=Eight Occupy Wall Street Protesters Found Guilty of Trespassing, One Sentenced To 45 Days In Jail |work=The Village Voice | date=June 19, 2012 | access-date=July 12, 2012 | author=Pinto, Nick | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027190110/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/06/eight_occupy_wa.php | archive-date=October 27, 2013 }}</ref> |
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In May 2012, three cases in a row were thrown out of court, the most recent one for "insufficient summons".<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/168070/third-case-against-occupy-wall-street-protester-thrown-out# | title=Third Case Against Occupy Wall Street Protester Is Thrown Out | magazine=The Nation Magazine | date=May 25, 2012 | access-date=July 12, 2012 | author=Kilkenny, Allison | archive-date=February 25, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225193643/http://www.thenation.com/blog/168070/third-case-against-occupy-wall-street-protester-thrown-out | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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One defendant, Michael Premo, charged with assaulting an officer, was found not guilty of all charges after the defense presented video evidence which "showed officers charging into the defendant unprovoked." The video contradicted the sworn testimony of NYPD officers, who had claimed the defendant assaulted them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/03/01/jury-finds-occupy-wall-street-protester-innocent-after-video-contradicts-police-testimony-updated-video/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414062852/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2013/03/jury_finds_occu.php|url-status=dead|title=Jury Finds Occupy Wall Street Protester Innocent After Video Contradicts Police Testimony [Updated: VIDEO] |archivedate=April 14, 2014|work=[[Village Voice]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/usa/nypd-occupy-michael-premo-703/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414123406/http://rt.com/usa/nypd-occupy-michael-premo-703/|url-status=dead|title=NYPD lied under oath to prosecute Occupy activist|archivedate=April 14, 2014|website=RT International}}</ref> |
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One defendant, [[Michael Premo]], charged with assaulting an officer, was found not guilty after the defense presented video evidence which "showed officers charging into the defendant unprovoked", contradicting the sworn testimony of NYPD officers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why the Police in Michael Premo's Occupy Wall Street Trial Are Unlikely To Face Perjury Charges |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/03/08/why-the-police-in-michael-premos-occupy-wall-street-trial-are-unlikely-to-face-perjury-charges/ |website=[[Village Voice]] |date=March 8, 2013 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805195237/https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/03/08/why-the-police-in-michael-premos-occupy-wall-street-trial-are-unlikely-to-face-perjury-charges/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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A court has ordered that the City pay $360,000 for their actions during the November 15, 2011 raid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rawstory.com/2013/04/court-orders-nypd-to-pay-360000-for-raid-that-destroyed-occupy-wall-street-library/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214192117/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/04/10/court-orders-nypd-to-pay-360000-for-raid-that-destroyed-occupy-wall-street-library/|url-status=dead|title=Court orders NYPD to pay $360,000 for raid that destroyed Occupy Wall Street library|first=Business|last=Insider|archivedate=December 14, 2013|website=www.rawstory.com}}</ref> That case, Occupy Wall Street v. City of New York, was filed in the US District Court Southern District of New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/cases/show.php?db=special&id=284|title=ruling}}</ref> Further, the City of New York has since begun settling cases with individual participants. The first of which was most notably represented by students of Hofstra Law School and the Occupy Wall Street Clinic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lawnews.hofstra.edu/2013/06/26/hofstra-laws-occupy-wall-street-clinic-settles-1st-case-against-the-city-of-new-york/ |title=Hofstra Law's Occupy Wall Street Clinic Settles First Case Against the City of New York |work=Maurice A. Deane School of Law |publisher=Hofstra University |date=October 26, 2011 |accessdate=August 12, 2013 }}</ref> |
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In April 2014, the final Occupy court case, the [[Trial of Cecily McMillan]] began. [[Cecily McMillan]] was charged with and convicted of assaulting a police officer and sentenced to 90 days in [[Rikers Island]] Penitentiary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-protester-is-found-guilty-of-assaulting-officer.html |title=Woman Found Guilty of Assaulting Officer at an Occupy Wall Street Protest - NYTimes.com |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506095931/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-protester-is-found-guilty-of-assaulting-officer.html |archive-date=May 6, 2014 }}</ref> McMillan claimed the assault was an accident and a response to what she claimed to be a sexual assault at the hands of said officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/read/bad-cop-blotter-cecily-mcmillan|title=Occupy Wall Street Activist Cecily McMillan Found Guilty of Assault After Being Beaten by the Police {{!}} VICE {{!}} United States|website=VICE|date=May 5, 2014 |language=en-us|access-date=May 2, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517105721/http://www.vice.com/read/bad-cop-blotter-cecily-mcmillan|url-status=live}}</ref> The jury that found her guilty recommended no jail time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/08/cecily-mcmillan-jurors-judge-occupy-activist-jail|title=Cecily McMillan jurors tell judge Occupy activist should not go to jail|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=May 8, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=May 2, 2016|archive-date=April 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429195911/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/08/cecily-mcmillan-jurors-judge-occupy-activist-jail|url-status=live}}</ref> She was released after serving 60 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/02/occupy-activist-cecily-mcmillan-released |title=Occupy activist Cecily McMillan released from jail after two months {{!}} World news {{!}} theguardian.com |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=July 3, 2014 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703042124/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/02/occupy-activist-cecily-mcmillan-released |archive-date=July 3, 2014 }}</ref> |
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Nkrumah Tinsley was indicted on riot offenses and assaulting a police officer during the Zuccotti Park encampment. On May 21, 2013 Tinsley pleaded guilty to felony assault on a police officer, and will be sentenced later 2013.<ref>[https://iapps.courts.state.ny.us/webcrim_attorney/Login NYS Court's official website | log on as public user, type in defendant's name, and look at the charges] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821093952/https://iapps.courts.state.ny.us/webcrim_attorney/Login |date=August 21, 2013 }}</ref> |
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In April 2014, the final Occupy court case, the [[Trial of Cecily McMillan]] began. [[Cecily McMillan]] was charged with and convicted of assaulting a police officer and sentenced to 90 days in [[Rikers Island]] Penitentiary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-protester-is-found-guilty-of-assaulting-officer.html |title=Woman Found Guilty of Assaulting Officer at an Occupy Wall Street Protest - NYTimes.com |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506095931/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-protester-is-found-guilty-of-assaulting-officer.html |archivedate=May 6, 2014 }}</ref> McMillan claimed the assault was an accident and a response to what she claimed to be a sexual assault at the hands of said officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/read/bad-cop-blotter-cecily-mcmillan|title=Occupy Wall Street Activist Cecily McMillan Found Guilty of Assault After Being Beaten by the Police {{!}} VICE {{!}} United States|website=VICE|language=en-us|access-date=May 2, 2016}}</ref> The jury that found her guilty recommended no jail time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/08/cecily-mcmillan-jurors-judge-occupy-activist-jail|title=Cecily McMillan jurors tell judge Occupy activist should not go to jail|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=May 8, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=May 2, 2016}}</ref> She was released after serving 60 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/02/occupy-activist-cecily-mcmillan-released |title=Occupy activist Cecily McMillan released from jail after two months {{!}} World news {{!}} theguardian.com |date=July 3, 2014 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703042124/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/02/occupy-activist-cecily-mcmillan-released |archivedate=July 3, 2014 }}</ref> |
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== Anarchism == |
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Many commentators have stated that the [[Occupy movement|Occupy Wall Street movement]] has roots in the philosophy of [[anarchism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html | title=Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots | first=David | last=Graeber | publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] | accessdate=February 26, 2012}}</ref><ref name="chronicle">{{cite journal | url=http://chronicle.com/article/Intellectual-Roots-of-Wall/129428/ | title=Intellectual Roots of Wall Street Protest Lie in Academe | journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education | date=October 16, 2011 | accessdate=February 26, 2012 | last=Berrett | first=Dan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.thenation.com/article/thank-you-anarchists/ | title= Thank You, Anarchists | journal= The Nation | first=Nathan | last=Schneider | date= December 20, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="tnr">{{cite journal | url=http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/97114/anarchy-occupy-wall-street-throwback | title=Michael Kazin: Anarchy Now: Occupy Wall Street Revives An Ideology | journal=The New Republic | accessdate=February 26, 2012| date=November 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gibson|first=Morgan Rodgers (2013)|title=The 'Anarchism' of the Occupy Movement |journal = Australian Journal of Political Science|volume=48|issue=3|pages=335–348|doi=10.1080/10361146.2013.820687|year = 2013}}</ref> [[David Graeber]], an early organizer of the movement, is a self-proclaimed anarchist.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/magazine/david-graeber-the-antileader-of-occupy-wall-street-10262011.html | title=David Graeber, the Anti-Leader of Occupy Wall Street | publisher=[[BusinessWeek]] | date=October 26, 2011 | accessdate=February 26, 2012 | last=Bennett | first=Drake}}</ref> Graeber, writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', has argued that anarchist principles of [[direct action]], [[direct democracy]] and rejection of existing political institutions are the foundations of the Occupy Wall Street [[Political movement|movement]]. Graber associated Occupy with anarchism ideology because of Occupy's refusal to make demands on the existing state.<ref name="anar:0">{{Cite journal|last=Bates|first=David|last2=Ogilvie|first2=Matthew|last3=Pole|first3=Emma|year=2015|title=Occupy: In Theory and Practice|url=http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14463/1/Occupy%20In%20Theory%20and%20Practice.pdf|journal=Critical Discourse Studies|volume=13|issue=3|pages=341–355|via=EBSCOHost|doi=10.1080/17405904.2016.1141697}}</ref> The view was that had Occupy made demands, it would be reiterating the legitimacy of the people who made the demands; refraining from making demands, Occupy refused to legitimize the existing political structure of the United States.<ref name="anar:0" /> Graeber also believes that radical segments of the [[civil rights movement]], the [[anti-nuclear movement]] and the [[global justice movement]] have been based on the same principles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/15/occupy-anarchism-gift-democracy | title=Occupy and anarchism's gift of democracy | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 8, 2010 | accessdate=February 26, 2012}}</ref> |
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As "Occupy" encompassed a range of perspectives, a range of participants viewed it as an anarchist movement and others argued it could not be labeled an anarchist movement.<ref name="anar:1">{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=MR|year=2013|title=The Anarchism of the Occupy Movement|url=|journal=Australian Journal of Political Science|volume=48|issue=3|pages=335–348|doi=10.1080/10361146.2013.820687}}</ref> John L. Hammond attributes three core Occupy beliefs and practices – horizontalism, autonomy, and defiance – as also being anarchist values and argued that Occupy's emphasis on the experience of occupation aligns with the principles of libertarian anarchists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pittman|first=John P.|year=2015|title=Red on Black Marxist Encounters with Anarchism|url=|journal=Science & Society|volume=79|issue=2|pages=148–152|doi=10.1521/siso.2015.79.2.148}}</ref> Horizontalism, meaning an equal distribution of power, was demonstrated through the creation of a direct democracy that eliminated hierarchy and representative structures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hammond|first=John L.|year=2015|title=The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/eb285f3f3061706aea5ef6f26c5cbc153a0443f0|journal=Science & Society|volume=79|issue=2|pages=288–313|doi=10.1521/siso.2015.79.2.288}}</ref> Occupy operated using mutualism and self-organization as its principles. The General Assemblies practiced direct democracy using consensus to the extent of practicality. Outside of the General Assemblies, Occupy protesters organized into decentralized groups. Occupy's practice of horizontal organization rejected the legitimacy of the existing hierarchical political structure in the United States.<ref name="anar:1" /> Some writers have argued that by questioning institutions like the existing state Occupy demonstrated both autonomy and defiance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rehmann|first=Jan|year=2013|title=Occupy Wall Street and the question of hegemony: a Gramscian analysis|url=|journal=Socialism and Democracy|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.1080/08854300.2012.759744}}</ref> |
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Thai Jones, an anarchist writing for the Jewish-American weekly newspaper, ''[[The Forward]]'', asserted that the Occupy movement demonstrated that the invigorating potential of anarchist political theory can be a feasible model of governance. According to Jones, contemporary anarchists involved in the Occupy Wall Street movement face the same dilemma as their early predecessors — whether to use violence.<ref name="forward">{{cite web | first = Thai |last=Jone | url=http://www.forward.com/articles/147124/?p=all | title=Occupy Protests Show Radical Potential | publisher=[[The Forward]] |date = December 9, 2011 | accessdate=February 26, 2012}}</ref> [[Michael Kazin]], writing for ''[[The New Republic]]'', analyzed the composition of the Occupy Wall Street movement. He argued that Occupy members are different from political activists of the late 19th century and early 20th century counterparts, citing contemporary rejection of [[Propaganda of the deed|violent methods]] as the main difference. |
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Kazin described the Occupy Wall Street anarchists as "ultra-[[egalitarian]], radically [[environmentalist]], effortlessly [[multicultural]] and scrupulously [[non-violent]]", describing them as the "cyber-clever progeny of [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[Emma Goldman]]." [[Social media]] played a vital role in the Occupy movement and Kazin noted that instead of authoring essays or promoting [[Anarcho-feminism|feminism]] and [[free love]], the Occupy Wall Street anarchists stream videos and arrange [[flash mob]]s.<ref name=tnr/> |
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In November 2011, approximately 100 people participated in Portland's "Anarchist General Assembly" and discussed ways to spread anarchist ideas and how to interact with police. The organizers of the assembly published a flier that read, "This is a call to the anarchist and broader anti-authoritarian community to reconvene in assembly and continue to develop ourselves as members of a larger network here in Portland."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/11/about_100_people_meet_for_anar.html | title=About 100 people meet for "Anarchist General Assembly" in preparation for Occupy Portland eviction | publisher=[[Oregon Live]] | accessdate=February 26, 2012 | work=The Oregonian}}</ref> |
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==Notable responses== |
==Notable responses== |
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During an October 6 news conference, President [[Barack Obama]] said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."<ref name="Obama news conference: Obama: Occupy Wall Street protests show Americans' frustration"/><ref name="Obama acknowledges Wall Street protests as a sign"/> |
During an October 6 news conference, President [[Barack Obama]] said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."<ref name="Obama news conference: Obama: Occupy Wall Street protests show Americans' frustration"/><ref name="Obama acknowledges Wall Street protests as a sign"/> |
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On October 5, 2011, noted commentator and political satirist [[Jon Stewart]] said in his ''Daily Show'' broadcast: "If the people who were supposed to fix our financial system had actually done it, the people who have no idea how to solve these problems wouldn't be getting shit for not offering solutions."<ref>{{cite web|last=Jon|first=Stewart|title=The Daily Show|url=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-5-2011/parks-and-demonstration?xrs=share_copy| |
On October 5, 2011, noted commentator and political satirist [[Jon Stewart]] said in his ''[[Daily show|Daily Show]]'' broadcast: "If the people who were supposed to fix our financial system had actually done it, the people who have no idea how to solve these problems wouldn't be getting shit for not offering solutions."<ref>{{cite web|last=Jon|first=Stewart|title=The Daily Show|url=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-5-2011/parks-and-demonstration?xrs=share_copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007041416/http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-5-2011/parks-and-demonstration?xrs=share_copy|archive-date=October 7, 2011}}</ref> |
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Republican presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that targeting one industry or region of America is a mistake and |
Republican presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that targeting one industry or region of America is a mistake, and said the Occupy Wall Street protests are "dangerous" and inciting "class warfare".<ref name="Auto1Y-79"/><ref name="Romney: Wall Street Protests Class Warfare"/> A week later, Romney expressed empathy for the movement, saying, "I look at what's happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand how those people feel."<ref name="Auto1Y-80"/> |
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[[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Democratic Leader Rep.]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] said she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement.<ref name="Pelosi Supports Occupy Wall Street Movement"/> In September, various [[Trade union|labor unions]], including the [[Transport Workers Union of America]] Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ [[Service Employees International Union]], pledged their support for demonstrators.<ref name="union support"/> |
[[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Democratic Leader Rep.]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] said she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement.<ref name="Pelosi Supports Occupy Wall Street Movement"/> In September, various [[Trade union|labor unions]], including the [[Transport Workers Union of America]] Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ [[Service Employees International Union]], pledged their support for demonstrators.<ref name="union support"/> |
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In November 2011, [[Public Policy Polling]] did a national survey which found that 33% of voters supported OWS and 45% opposed it, with 22% not sure. 43% of those polled had a higher opinion of the [[Tea Party movement]] than the Occupy movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/PPP_Release_US_11161023.pdf |title=Voters moving against Occupy movement |work=Public Policy Polling |date=November 16, 2011 |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604073117/https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/PPP_Release_US_11161023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2012, a survey was released by [[Rasmussen Reports]], in which 51% of likely voters found protesters to be a public nuisance, while 39% saw it as a valid protest movement representing the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/january_2012/51_see_occupy_wall_street_protesters_as_public_nuisance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108214325/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/january_2012/51_see_occupy_wall_street_protesters_as_public_nuisance|url-status=dead|title=51% See Occupy Wall Street Protesters As Public Nuisance - Rasmussen Reports®|archive-date=January 8, 2012|website=www.rasmussenreports.com}}</ref> |
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Five days into the protest, political commentator [[Keith Olbermann]], formerly of [[CurrentTV]], vocally criticized mainstream media outlets for failing to cover the initial Wall Street protests and demonstrations adequately.<ref name="Occupy Wall Street's Media Problems"/><ref name="Will Bunch"/> |
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On October 19, 2011, [[Greenpeace]] Executive Director [[Phil Radford]] spoke on behalf of Greenpeace supporting Occupy Wall Street protesters, stating: "We stand – as individuals and an organization – with Occupiers of all walks of life who peacefully stand up for a just, democratic, green and peaceful future."<ref>{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Radford |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/greenpeace-supports-occupy-wall-street-peaceful-protests/ |title=Greenpeace Supports Occupy Wall Street Peaceful Protests |date=October 19, 2011 |accessdate=July 30, 2019 |website=Greenpeace.org }}</ref> |
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The [[Internet Archive]] and the Occupy Archive, a project at the Roy Rosenzweig [[Center for History and New Media]] at George Mason University, has been collecting material from Occupy sites beyond New York.<ref name="Auto1Y-81"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://occupyarchive.org/|title=Occupy Archive|website=occupyarchive.org|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref> |
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In November 2011, [[Public Policy Polling]] did a national survey which found that 33% of voters supported OWS and 45% opposed it, with 22% not sure. 43% of those polled had a higher opinion of the Tea Party movement than the Occupy movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/PPP_Release_US_11161023.pdf |title=Voters moving against Occupy movement |work=Public Policy Polling |date=November 16, 2011 }}</ref> In January 2012, a survey was released by [[Rasmussen Reports]], in which 51% of likely voters found protesters to be a public nuisance, while 39% saw it as a valid protest movement representing the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/january_2012/51_see_occupy_wall_street_protesters_as_public_nuisance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108214325/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/january_2012/51_see_occupy_wall_street_protesters_as_public_nuisance|url-status=dead|title=51% See Occupy Wall Street Protesters As Public Nuisance - Rasmussen Reports®|archivedate=January 8, 2012|website=www.rasmussenreports.com}}</ref> |
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Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist [[Chris Hedges]], a supporter of the movement, argues that OWS had popular support and "articulated the concerns of the majority of citizens."<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Hedges |date=September 30, 2013 |url=http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/the_sparks_of_rebellion_20130930 |title=The Sparks of Rebellion |work=[[Truthdig]] |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029085322/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/the_sparks_of_rebellion_20130930 |archivedate=October 29, 2013 }}</ref> |
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American political philosopher [[Jodi Dean]], while critical of the movements focus on autonomy, leaderlessness and horizontality which she argues was self-destructive, says that "Occupy ruptured the lie that 'what is good for Wall Street is good for Main Street'."<ref>{{cite book |last= Dean|first=Jodi|date=2012 |title=The Communist Horizon|url=https://archive.org/details/communisthorizon00dean|url-access= limited|location= |publisher=Verso|pages=[https://archive.org/details/communisthorizon00dean/page/n215 210], 217–218 |isbn=978-1844679546|author-link=Jodi Dean}}</ref> |
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Many notable figures joined the occupation, including [[David Crosby]], [[Kanye West]], [[Russell Simmons]], [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Susan Sarandon]], [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Jesse Jackson]], [[Cornel West]], and [[Michael Moore]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/celebrities-join-occupy-wall-st-protests-gallery-1.972402?pmSlide=1.966635|title=Celebrities join Occupy Wall St. protests – slide 11|newspaper=NY Daily News|access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref> |
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=== Occupy Yale === |
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In November 2011, some students started an ''Occupy [[Yale]]'' movement, discouraging fellow students from joining the finance sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=Occupy Wallstreet – official website|url=http://occupywallst.org/|accessdate=March 19, 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62INQJpEH|archivedate=October 9, 2011}}</ref> 25% of Yale graduates join the financial sector.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roose|first=Kevin|title=At Top Colleges, Anti-Wall St. Fervor Complicates Recruiting|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/at-top-colleges-anti-wall-st-fervor-complicates-recruiting/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=2|accessdate=March 19, 2014|newspaper=New York Times – Deal Book|date=November 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002250/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/at-top-colleges-anti-wall-st-fervor-complicates-recruiting/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=2|archivedate=March 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roose|first=Kevin|title=Young Money|date=February 2014|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-0-446-58325-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/youngmoneyinside0000roos}}</ref> |
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Many notable figures joined the occupation, including [[David Crosby]], [[Kanye West]], [[Russell Simmons]], [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Susan Sarandon]], [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Jesse Jackson]], [[Cornel West]], [[Judith Butler]], and [[Michael Moore]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/celebrities-join-occupy-wall-st-protests-gallery-1.972402?pmSlide=1.966635|title=Celebrities join Occupy Wall St. protests – slide 11|newspaper=NY Daily News|access-date=October 27, 2016|archive-date=November 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120085045/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/celebrities-join-occupy-wall-st-protests-gallery-1.972402?pmSlide=1.966635|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Time Magazine: Person of the Year 2011 === |
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OWS was mentioned by Time Magazine in its 2011 selection of "The Protester" as Person of the Year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/person-of-the-year/2011/|title=Person of the Year 2011 - TIME|date=December 14, 2011|work=Time|access-date=May 20, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> |
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OWS was mentioned by Time Magazine in its 2011 selection of "The Protester" as Person of the Year.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 14, 2011|title=Person of the Year 2011 - TIME|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101745_2102132_2102373,00.html|access-date=May 20, 2018|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=May 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509054437/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101745_2102132_2102373,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Occupy George === |
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Occupy George was an interactive art project inspired by Occupy Wall Street that circulated dollar bills stamped with fact-based infographics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Occupy George Gives the Dollar Bill a Protest-Friendly Look |url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/10/18/occupy-george-gives-the-dollar-bill-a-protest-friendly-look/ |accessdate=August 16, 2019}}</ref> It informed the public of America's economic disparity one dollar bill at a time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's one way to get the 1% to pay even more attention: taint their money |url=https://gizmodo.com/5850325/the-99-is-printing-infographics-on-money-to-show-the-1-the-reality-of-occupy-wall-street/ |accessdate=August 16, 2019}}</ref> |
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==Criticism== |
==Criticism== |
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The Occupy Movement has been criticized for not having a set of clear demands that could be used to prompt formal policy change. This lack of agenda has been cited as the reason why the Occupy Movement fizzled before achieving any specific legislative changes. Although the lack of demands has simultaneously been argued as one of the advantages of the movement,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weissman |first=Robert |title='Occupy' Movement Purposely Has No Single, Set Demand |website=US News |date=October 19, 2011 |url= https://www.usnews.com/debate-club/is-occupy-wall-street-the-next-tea-party-movement/occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand-occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111020031546/http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/is-occupy-wall-street-the-next-tea-party-movement/occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand-occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand |archive-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> the protesters in Occupy rejected the idea of having only one demand, or a set of demands, and instead represented a host of broad demands that did not specifically allude to a desired policy agenda.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lacey |first=Marc |title=The Occupy Movement's Common Thread Is Anger |work=The New York Times |date=October 17, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/us/the-occupy-movements-common-thread-is-anger.html |access-date=November 4, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107120011/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/us/the-occupy-movements-common-thread-is-anger.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="atlantic5">{{Cite news |last=Indiviglio |first=Daniel |title=5 Reasons Why 'Occupy Wall Street' Won't Work |publisher=The Atlantic |year=2011 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/5-reasons-why-occupy-wall-street-wont-work/246041/ |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025009/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/5-reasons-why-occupy-wall-street-wont-work/246041/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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A number of criticisms of Occupy Wall Street have emerged, both during the movement's most active period and subsequently after. These criticism include a lack of clear goals, false claim as the 99%, a lack of measurable change, trouble conveying its message, a failure to continue its support base, pursuing the wrong audience, and accusations of [[anti-Semitism]]. |
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Although the movement's primary slogan was "[[We are the 99%]]," it was criticized for not encompassing the voice of the entire 99%, specifically lower class individuals and minorities. For example, it was characterized as being "overwhelmingly white".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theweek.com/articles/479872/why-occupy-wall-street-overwhelmingly-white|title=Why is Occupy Wall Street 'overwhelmingly white'?|date=November 28, 2011|access-date=November 4, 2017|archive-date=February 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214194748/http://theweek.com/articles/479872/why-occupy-wall-street-overwhelmingly-white|url-status=live}}</ref> The lack of African American presence was especially notable, with the movement being criticized in several news outlets and journal articles for its lack of black protestors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/06/occupy-wall-street-black-population_n_998722.html|title=Occupy Wall Street Doesn't Adequately Represent Struggling Black Population, Experts Say|last=Ross|first=Janell|date=October 6, 2011|work=Huffington Post|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221064723/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/occupy-wall-street-black-population_n_998722|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://prospect.org/article/occupy-wall-streets-race-problem|title=Occupy Wall Street's Race Problem|work=The American Prospect|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020039/http://prospect.org/article/occupy-wall-streets-race-problem|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Emahunn Raheem Ali|date=2011|title=A Critique of the Occupy Movement from a Black Occupier|jstor=10.5816/blackscholar.41.4.0042|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=41|issue=4|pages=42–51|doi=10.5816/blackscholar.41.4.0042|s2cid=152127615}}</ref> |
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=== Lack of clear goals === |
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Some publications mentioned that the Occupy Wall Street Movement failed to spark any true institutional changes in banks and in Corporate America. This idea is supported by the number of scandals that continued to emerge following the financial crisis such as the [[London whale|London Whale incident]], the [[Libor scandal|LIBOR-fixing scandal]], and the [[HSBC#Money laundering|HSBC money laundering]] discovery. Furthermore, the idea of excess compensation through salaries and bonuses at Wall Street banks continued to be a contentious topic following the Occupy protests, especially as bonuses increased during a period of falling bank profits.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/18/markets/thebuzz/index.htm|title=Big bonuses alive on Wall Street. Why?|last=Monica|first=Paul R. La|work=CNNMoney|access-date=November 4, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005908/http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/18/markets/thebuzz/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/occupy-this-wall-street-pay-rises-as-profits-fall/|title=Occupy This: Wall Street Pay Rises as Profits Fall|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030304/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/occupy-this-wall-street-pay-rises-as-profits-fall/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/10/10/investing/wall-street-pay/index.html|title=Wall Street paychecks back near pre-recession highs|last=Fox|first=Emily Jane|work=CNNMoney|access-date=November 4, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031332/http://money.cnn.com/2012/10/10/investing/wall-street-pay/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Day 3 Occupy Wall Street 2011 Shankbone 5.JPG|thumb|Although the movement's primary slogan was "we are the 99%," it was criticized for not encompassing the voice of the entire 99%, specifically lower class individuals and minorities]] |
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The Occupy Movement has been criticized for not having a set of clear demands that could be used to prompt formal policy change. This lack of agenda has been cited as the reason why the Occupy Movement fizzled before achieving any specific legislative changes. Although the lack of demands has simultaneously been argued as one of the advantages of the movement,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/debate-club/is-occupy-wall-street-the-next-tea-party-movement/occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand-occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand|title='Occupy' Movement Purposely Has No Single, Set Demand|last=Weissman|first=Robert|date=October 19, 2011|website=US News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020031546/http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/is-occupy-wall-street-the-next-tea-party-movement/occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand-occupy-movement-purposely-has-no-single-set-demand|archive-date=October 20, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> the protesters in Occupy rejected the idea of having only one demand, or a set of demands, and instead represented a host of broad demands that did not specifically allude to a desired policy agenda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/us/the-occupy-movements-common-thread-is-anger.html|title=The Occupy Movement's Common Thread Is Anger|last=Lacey|first=Marc|date=October 17, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="atlantic5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/5-reasons-why-occupy-wall-street-wont-work/246041/|title=5 Reasons Why 'Occupy Wall Street' Won't Work|last=Indiviglio|first=Daniel|work=The Atlantic|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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The movement was also criticized for not building a sustainable base of support and instead fading quickly after its initial spark in late 2011 through early 2012.<ref name="banjo">{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/421817/remember-occupy-wall-street-probably-not/|title=Remember Occupy Wall Street? Probably not.|last=Banjo|first=Shelly|work=Quartz|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022736/https://qz.com/421817/remember-occupy-wall-street-probably-not/|url-status=live}}</ref> This may be attributed to Occupy's lack of legislative victories, which left the protestors with a lack of measurable goals. It was also argued that the movement was too tied to its base, [[Zuccotti Park]]. Evidence of this lies in the fact that when the police evicted the protestors on November 15, the movement largely dissipated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204661604577187004069109534|title=Occupy AstroTurf|last=Crovitz|first=L. Gordon|date=January 29, 2012|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204453/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204661604577187004069109534|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="huff ostroy">{{Cite news|last=Ostroy|first=Andy|date=May 31, 2012|title=The Failure of Occupy Wall Street|website=Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-ostroy/the-failure-of-occupy-wal_b_1558787.html|url-status=live|access-date=November 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910045803/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-ostroy/the-failure-of-occupy-wal_b_1558787.html|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> While there is evidence that the movement had an enduring impact, protests and direct mentions of the [[Occupy movement]] quickly became uncommon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2011-06-03%20201409-03&q=occupywallstreet|title=Google Trends|website=Google Trends|access-date=November 4, 2017|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805221624/https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2011-06-03%20201409-03&q=occupywallstreet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/occupy-wall-street-a-frenzy-that-fizzled/|title=Occupy Wall Street: A Frenzy That Fizzled|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|work=DealBook|date=September 18, 2012 |access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031420/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/occupy-wall-street-a-frenzy-that-fizzled/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="banjo" /> |
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=== Lack of minority representation === |
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Some Occupy Wall Street protests have included [[anti-zionist]] and or anti-Semitic slogans and signage such as "Jews control Wall Street" or "Zionist Jews who are running the big banks and the Federal Reserve". As a result, the [[Occupy Wall Street Movement|Occupy movement]] has been confronted with accusations of anti-Semitism by major US media outlets and US politicians.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jennifer|last=Rubin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/occupy-wall-street-does-anyone-care-about-the-anti-semitism/2011/03/29/gIQA43p8rL_blog.html|title=Occupy Wall Street: Does anyone care about the anti-Semitism?|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 17, 2011|access-date=April 23, 2016|archive-date=March 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313020742/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/occupy-wall-street-does-anyone-care-about-the-anti-semitism/2011/03/29/gIQA43p8rL_blog.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Joseph|last=Berger|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-criticized-for-flashes-of-anti-semitism.html?_r=0|title=Cries of Anti-Semitism, but Not at Zuccotti Park|work=The New York Times|date=October 21, 2011|access-date=February 27, 2017|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019061604/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-criticized-for-flashes-of-anti-semitism.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/10/19/rnc-says-dems-silent-as-anti-semitic-tone-emerges-at-occupy-wall-street.html|title=Republicans Accuse Dem Leaders of Silence in Face of 'Anti-Semitic' Tone Occupying Protest Movement|work=Fox News|date=October 19, 2011|access-date=April 23, 2016|archive-date=April 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424193342/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/10/19/rnc-says-dems-silent-as-anti-semitic-tone-emerges-at-occupy-wall-street.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Although the movement's primary slogan was "[[We are the 99%]]," it was criticized for not encompassing the voice of the entire 99%, specifically lower class individuals and minorities. For example, it was characterized as being overwhelmingly white<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theweek.com/articles/479872/why-occupy-wall-street-overwhelmingly-white|title=Why is Occupy Wall Street 'overwhelmingly white'?|date=November 28, 2011|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref> and poorly representative of the needs of the immigrant population. The lack of African American presence was especially notable, with the movement being criticized in several news outlets and journal articles about its lack of inclusivity and racial diversity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/06/occupy-wall-street-black-population_n_998722.html|title=Occupy Wall Street Doesn't Adequately Represent Struggling Black Population, Experts Say|last=Ross|first=Janell|date=October 6, 2011|work=Huffington Post|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://prospect.org/article/occupy-wall-streets-race-problem|title=Occupy Wall Street&#039;s Race Problem|work=The American Prospect|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/politics/joegarofoli/article/Occupy-movement-fails-to-connect-with-blacks-2399912.php|title=Occupy movement fails to connect with blacks|work=SFGate|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Emahunn Raheem Ali|date=2011|title=A Critique of the Occupy Movement from a Black Occupier|jstor=10.5816/blackscholar.41.4.0042|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=41|issue=4|pages=42–51|doi=10.5816/blackscholar.41.4.0042}}</ref> |
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A 2017 book released by [[Brookings Institution]] senior fellow [[Richard Reeves (British author)|Richard V. Reeves]] called ''[[Dream Hoarders]]: How the American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else in the Dust, Why That Is a Problem, and What to Do about It,'' presented data which showed that, "...more than a third of the demonstrators on the May Day 'Occupy' march in 2011 had annual earnings of more than $100,000. But, rather than looking up in envy and resentment, the upper middle class would do well to look at their own position compared to those falling further and further behind."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=Richard V. |title=Dream Hoarders: How The American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else In The Dust, Why That Is A Problem, And What To Do About It. |publisher=Brookings Institution |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-8157-2912-9 |pages=7}}</ref> |
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=== Lack of measurable change === |
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Some publications mentioned that the Occupy Wall Street Movement failed to spark any true institutional changes in banks and in Corporate America. This idea is supported by the number of scandals that continued to emerge following the financial crisis such as the [[London whale|London Whale incident]], the [[Libor scandal|LIBOR-fixing scandal]], and the [[HSBC#Money laundering|HSBC money laundering]] discovery. Furthermore, the idea of excess compensation through salaries and bonuses at Wall Street banks continued to be a contentious topic following the Occupy protests, especially as bonuses increased during a period of falling bank profits.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/18/markets/thebuzz/index.htm|title=Big bonuses alive on Wall Street. Why?|last=Monica|first=Paul R. La|work=CNNMoney|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/occupy-this-wall-street-pay-rises-as-profits-fall/|title=Occupy This: Wall Street Pay Rises as Profits Fall|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/10/10/investing/wall-street-pay/index.html|title=Wall Street paychecks back near pre-recession highs|last=Fox|first=Emily Jane|work=CNNMoney|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref> |
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=== Trouble conveying its message === |
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Another criticism was the idea that the movement itself was having trouble conveying its actual message. The movement was criticized for demonizing the rich and establishing a theme of class warfare.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailynexus.com/2011-11-10/demonizing-rich-misappropriates-blame/|title=Demonizing the Rich Misappropriates the Blame|work=The Daily Nexus|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2011/10/03/occupy-wall-street-spreads-class-warfare-across-the-country/|title=Occupy Wall Street Spreads Class Warfare Across the Country|last=Kain|first=E.D.|work=Forbes|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Another issue that was raised was that the Occupy Movement was attempting to indict the entire 1% and argue for [[Redistribution of income and wealth|wealth redistribution]], when in fact, the focus of the movement was centered around [[Social mobility|upward mobility]] and fairness for all through government regulation and taxation.<ref name="huff ostroy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-ostroy/the-failure-of-occupy-wal_b_1558787.html|title=The Failure of Occupy Wall Street|last=Ostroy|first=Andy|date=May 31, 2012|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Price of Inequality|last=Stiglitz|first=Joseph|publisher=Norton & Company|year=2012|isbn=978-0393345063|location=|pages=116}}</ref> |
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=== Failure to continue its support base === |
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The movement was also criticized for not building a sustainable base of support and instead fading quickly after its initial spark in late 2011 through early 2012.<ref name="banjo">{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/421817/remember-occupy-wall-street-probably-not/|title=Remember Occupy Wall Street? Probably not.|last=Banjo|first=Shelly|work=Quartz|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> This may be attributed to Occupy's lack of legislative victories, which left the protestors with a lack of measurable goals. It was also argued that the movement was too tied to its base, [[Zuccotti Park]]. Evidence of this lies in the fact that when the police evicted the protestors on November 15, the movement largely dissipated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204661604577187004069109534|title=Occupy AstroTurf|last=Crovitz|first=L. Gordon|date=January 29, 2012|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name="huff ostroy"/> While there is evidence that the movement had an enduring impact, protests and direct mentions of the Occupy Movement quickly became uncommon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2011-06-03%20201409-03&q=occupywallstreet|title=Google Trends|website=Google Trends|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/occupy-wall-street-a-frenzy-that-fizzled/|title=Occupy Wall Street: A Frenzy That Fizzled|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|work=DealBook|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="banjo"/> |
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=== Wrong audience === |
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Many people felt that Occupy had the wrong target in mind, and that Washington, politicians, or the [[Federal Open Market Committee|Federal Reserve]] should have received much of the rebuke<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://post.nyssa.org/nyssa-news/2011/10/why-the-occupy-wall-street-protesters-have-picked-the-wrong-target.html|title=Why the "Occupy Wall Street" Protesters Have Picked the Wrong Target - The Finance Professionals' Post|website=post.nyssa.org|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204346104576637290931614006|title=Blame the Fed for the Financial Crisis|last=Paul|first=Ron|date=October 20, 2011|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> for ignoring the warning signs leading up to the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|financial crisis]] and not taking action more quickly. In addition, the movement was criticized for demonizing banks and the entire financial industry, with the argument being that only a certain portion of Wall Street workers contributed to the actions that eventually sparked the financial crisis.<ref name="atlantic5"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/01/occupy-wall-street-michael-bloomberg-congress_n_1070342.html|title=Michael Bloomberg: 'It Was Not The Banks That Created The Mortgage Crisis' [WATCH]|date=November 1, 2011|work=Huffington Post|access-date=November 4, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Anti-semitism accusations === |
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Many Occupy Wall Street protests have included [[anti-zionist]] and anti-Semitic slogans and signage such as "Jews control Wall Street" or "Zionist Jews who are running the big banks and the Federal Reserve". As a result, the [[Occupy Wall Street Movement]] has been confronted with accusations of anti-Semitism by major US media.<ref>{{cite web|first= Jennifer|last= Rubin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/occupy-wall-street-does-anyone-care-about-the-anti-semitism/2011/03/29/gIQA43p8rL_blog.html|title=Occupy Wall Street: Does anyone care about the anti-Semitism?|work=The Washington Post|date=October 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Joseph|last=Berger|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-criticized-for-flashes-of-anti-semitism.html?_r=0|title=Cries of Anti-Semitism, but Not at Zuccotti Park|work=The New York Times|date=October 21, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/10/19/rnc-says-dems-silent-as-anti-semitic-tone-emerges-at-occupy-wall-street.html|title=Republicans Accuse Dem Leaders of Silence in Face of 'Anti-Semitic' Tone Occupying Protest Movement|work=Fox News|date=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/10/12/wall-street-protester-proclaims-the-jews-control-wall-st-in-zuccotti-park-rant/|title=OWS Protester Proclaims 'The Jews Control Wall St.' In Zuccotti Park Rant|work=CBS News|date=October 12, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Abe|last=Greenwald|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/anti-semitism/occupy-wall-street-has-an-anti-semitism-problem/|title=Occupy Wall Street Has an Anti-Semitism Problem|work=Commentary Magazine|date=October 11, 2011}}</ref> |
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==Subsequent activity== |
==Subsequent activity== |
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{{see also|Occupy movement|Occupy movement in the United States}}Occupy Wall Street mounted an ambitious call for a citywide [[general strike]] and day of action on May 1, 2012. Tens of thousands of people participated in a march through New York City, demonstrating continued support for Occupy Wall Street's cause and concerns. |
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{{see also|Occupy movement|Occupy movement in the United States}} |
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[[Occupy Sandy]] was an organized relief effort created to assist the victims of Hurricane Sandy in the northeastern United States, made up of former and present Occupy Wall Street protesters, other members of the Occupy movement, and former non-Occupy volunteers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html/|access-date=December 9, 2014|work=The New York Times|date=November 10, 2012 |archive-date=December 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216171214/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html|url-status=live|last1=Feuer |first1=Alan }}</ref> |
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===May Day 2012=== |
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Occupy Wall Street mounted an ambitious call for a citywide general strike and day of action on May 1, 2012. Recalls journalist [[Nathan Schneider]], "The idea of a general strike had been circulating in the movement since who-knows-when. There was a woman who called for it back on September 17th. Occupy Oakland tried to mount one on November 2nd, with some success and a few broken windows. Soon after, Occupy LA took the lead in announcing a target that seemed sufficiently far off to be feasible, and sufficiently traditional to seem plausible: May Day."<ref>{{cite web|title=After May Day|last=Schneider|first=Nathan|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/features/after-may-day/|publisher=Guernica|date=September 16, 2013}}</ref> Though the day fell short of its wildest ambitions, tens of thousands of people participated in a march through New York City, demonstrating continued support for Occupy Wall Street's cause and concerns. |
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To celebrate the third anniversary of the occupation of Zuccotti Park, an Occupy Wall Street campaign called "[[Strike Debt]]" announced it had wiped out almost $4 million in [[Student loans in the United States|student loans]], amounting to the indebtedness of 2,761 students. The loans were all held by students of [[Everest College]], a [[For-profit education|for profit college]] that operates [[Corinthian Colleges International, Inc|Corinthian Colleges, Inc.]] which in turn owns [[Everest University]], [[Everest Institute]], [[Heald College]], and [[WyoTech]]. Strike Debt, and a successor organization, The Debt Collective, were active in organizing the Corinthian 100 students who struck against Corinthian college, a for-profit school that was shut down by the U.S. Department of Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/204007/students-ruined-by-for-profit-colleges-fight-back/|title=Debt Resistors Operations Manual, 2nd edition (not free)|work=Strike Debt|date=September 28, 2015|access-date=October 15, 2015|archive-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016142324/http://fusion.net/story/204007/students-ruined-by-for-profit-colleges-fight-back/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Broadly-DebtReliefPreTrump-2016">{{cite news|last1=Bess|first1=Gabby|title=Victims of Fake Colleges Plead for Debt Relief Before Trump Takes Office|url=https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/victims-of-fake-colleges-plead-for-debt-relief-before-trump-takes-office|work=Broadly|date=December 5, 2016|access-date=December 6, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221054509/https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/victims-of-fake-colleges-plead-for-debt-relief-before-trump-takes-office|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Occupy Sandy=== |
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[[Occupy Sandy]] is an organized relief effort created to assist the victims of Hurricane Sandy in the northeastern United States. Occupy Sandy is made up of former and present Occupy Wall Street protesters, other members of the Occupy movement, and former non-Occupy volunteers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html/|accessdate=December 9, 2014 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> |
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[[Occupy the SEC]] came together during the occupation. The group seeks to represent the 99% in the regulatory process. They first attracted attention in 2012 when they submitted a 325-page comment letter on the [[Volcker Rule]] portion of [[Dodd Frank]].<ref>{{cite web|title=OSEC weighs in on the Volcker Rule|url=http://www.businessweek.com/finance/occupy-the-sec-weighs-in-on-the-volcker-rule-02142012.html|access-date=December 9, 2014|archive-date=February 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209065155/http://www.businessweek.com/finance/occupy-the-sec-weighs-in-on-the-volcker-rule-02142012.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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===3rd anniversary=== |
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Three years after the original occupation, there were fewer people actively involved in Occupy than at its height. However, a number of groups that formed during the occupation or resulted from connections made at that time were still active.<ref name="ibtimes.com">{{cite web|title=Occupy Wall Street 2014: At Zuccotti Park In NYC, A Smaller Crowd But No Less Spunk|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/occupy-wall-street-2014-zuccotti-park-nyc-smaller-crowd-no-less-spunk-1690738|accessdate=February 4, 2015}}</ref> |
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Another offshoot of the Occupy Movement, calling itself the OWS Alternative Banking Group, was established during the occupation of Zuccotti Park in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbur.org/npr/149443425/alternative-banking-groups-aid-occupy-movement |title=The Occupy Groups Re-imagine the Bank |date=March 27, 2012 |publisher=wbur.org |access-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-date=March 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329045108/http://www.wbur.org/npr/149443425/alternative-banking-groups-aid-occupy-movement |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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=== Strike Debt === |
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To celebrate the third anniversary of the occupation of Zuccotti Park, an Occupy Wall Street campaign called "Strike Debt" announced it had wiped out almost $4 million in [[Student loans in the United States|student loans]], amounting to the indebtedness of 2,761 students. The loans were all held by students of [[Everest College]], a [[For-profit education|for profit college]] that operates [[Corinthian Colleges International, Inc|Corinthian Colleges, Inc.]] which in turn owns [[Everest University]], [[Everest Institute]], [[Heald College]], and [[WyoTech]]. |
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===Influence on movement for higher wages and other influences=== |
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{{quote|We chose Everest because it is the most blatant con job on the higher ed landscape. It's time for all student debtors to get relief from their crushing burden.}} |
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In 2013, commentators described Occupy Wall Street as having influenced the [[fast food worker strikes]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sanburn |first=Josh |url=http://business.time.com/2013/07/30/fast-food-strikes-unable-to-unionize-workers-borrow-tactics-from-occupy/ |title=Fast Food Strikes: Unable to Unionize, Workers Borrow Tactics From 'Occupy' |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=May 22, 2015 |archive-date=May 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523015004/http://business.time.com/2013/07/30/fast-food-strikes-unable-to-unionize-workers-borrow-tactics-from-occupy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Occupy Wall Street organizers also contributed to a worker campaign at Hot & Crusty cafe in New York City, helping them obtain higher wages and the right to form a union by working with a [[worker center]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occupywallstreet.net/story/new-york-city-restaurant-workers-win-historic-victory|title=New York City Restaurant Workers Win Historic Victory|work=OCCUPY WALL STREET|access-date=May 22, 2015|archive-date=May 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523021847/http://occupywallstreet.net/story/new-york-city-restaurant-workers-win-historic-victory|url-status=live}}</ref> the collaboration between the striking workers and Occupy Wall Street protestors is documented in the 2014 film ''[[The Hand That Feeds (film)|The Hand That Feeds]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Sonia |title=Film: Deli Workers Wage Gutsy Fight in 'The Hand That Feeds' |url=https://labornotes.org/blogs/2015/09/film-deli-workers-wage-gutsy-fight-hand-feeds |website=[[Labor Notes]] |access-date=April 26, 2024 |date=September 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasperkevic |first1=Jana |title=The Hand That Feeds: how undocumented workers at a New York bakery chain won higher wages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/apr/15/hand-that-feeds-fight-for-15-income-equality-povery-jobs |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lears |first1=Rachel |last2=Blotnick |first2=Robin |title=‘Occupy Bakery’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/16/opinion/occupy-bakery.html |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=July 15, 2013}}</ref> Occupy Wall Street has been credited with reintroducing a strong emphasis on income inequality into broad political discourse and, relatedly, for inspiring the fight for a $15 minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-occupy-wall-street-s-impact-20160917-story.html|title=Measuring Occupy Wall Street's impact, 5 years later|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=May 20, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=May 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520193348/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-occupy-wall-street-s-impact-20160917-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2014, the movement inspired two former debt collections executives Craig Antico and Jerry Ashton to create [[RIP Medical Debt]], a charity that buys up delinquent medical debt at pennies on the dollar, just as debt collectors do – meaning even small donations to the charity have a big impact.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-16 |title=A charity that abolishes medical debt - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rip-medical-debt-forgiving-medical-debt/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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The loans became available when the banks holding defaulted loans put the bad loans up for sale. Once purchased, the group chose to forgive the loans. The funds to purchase the loans came from donations to the Rolling Jubilee Fund, part of the Occupy Student Debt program. As of September 2014, the group claimed to have wiped out almost $19 million in debt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3393918/occupy-wall-street-student-loan-debt/|title=Occupy Wall Street Just Made $4 Million in Student Loan Debt Go Away|first=Sam|last=Frizell|work=TIME.com|accessdate=April 25, 2015|date=September 17, 2014}}</ref> |
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In 2021, on the 10th anniversary of Occupy Wall Street, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' listed several long-term influences of the protests, including "Reinventing Activism" by encouraging "a generation to take to the streets and demand systemic reforms", influencing the [[Green New Deal]], influencing activism for higher minimum wages, and "shifting the window of what is deemed politically acceptable discourse and pulling the nation to the left."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levitin |first=Michael |date=2021-09-14 |title=Occupy Wall Street Did More Than You Think |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/09/how-occupy-wall-street-reshaped-america/620064/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> |
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As of September 2014, Rolling Jubilee claims to have cancelled more than $15 million in medical debt.<ref>{{cite web |first=Liz |last=Pleasant |first2=Christa |last2=Hillstrom |first3=James |last3=Trimarco |date=September 17, 2014 |url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/new-economy/occupy-offshoot-cancels-4-million-in-predatory-student-loans |title=Occupy Offshoot Cancels $4 Million in Predatory Student Loans – and Starts a Debtors Union |work=[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|Yes!]] |accessdate=September 17, 2014 }}</ref> |
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Strike Debt, and a successor organization, The Debt Collective, were active in organizing the Corinthian 100 students who struck against Corinthian college, a for-profit school that was shut down by the U.S. Department of Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fusion.net/story/204007/students-ruined-by-for-profit-colleges-fight-back/|title=Debt Resistors Operations Manual, 2nd edition (not free)|work=Strike Debt| date=September 28, 2015|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Broadly-DebtReliefPreTrump-2016">{{cite news|last1=Bess|first1=Gabby|title=Victims of Fake Colleges Plead for Debt Relief Before Trump Takes Office|url=https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/victims-of-fake-colleges-plead-for-debt-relief-before-trump-takes-office|work=Broadly|date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> |
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===Occupy the SEC=== |
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[[Occupy the SEC]] came together during the occupation. The group seeks to represent the 99% in the regulatory process. They first attracted attention in 2012 when they submitted a 325-page comment letter on the [[Volcker Rule]] portion of [[Dodd Frank]].<ref>{{cite web|title=OSEC weighs in on the Volcker Rule|url=http://www.businessweek.com/finance/occupy-the-sec-weighs-in-on-the-volcker-rule-02142012.html|accessdate=December 9, 2014}}</ref> |
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===Alternative Banking=== |
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Another offshoot of the Occupy Movement, calling itself the OWS Alternative Banking Group, was established during the occupation of Zuccotti Park in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbur.org/npr/149443425/alternative-banking-groups-aid-occupy-movement |title=The Occupy Groups Re-imagine the Bank |publisher=wbur.org |accessdate=January 7, 2016}}</ref> In 2013, the group published a book titled "Occupy Finance" and distributed copies in Zuccotti Park at the second anniversary and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|title=Occupy Finance, book|url=http://altbanking.net/projects-2/our_book/|accessdate=November 22, 2014}}</ref> [[FT Alphaville]] gave it "two thumbs up for discussable policy proposals" while the New York Times Dealbook called it "a guide to the financial system and the events surrounding the crisis, and it proposes a policy framework that it calls 'popular regulation.'"<ref>{{cite web|title=FT.com Occupy the bookshelf, #OWS turns two|url=http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2013/09/17/1635712/occupy-the-bookshelf-ows-turns-two/|accessdate=November 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Occupy Has Mellow 2nd Birthday|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/occupy-has-mellow-2nd-birthday-with-appearance-from-the-hipster-cop/|accessdate=November 22, 2014 | work=The New York Times|first=William|last=Alden|date=September 17, 2013}}</ref> As of 2020, the group continues to meet weekly at Columbia University including a speaker series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://altbanking.net|title=OWS Alternative Banking Group website|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=March 5, 2020}}</ref> From 2015 to 2017, the group published several blog post in the Huffington Post.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/the-alternative-banking-group-of-ows/|title=OWS Alternative Banking Group blog|last=|first=|date=|work=Huffington Post|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=March 5, 2020}}</ref> |
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Alternative Banking ran Occupy Summer School at the Urban Assembly Institute of Math and Science for Young Women in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protest U, New Yorker magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/08/10/protest-u/| date=August 10, 2015 |accessdate=October 14, 2015}}</ref> |
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===Influence on movement for higher wages=== |
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In 2013, commentators described Occupy Wall Street as having influenced the [[fast food worker strikes]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanburn |first=Josh |url=http://business.time.com/2013/07/30/fast-food-strikes-unable-to-unionize-workers-borrow-tactics-from-occupy/ |title=Fast Food Strikes: Unable to Unionize, Workers Borrow Tactics From 'Occupy' |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 30, 2013 |accessdate=May 22, 2015 }}</ref> Occupy Wall Street organizers also contributed to a worker campaign at Hot and Crusty cafe in New York City, helping them obtain higher wages and the right to form a union by working with a [[worker center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occupywallstreet.net/story/new-york-city-restaurant-workers-win-historic-victory|title=New York City Restaurant Workers Win Historic Victory|work=OCCUPY WALL STREET}}</ref> Occupy Wall Street has been credited with reintroducing a strong emphasis on income inequality into broad political discourse and, relatedly, for inspiring the fight for a $15 minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-occupy-wall-street-s-impact-20160917-story.html|title=Measuring Occupy Wall Street's impact, 5 years later|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=May 20, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Society|Politics|Business and economics|New York City|New York (state)|United States}} |
{{Portal|Society|Politics|Business and economics|New York City|New York (state)|United States}} |
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* [[ |
* 1932 [[Bonus army]] |
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* 1968 [[Poor People's Campaign]] |
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* [[15 October 2011 global protests]] |
* [[15 October 2011 global protests]] |
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* [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|2011 protests in Spain]] |
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* [[2011 United States public employee protests]] |
* [[2011 United States public employee protests]] |
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* [[2011 Wisconsin protests]] |
* [[2011 Wisconsin protests]] |
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* [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|2011 protests in Spain]] |
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* [[2013 protests in Brazil]] |
* [[2013 protests in Brazil]] |
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* [[2013 protests in Turkey]] |
* [[2013 protests in Turkey]] |
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* [[2014 Hong Kong protests]] |
* [[2014 Hong Kong protests]] |
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* [[Occupy Galle Face]] |
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* [[UC Davis pepper-spray incident]] |
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* [[Capitol Hill Occupied Protest]] |
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* [[Bonus army]] 1932 |
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* [[GameStop short squeeze]] |
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* [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States]] |
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* [[List of Occupy movement topics]] |
* [[List of Occupy movement topics]] |
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* [[List of protests in the 21st century]] |
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* [[Poor People's Campaign]] 1968 |
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* [[Radical media]] |
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* [[Nuit Debout]] |
* [[Nuit Debout]] |
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* [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States]] |
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* [[Post-democracy]] |
* [[Post-democracy]] |
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* [[Radical media]] |
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* [[List of protests in the 21st century]] |
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* [[UC Davis pepper spray incident]] |
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== |
==Notes== |
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'''Explanatory notes''' |
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{{Reflist|group="nb"}} |
{{Reflist|group="nb"}} |
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== References == |
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'''Citations''' |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="Arrests-BBC">{{cite news|title=Hundreds of Occupy Wall Street protesters arrested|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15140671| |
<ref name="Arrests-BBC">{{cite news|title=Hundreds of Occupy Wall Street protesters arrested|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15140671|access-date=October 2, 2011|newspaper=BBC News |date=October 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119193331/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15140671|url-status=live|archive-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Occupy Wall Street: protests and reaction Thursday October 6">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/06/occupy-wall-street-protests-live | |
<ref name="Occupy Wall Street: protests and reaction Thursday October 6">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/06/occupy-wall-street-protests-live |access-date=October 7, 2011 |newspaper=Guardian |title=Occupy Wall Street: protests and reaction Thursday 6 October |first=Adam |last=Gabbatt |date=October 6, 2011 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114143444/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/oct/06/occupy-wall-street-protests-live |archive-date=November 14, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20111017/ECONOMY/111019895 |title=Wall Street protests span continents, arrests climb | |
<ref name="Auto1Y-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20111017/ECONOMY/111019895 |title=Wall Street protests span continents, arrests climb | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170405080643/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20111017/ECONOMY/111019895 | archive-date = April 5, 2017| url-status=dead |work=Crain's New York Business |date=October 17, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/may/07/occupy-liberation-from-liberalism | |
<ref name="Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/may/07/occupy-liberation-from-liberalism |access-date=May 9, 2012 |newspaper=Guardian |title=Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day |first=David |last=Graeber |location=London |date=May 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716012240/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/may/07/occupy-liberation-from-liberalism |archive-date=July 16, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-2">{{cite web | url=http://chronicle.com/article/Intellectual-Roots-of-Wall/129428/| title=Intellectual Roots of Wall St. Protest Lie in Academe — Movement's principles arise from scholarship on anarchy| |
<ref name="Auto1Y-2">{{cite web | url=http://chronicle.com/article/Intellectual-Roots-of-Wall/129428/ | url-status = live | title=Intellectual Roots of Wall St. Protest Lie in Academe — Movement's principles arise from scholarship on anarchy| date = October 16, 2011 | access-date=February 23, 2012| publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092538/https://chronicle.com/article/Intellectual-Roots-of-Wall/129428/| archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="preoccupied">{{cite magazine|last=Schwartz|first=Mattathias|title=Pre-Occupied|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/28/111128fa_fact_schwartz?currentPage=all |
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<ref name="Reutersmalfeasant">{{cite news|last=Apps |first=Peter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 |title=Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring? |publisher=Reuters |date= October 11, 2011|accessdate=November 24, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018134949/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 |archivedate=October 18, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="preoccupied">{{cite web|last=Schwartz|first=Mattathias|title=Pre-Occupied|url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/28/111128fa_fact_schwartz?currentPage=all |
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|date=November 28, 2011 |
|date=November 28, 2011 |
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| |
|access-date=January 19, 2012 |
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| |
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209055438/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/28/111128fa_fact_schwartz?currentPage=all|archive-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Fleming">{{cite web|last=Fleming|first=Andrew|title=Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S|url=http://www.vancourier.com/Adbusters+sparks+Wall+Street+protest/5466332/story.html|publisher=The Vancouver Courier|date=September 27, 2011| |
<ref name="Fleming">{{cite web|last=Fleming|first=Andrew|title=Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S|url=http://www.vancourier.com/Adbusters+sparks+Wall+Street+protest/5466332/story.html|publisher=The Vancouver Courier|date=September 27, 2011|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160015/http://www.vancourier.com/Adbusters+sparks+Wall+Street+protest/5466332/story.html|archive-date=October 11, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-3">{{cite web|title=#OCCUPYWALLSTREET: A shift in revolutionary tactics|url=http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/occupywallstreet.html|publisher=Adbusters| |
<ref name="Auto1Y-3">{{cite web|title=#OCCUPYWALLSTREET: A shift in revolutionary tactics|url=http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/occupywallstreet.html|publisher=Adbusters|access-date=March 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115012739/http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/occupywallstreet.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 15, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="inline.poster">{{cite |
<ref name="inline.poster">{{cite magazine|journal=[[The Link (newspaper)|The Link]]|title=The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters' Micah White on 'The Last Great Social Movement'|first=Laura|last=Beeston|date=October 11, 2011|url=http://thelinknewspaper.ca/article/1951|access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118055007/http://thelinknewspaper.ca/article/1951|url-status=live|archive-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="nation.FAQ">{{cite |
<ref name="nation.FAQ">{{cite magazine|title=Occupy Wall Street: FAQ|first=Nathan|last=Schneider|date=September 29, 2011|journal=The Nation|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/163719/occupy-wall-street-faq|access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118011458/http://www.thenation.com/article/163719/occupy-wall-street-faq|url-status=live|archive-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet">{{cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2011/10/07/Kalle-Lasn-Occupy-Wall-Street/ |title=The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet |publisher=Thetyee.ca | |
<ref name="The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet">{{cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2011/10/07/Kalle-Lasn-Occupy-Wall-Street/ |title=The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet |publisher=Thetyee.ca |access-date=October 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216101023/http://thetyee.ca/News/2011/10/07/Kalle-Lasn-Occupy-Wall-Street/ |archive-date=February 16, 2014 |date=October 7, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Drake">{{cite news|last=Bennett|first=Drake|title=David Graeber, the Anti-Leader of Occupy Wall Street|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/david-graeber-the-antileader-of-occupy-wall-street-10262011.html|accessdate=February 13, 2012|newspaper=Business Week|date=October 26, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403200537/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/david-graeber-the-antileader-of-occupy-wall-street-10262011.html|archivedate=April 3, 2014 |quote=While there were weeks of planning yet to go, the important battle had been won. The show would be run by horizontals, and the choices that would follow—the decision not to have leaders or even designated police liaisons, the daily GAs and myriad working-group meetings that still form the heart of the protests in Zuccotti Park—all flowed from that}}</ref> |
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<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|work=CNN tech|last=Saba|first=Michael|title=Twitter #occupywallstreet movement aims to mimic Iran|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/16/tech/social-media/twitter-occupy-wall-street/index.html|date=September 17, 2011|access-date=September 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031022715/http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/16/tech/social-media/twitter-occupy-wall-street/index.html|url-status=live|archive-date=October 31, 2011}}</ref> |
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Not in use--> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-5">{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/assange-can-still-occupy-centre-stage-20111028-1mo8x.html |title=Assange can still Occupy centre stage |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=October 29, 2011 |access-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209090920/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/assange-can-still-occupy-centre-stage-20111028-1mo8x.html |archive-date=February 9, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-4">{{cite web | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html| title=Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots| accessdate=February 23, 2012| publisher=Aljazeera | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63aiysYLM| archivedate=November 30, 2011 |quote=It was only on August 2, when a small group of anarchists and other anti-authoritarians showed up at a meeting called by one such group and effectively wooed everyone away from the planned march and rally to create a genuine democratic assembly, on basically anarchist principles, that the stage was set for a movement that Americans from Portland to Tuscaloosa were willing to embrace. }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="ibtimes">{{cite news |work=IBTimes New York |title='Occupy Wall Street' to Turn Manhattan into 'Tahrir Square' |url= http://newyork.ibtimes.com/articles/215511/20110917/occupy-wall-street-new-york-saturday-protest.htm |date=September 17, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521094829/http://newyork.ibtimes.com/articles/215511/20110917/occupy-wall-street-new-york-saturday-protest.htm |archive-date=May 21, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-6">{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/technology/technology-news/from-a-single-hashtag-a-protest-circled-the-world-20111019-1m72j.html |title=From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world |publisher=Brisbanetimes.com.au |date=October 19, 2011 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015214136/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/technology/technology-news/from-a-single-hashtag-a-protest-circled-the-world-20111019-1m72j.html |archive-date=October 15, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="twsC65">{{cite news |first=Laura |last=Batchelor |title=Occupy Wall Street lands on private property |work=CNNMoney |quote=Many of the Occupy Wall Street protesters might not realize it, but they got really lucky when they elected to gather at Zuccotti Park in downtown Manhattan |date=October 6, 2011 |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/06/news/companies/occupy_wall_street_park/index.htm |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113075011/http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/06/news/companies/occupy_wall_street_park/index.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-10">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/17/city-protest-occupied-mainstream |title=In the City and Wall Street, protest has occupied the mainstream |location=London |first=Polly |last=Toynbee |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 17, 2011 |quote=From Santiago to Tokyo, Ottawa, Sarajevo and Berlin, spontaneous groups have been inspired by Occupy Wall Street. |access-date=December 12, 2016 |archive-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728065221/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/oct/17/city-protest-occupied-mainstream |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-11">{{cite web |url=https://theweek.com/article/index/220100/occupy-wall-street-a-protest-timeline |title=Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline |website=[[The Week]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209113047/http://theweek.com/article/index/220100/occupy-wall-street-a-protest-timeline |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |quote=A relatively small gathering of young anarchists and aging hippies in lower Manhattan has spawned a national movement. What happened? |date=November 21, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="twsC65">{{cite news |first=Laura |last=Batchelor |title=Occupy Wall Street lands on private property |work=CNNMoney |quote=Many of the Occupy Wall Street protesters might not realize it, but they got really lucky when they elected to gather at Zuccotti Park in downtown Manhattan |date=October 6, 2011 |url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/06/news/companies/occupy_wall_street_park/index.htm |accessdate=October 7, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113075011/http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/06/news/companies/occupy_wall_street_park/index.htm |archivedate=November 13, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-13">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/01/14/145213421/the-income-gap-unfair-or-are-we-just-jealous |title=The Income Gap: Unfair, Or Are We Just Jealous? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502234240/http://www.npr.org/2012/01/14/145213421/the-income-gap-unfair-or-are-we-just-jealous |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |first=Scott |last=Horsley |work=National Public Radio |date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="motherjonesfoundation">{{cite web | url=http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators| title="We Are the 99 Percent" Creators Revealed| access-date=November 17, 2011| publisher=Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117181830/http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators| url-status=live| archive-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-14">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/10/income-inequality-america?page=1Income |title=Income inequality in America: The 99 percent |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=April 23, 2012 |date=October 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224165356/https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/10/income-inequality-america?page=1Income |archive-date=February 24, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbpp.org/research/tax-data-show-richest-1-percent-took-a-hit-in-2008-but-income-remained-highly-concentrated |title=Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out |work=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities |date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=July 30, 2019 |first1=Hannah |last1=Shaw |first2=Chad |last2=Stone |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730204753/https://www.cbpp.org/research/tax-data-show-richest-1-percent-took-a-hit-in-2008-but-income-remained-highly-concentrated |url-status=live }}.</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-9">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/19/historical-precedent-bonus-occupy |title=A historical precedent that might prove a bonus for Occupy Wall Street |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Nicolaus |last=Mills |date=November 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224042104/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/19/historical-precedent-bonus-occupy |archivedate=December 24, 2011 |quote=The Great Depression offers a striking parallel to this week's attack on Occupy Wall Street. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-16">{{cite web |url=http://archive.demos.org/inequality/numbers.cfm |title=By the Numbers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201060202/http://archive.demos.org/inequality/numbers.cfm |archive-date=February 1, 2012 |website=demos.org }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ArabSpring">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/25/egyptian-protesters-occupy-wall-street |title=Tahrir Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street |location=London |first1=Jack |last1=Shenker |first2=Adam |last2=Gabbatt |date=October 25, 2011 |work=[[The Guardian]] |quote=Much of the tactics, rhetoric and imagery deployed by protesters has clearly been inspired by this year's political upheavals in the Middle East ... }}</ref> |
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<ref name="CFR Analysis">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/united-states/occupy-wall-streets-global-echo/p26216 |title=Occupy Wall Street's Global Echo |first=Christopher |last=Alessi |date=October 17, 2011 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=October 17, 2011 |quote=The Occupy Wall Street protests that began in New York City a month ago gained worldwide momentum over the weekend, as hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in nine hundred cities protested corporate greed and wealth inequality. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502234350/http://www.cfr.org/united-states/occupy-wall-streets-global-echo/p26216 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-10">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/17/city-protest-occupied-mainstream |title=In the City and Wall Street, protest has occupied the mainstream |location=London |first=Polly |last=Toynbee |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 17, 2011 |quote=From Santiago to Tokyo, Ottawa, Sarajevo and Berlin, spontaneous groups have been inspired by Occupy Wall Street. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="HuffPo Income Inequality">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/clarence-b-jones/obama-mlk-memorial-_b_1016077.html|title=Occupy Wall Street and the King Memorial Ceremonies |first=Clarence |last=Jones |date=October 17, 2011 |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=October 17, 2011 |quote=The reality is that 'Occupy Wall Street' is raising the consciousness of the country on the fundamental issues of poverty, income inequality, economic justice, and the Obama administration's apparent double standard in dealing with Wall Street and the urgent problems of Main Street: unemployment, housing foreclosures, no bank credit to small business in spite of nearly three trillion of cash reserves made possible by taxpayers funding of TARP. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120184754/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/clarence-b-jones/obama-mlk-memorial-_b_1016077.html |url-status=live|archive-date=November 20, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-11">{{cite web |url=https://theweek.com/article/index/220100/occupy-wall-street-a-protest-timeline |title=Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209113047/http://theweek.com/article/index/220100/occupy-wall-street-a-protest-timeline |archivedate=February 9, 2014 |quote=A relatively small gathering of young anarchists and aging hippies in lower Manhattan has spawned a national movement. What happened? |date=November 21, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-17">{{cite news |title=Wall Street protesters need to find their 'sound bite' |first=Chrystia |last=Freeland |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=October 14, 2011 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/commentary/chrystia-freeland/wall-street-protesters-need-to-find-their-sound-bite/article2200223/ |access-date=October 17, 2011 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016224757/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/commentary/chrystia-freeland/wall-street-protesters-need-to-find-their-sound-bite/article2200223/ |archive-date=October 16, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-13">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/01/14/145213421/the-income-gap-unfair-or-are-we-just-jealous |title=The Income Gap: Unfair, Or Are We Just Jealous? |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502234240/http://www.npr.org/2012/01/14/145213421/the-income-gap-unfair-or-are-we-just-jealous |archivedate=May 2, 2014 |first=Scott |last=Horsley |work=National Public Radio |date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-19">{{cite web|first=David R. |last=Francis |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0124/Thanks-to-Occupy-rich-poor-gap-is-front-and-center.-See-Mitt-Romney-s-tax-return |title=Thanks to Occupy, rich-poor gap is front and center. See Mitt Romney's tax return. |publisher=CSMonitor.com |date=January 24, 2012 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122161222/http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0124/Thanks-to-Occupy-rich-poor-gap-is-front-and-center.-See-Mitt-Romney-s-tax-return |archive-date=January 22, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="motherjonesfoundation">{{cite web | url=http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators| title="We Are the 99 Percent" Creators Revealed| accessdate=November 17, 2011| publisher=Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress. | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygR8Z| archivedate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-20">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/11/six-in-10-support-policies-addressing-income-inequality/ |title=Six in 10 Support Policies Addressing Income Inequality – ABC News |work=ABC News |date=November 9, 2011 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224003329/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/11/six-in-10-support-policies-addressing-income-inequality/ |archive-date=February 24, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-21">{{cite web|last=Seitz |first=Alex |url=http://thinkprogress.org/special/2011/10/31/357001/how-ows-has-already-succeeded/?mobile=nc |title=Occupy Wall Street's Success: Even Republicans Are Talking About Income Inequality |publisher=ThinkProgress |date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230804/http://thinkprogress.org/special/2011/10/31/357001/how-ows-has-already-succeeded/?mobile=nc |archive-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbpp.org/research/tax-data-show-richest-1-percent-took-a-hit-in-2008-but-income-remained-highly-concentrated |title=Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out |work=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities |date=May 25, 2011 |accessdate=July 30, 2019 |first=Hannah |last=Shaw |first2=Chad |last2=Stone }}.</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Lowenstein">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/occupy-wall-street-its-not-a-hippie-thing-10272011.html |title=Occupy Wall Street: It's Not a Hippie Thing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526104046/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/occupy-wall-street-its-not-a-hippie-thing-10272011.html |archive-date=May 26, 2013 |first=Roger |last=Lowenstein |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-25">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45040659/ns/us_news-life/t/another-idea-student-loan-debt-make-it-go-away/ |title=Another idea for student loan debt: Make it go away |first=Petra |last=Cahill |work=MSNBC |date=October 26, 2011 |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730204539/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45040659/ns/us_news-life/t/another-idea-student-loan-debt-make-it-go-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-26">{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/25/nation/la-na-occupy-student-loans-20111026 |title=Student loans add to angst at Occupy Wall Street |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Geraldine |last=Baum |date=October 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109180038/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/25/nation/la-na-occupy-student-loans-20111026 |archive-date=January 9, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="HuffPo Income Inequality">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/clarence-b-jones/obama-mlk-memorial-_b_1016077.html|title=Occupy Wall Street and the King Memorial Ceremonies |first=Clarence |last=Jones |date=October 17, 2011 |work=The Huffington Post |accessdate=October 17, 2011 |quote=The reality is that 'Occupy Wall Street' is raising the consciousness of the country on the fundamental issues of poverty, income inequality, economic justice, and the Obama administration's apparent double standard in dealing with Wall Street and the urgent problems of Main Street: unemployment, housing foreclosures, no bank credit to small business in spite of nearly three trillion of cash reserves made possible by taxpayers funding of TARP. |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygR7r |archivedate=November 18, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-27">{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/nation/article/Occupy-Wall-Street-vows-to-carry-on-after-arrests-3416821.php |title=Occupy Wall Street vows to carry on after arrests |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |date=March 19, 2012 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730204747/https://www.sfgate.com/nation/article/Occupy-Wall-Street-vows-to-carry-on-after-arrests-3416821.php |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-trying-to-settle-on-demands.html?scp=1&sq=occupy%20wall%20street%20demands%20groups%20&st=cse |title=''New York Times'' |work=The New York Times |first=Meredith |last=Hoffman |date=October 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515220014/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-trying-to-settle-on-demands.html?scp=1&sq=occupy%20wall%20street%20demands%20groups%20&st=cse |archive-date=May 15, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="walsh1">{{cite web|last=Walsh |first=Joan |url=http://www.salon.com/2011/10/20/do_we_know_what_ows_wants_yet/singleton/ |title=Do we know what OWS wants yet? |work=Salon.com |date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=November 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902122013/http://www.salon.com/2011/10/20/do_we_know_what_ows_wants_yet/singleton/ |archive-date=September 2, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-21">{{cite web|last=Seitz |first=Alex |url=http://thinkprogress.org/special/2011/10/31/357001/how-ows-has-already-succeeded/?mobile=nc |title=Occupy Wall Street's Success: Even Republicans Are Talking About Income Inequality |publisher=ThinkProgress |date=October 31, 2011 |accessdate=April 23, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230804/http://thinkprogress.org/special/2011/10/31/357001/how-ows-has-already-succeeded/?mobile=nc |archivedate=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Lowenstein">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/occupy-wall-street-its-not-a-hippie-thing-10272011.html |title=Occupy Wall Street: It's Not a Hippie Thing |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526104046/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/occupy-wall-street-its-not-a-hippie-thing-10272011.html |archivedate=May 26, 2013 |first=Roger |last=Lowenstein |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-25">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45040659/ns/us_news-life/t/another-idea-student-loan-debt-make-it-go-away/ |url-status=live |title=Another idea for student loan debt: Make it go away |first=Petra |last=Cahill |work=MSNBC |date=October 26, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-26">{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/25/nation/la-na-occupy-student-loans-20111026 |title=Student loans add to angst at Occupy Wall Street |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Geraldine |last=Baum |date=October 25, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109180038/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/25/nation/la-na-occupy-student-loans-20111026 |archivedate=January 9, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-27">{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/nation/article/Occupy-Wall-Street-vows-to-carry-on-after-arrests-3416821.php |title=Occupy Wall Street vows to carry on after arrests |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |date=March 19, 2012 |agency=Associated Press }}</ref> |
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<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-trying-to-settle-on-demands.html?scp=1&sq=occupy%20wall%20street%20demands%20groups%20&st=cse |title=''New York Times'' |work=The New York Times |first=Meredith |last=Hoffman |date=October 16, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515220014/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/nyregion/occupy-wall-street-trying-to-settle-on-demands.html?scp=1&sq=occupy%20wall%20street%20demands%20groups%20&st=cse |archivedate=May 15, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="walsh1">{{cite web|last=Walsh |first=Joan |url=http://www.salon.com/2011/10/20/do_we_know_what_ows_wants_yet/singleton/ |title=Do we know what OWS wants yet? |work=Salon.com |date=October 20, 2011 |accessdate=November 1, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902122013/http://www.salon.com/2011/10/20/do_we_know_what_ows_wants_yet/singleton/ |archivedate=September 2, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-40">{{cite web|last=Westfeldt |first=Amy |url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9RKV7HO0.htm |title=Occupy Wall Street's center shows some cracks |work=BusinessWeek |date=December 15, 2011 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502045516/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9RKV7HO0.htm |archive-date=May 2, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-41">{{cite news|last=Hinkle|first=A. Barton|title=OWS protesters have strange ideas about fairness| url=http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/rtd-opinion/2011/nov/04/tdopin02-hinkle-ows-protesters-have-strange-ideas--ar-1433590/|access-date=November 11, 2011|newspaper=Richmond Times Dispatch|date=November 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815151314/http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/rtd-opinion/2011/nov/04/tdopin02-hinkle-ows-protesters-have-strange-ideas--ar-1433590/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-42">{{cite news|last=Penny|first=Laurie|title=Protest By Consensus|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/laurie-penny/2011/10/spain-movement-square-world|access-date=November 11, 2011|newspaper=New Statesman|date=October 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118004748/http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/laurie-penny/2011/10/spain-movement-square-world|url-status=live|archive-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-43">{{cite web |url=http://www.nycga.net/groups/ |title=New York City General Assembly website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223064642/http://www.nycga.net/groups/ |archive-date=February 23, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-44">{{cite web |url=https://observer.com/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-moves-indoors-with-spokes-council/ |title=Occupy Wall Street Moves Indoors With Spokes Council |work=The New York Observer |date=November 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502192439/http://observer.com/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-moves-indoors-with-spokes-council/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="google11">{{cite news |quote=A general assembly of anyone who wants to attend meets twice daily. Because it's hard to be heard above the din of lower Manhattan and because the city is not allowing bullhorns or microphones, the protesters have devised a system of [[Occupy hand signals|hand symbols]]. Fingers downward means you disagree. Arms crossed means you strongly disagree. Announcements are made via the "people's mic ... you say it and the people immediately around you repeat it and pass the word along. ... Somewhere between 100 and 200 people sleep in Zuccotti Park. ... Many occupiers were still in their sleeping bags at 9 or 10 am |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j1cCvOt8hya8vGX0L0BuZu6lxt_A?docId=0b872a8c42874850a511343166b0b871 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009172825/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j1cCvOt8hya8vGX0L0BuZu6lxt_A?docId=0b872a8c42874850a511343166b0b871 |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |title=Wall Street functions like a small city |first=Karen |last=Matthews |agency=Associated Press |date=October 7, 2011 |access-date=November 11, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="LIP">{{cite news |url=http://www.longislandpress.com/2011/10/10/protesters-want-world-to-know-theyre-just-like-us-2/ |title=Protesters Want World to Know They're Just Like Us |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507064809/http://www.longislandpress.com/2011/10/10/protesters-want-world-to-know-theyre-just-like-us-2/ |archivedate=May 7, 2012 |agency=AP |first=Jocelyn |last=Noveck |newspaper=Long Island Press |date=October 10, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="WSJ OWS Economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576631084250433462/|title=The Occupy Economy|last=Kadet|first=Anne|date=October 15, 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514093208/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204002304576631084250433462.html|archive-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="CSMprofile">{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/1101/Who-is-Occupy-Wall-Street-After-six-weeks-a-profile-finally-emerges/%28page%29/2 |title=Who is Occupy Wall Street? After six weeks, a profile finally emerges. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214210751/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/1101/Who-is-Occupy-Wall-Street-After-six-weeks-a-profile-finally-emerges/%28page%29/2 |archivedate=December 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |first=Gloria |last=Goodale |date=November 1, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="We Are All Human Microphones Now">{{cite magazine |first=Richard |last=Kim |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/163767/we-are-all-human-microphones-now |title=We Are All Human Microphones Now |journal=The Nation |date=October 3, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2011 |archive-date=September 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120921170352/http://www.thenation.com/blog/163767/we-are-all-human-microphones-now |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Religion1">{{cite web|url = https://news.yahoo.com/religion-claims-place-occupy-wall-street-171204904.html| title = Religion claims its place in Occupy Wall Street|quote=Inside, a Buddha statue sits near a picture of Jesus, while a hand-lettered sign in the corner points toward Mecca.|publisher = [[Boston University]] |year=2011|accessdate=October 23, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217203659/https://news.yahoo.com/religion-claims-place-occupy-wall-street-171204904.html|archivedate=December 17, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kilkenny">{{cite magazine |first=Allison |last=Kilkenny |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/163981/occupy-wall-street-protesters-win-showdown-bloomberg |title=Occupy Wall Street Protesters Win Showdown With Bloomberg |journal=The Nation |access-date=October 16, 2011 |date=October 14, 2011 |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225200702/http://www.thenation.com/blog/163981/occupy-wall-street-protesters-win-showdown-bloomberg |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-30">{{Cite web|url=http://rabbichaimgruber.com/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042914/http://www.rabbichaimgruber.com/|url-status=dead|title=RabbiChaimGruber.com B"H|archivedate=January 26, 2012|website=rabbichaimgruber.com }}</ref> |
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<ref name="BusinessWeek Cleanup Canceled">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-postponed-after-nyc-protest.html |title=Cleanup Canceled |work=BusinessWeek |date=October 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527130902/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-postponed-after-nyc-protest.html |archive-date=May 27, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-31">{{cite web |url=http://www.nycga.net/groups/principles-of-solidarity-consolidation/docs/letter-to-occupy-wall-street-from-rabbi-chaim-gruber-2#hkmuob-id-2146 |title=Letter to Occupy Wall Street |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112213901/http://www.nycga.net/groups/principles-of-solidarity-consolidation/docs/letter-to-occupy-wall-street-from-rabbi-chaim-gruber-2#hkmuob-id-2146 |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |website=nycga.net }} <!--(Can someone with wiki editing know-how, please html edit this reference to make it more exact? Ideally, it should automatically open at the start of the "Therefore, as I felt a large enough portion of the movement..." paragraph on the linked page. Otherwise, someone has to scroll down quite a bit to find the exact source.)--></ref> |
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<ref name="Deprez2">{{cite news |last1=Deprez |first1=Esmé E. |first2=Joel |last2=Stonington |first3=Chris |last3=Dolmetsch |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-is-postponed-as-14-protesters-in-custody.html |title=Occupy Wall Street Park Cleaning Postponed |publisher=Bloomberg |date=October 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229054930/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-is-postponed-as-14-protesters-in-custody.html |archive-date=December 29, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-32">{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5209899 |title=New York Police Raids Occupy Wall Street Main Encampment |date=November 15, 2011 |newspaper=haaretz.com |agency=AP }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-61">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/15/zuccotti-park-evacuation_n_1094164.html |title=Zuccotti Park Eviction: NYPD Orders Occupy Wall Street Protesters To Temporarily Evacuate Park [LATEST UPDATES] |work=Huffington Post |date= November 15, 2011|access-date=November 17, 2011 |first=Jade |last=Walker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194041/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/15/zuccotti-park-evacuation_n_1094164.html |archive-date=December 19, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-33">{{cite web |url=http://www2.macleans.ca/2011/11/17/week-in-pictures-november-14-20-2011/a-protestor-affiliated-with-the-occupy-wall-street-movement-falls-asleep-in-an-armchair-in-foley-square/ |title=Photo of Rabbi Gruber at Foley Sq., immediately following NYPD clearing of Zuccotti Park on Nov. 15, 2012. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222182710/http://www2.macleans.ca/2011/11/17/week-in-pictures-november-14-20-2011/a-protestor-affiliated-with-the-occupy-wall-street-movement-falls-asleep-in-an-armchair-in-foley-square/ |archivedate=February 22, 2014 |website=macleans.ca }}</ref> |
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<ref name="RestrainingOrderVacated">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/15/us/new-york-occupy-eviction/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |title=New York court upholds eviction of "Occupy" protesters |date=November 15, 2011 |publisher=CNN |access-date=November 15, 2011 |quote= A New York Supreme Court has ruled not to extend a temporary restraining order that prevented the eviction of "Occupy" protesters who were encamped at Zuccotti Park, considered a home-base for demonstrators. Police in riot gear cleared out the protesters early Tuesday morning, a move that attorneys for the loosely defined group say was unlawful. But Justice Michael Stallman later ruled in favor of New York city officials and Brookfield properties, owners and developers of the privately owned park in Lower Manhattan. The order does not prevent protesters from gathering in the park, but says their First Amendment rights not do include remaining there, "along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion of the owner's reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134938/http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/15/us/new-york-occupy-eviction/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-34">{{cite web | url=http://www.fastcompany.com//1792056/occupy-wall-street-demographics-infographic | title=Infographic: Who Is Occupy Wall Street? | publisher=FastCompany.com | accessdate=December 8, 2011 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719184547/http://www.fastcompany.com/1792056/occupy-wall-street-demographics-infographic | archivedate=July 19, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park">{{cite news|title=Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/yup-back-protesters-occupy-year-article-1.999412|access-date=January 1, 2012 | location=New York|work=Daily News|first1=Barry|last1=Paddock|first2=Larry|last2=Mcshane|date=January 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105115738/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/yup-back-protesters-occupy-year-article-1.999412|url-status=dead |archive-date=January 5, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-35">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-blacks-arent-embracing-occupy-wall-street/2011/11/16/gIQAwc3FwN_story.html | title=Why African Americans aren't embracing Occupy Wall Street |work=Washington Post | accessdate=December 8, 2011 | first=Kathleen | last=Parker | date=November 26, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park">{{cite web|title=OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/ows-clash-with-police-at-zuccotti-park-20120101-ncx|access-date=January 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225153354/http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/ows-clash-with-police-at-zuccotti-park-20120101-ncx|archive-date=February 25, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-62">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/occupy-wall-street-after-encampment-protesters-nomads_n_1201542.html |title=After Occupy Wall Street Encampment Ends, NYC Protesters Become Nomads |work=Huffington Post |date= January 12, 2012|access-date=January 30, 2012 |first=Christopher |last=Mathias |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219195554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/occupy-wall-street-after-encampment-protesters-nomads_n_1201542.html |archive-date=December 19, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-63">{{cite web|last=Colvin|first=Jill |title=Occupy Wall Street Cost NYPD $17 Million in Overtime |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/20120315/downtown/occupy-wall-street-cost-nypd-17-million-overtime|access-date=March 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418000236/http://www.dnainfo.com/20120315/downtown/occupy-wall-street-cost-nypd-17-million-overtime|archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-38">{{cite web |url=https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/28/protesters-at-occupy-wall-street-disapprove-of-obama-a-survey-finds/ |title=Occupy Protesters Down on Obama, Survey Finds |first=Marjorie |last=Connelly |date=October 28, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-64">{{cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Sally |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ot_for_ows_4SD2cPuzQqBFIWFGNGa5rN |title=Occupy Wall Street cost the NYPD $17 million in overtime, Ray Kelly said |work=New York Post |date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-date=February 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221064725/https://nypost.com/2012/03/16/ot-for-ows-17m/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-65">{{cite news|first=Joe |last=Kemp |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-03-16/news/31202760_1_police-coverage-protests-cost-overtime |title=OWS protests cost city $17M in OT – Kelly – New York Daily News |publisher=Articles.nydailynews.com |date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730152143/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-03-16/news/31202760_1_police-coverage-protests-cost-overtime |archive-date=July 30, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-41">{{cite news|last=Hinkle|first=A. Barton|title=OWS protesters have strange ideas about fairness| url=http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/rtd-opinion/2011/nov/04/tdopin02-hinkle-ows-protesters-have-strange-ideas--ar-1433590/|accessdate=November 11, 2011|newspaper=Richmond Times Dispatch|date=November 4, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69wFEoszj|archivedate=August 15, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-66">{{cite news|last=Moynihan |first=Colin |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/arrests-made-as-protesters-mark-occupy-wall-streets-six-month-anniversary/ |title=Scores Arrested as the Police Clear Zuccotti Park |location=Zuccotti Park (NYC) |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2012 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105204334/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/arrests-made-as-protesters-mark-occupy-wall-streets-six-month-anniversary/ |archive-date=January 5, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-42">{{cite news|last=Penny|first=Laura|title=Protest By Consensus|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/laurie-penny/2011/10/spain-movement-square-world|accessdate=November 11, 2011|newspaper=New Statesman|date=October 16, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygRCt|archivedate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="IBT">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/237339/20111025/occupy-wall-street-occupy-wall-street-structure-occupy-wall-street-general-assembly-occupy-wall-stre.htm?cid=2As |title=Occupy Wall Street Expands, Tensions Mount Over Structure |work=International Business Times |first=Jeremy B. |last=White |date=October 25, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715012433/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/237339/20111025/occupy-wall-street-occupy-wall-street-structure-occupy-wall-street-general-assembly-occupy-wall-stre.htm?cid=2As |archivedate=July 15, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="cjr">{{cite web |url=http://www.cjr.org/the_news_frontier/occupy_wall_streets_media_team.php |title=Occupy Wall Street's Media Team |publisher=Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database |date=October 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214200133/http://www.cjr.org/the_news_frontier/occupy_wall_streets_media_team.php |archivedate=December 14, 2013 }}</ref>--> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-43">{{cite web |url=http://www.nycga.net/groups/ |title=New York City General Assembly website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223064642/http://www.nycga.net/groups/ |archivedate=February 23, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-44">{{cite web |url=http://www.observer.com/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-moves-indoors-with-spokes-council/ |title=Occupy Wall Street Moves Indoors With Spokes Council |work=The New York Observer |date=November 8, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502192439/http://observer.com/2011/11/occupy-wall-street-moves-indoors-with-spokes-council/ |archivedate=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Crain">{{cite web | url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20111113/ECONOMY/311139975| title=Occupy Wall Street takes a new direction| accessdate=November 13, 2011| publisher=Crain Communications Inc. | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygRED?url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20111113/ECONOMY/311139975| archivedate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-45">{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/1010/Does-Occupy-Wall-Street-have-leaders-Does-it-need-any| title=Does 'Occupy Wall Street' have leaders? Does it need any?| accessdate=October 25, 2011| work=The Christian Science Monitor | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AIbiL4bg?url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/1010/Does-Occupy-Wall-Street-have-leaders-Does-it-need-any| archivedate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Occupy Wall Street Protests: A Fordham University Professor Analyzes the Movement">{{cite news |first=Maggie |last=Astor |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/224719/20111004/occupy-wall-street-protest-demands-zuccotti-heather-gautney-fordham.htm |title=Occupy Wall Street Protests: A Fordham University Professor Analyzes the Movement |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=October 4, 2011 |accessdate=October 7, 2011 |quote=Fordham University Sociologist Heather Gautney in an interview with the ''[[International Business Times]]'' 'the movement doesn't have leaders, but it certainly has organizers, and there are certainly people providing a human structure to this thing. There might not be these kinds of public leaders, but there are people running it, and I think that's inevitable.' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715034040/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/224719/20111004/occupy-wall-street-protest-demands-zuccotti-heather-gautney-fordham.htm |archivedate=July 15, 2012 }}</ref>--> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-46">{{cite news|last=Giove |first=Candice |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ows_has_money_to_burn_zbjQcSF86gzz8vvVDSNZgM |title=OWS has money to burn|work=New York Post |date=January 8, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418103631/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ows_has_money_to_burn_zbjQcSF86gzz8vvVDSNZgM |archivedate=April 18, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="burruss1">{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/11/21/news/occupy_wall_street_money/| title=Occupy Wall Street has money to burn|publisher=CNN|first=Logan |last=Burruss |accessdate=November 21, 2011 | date=November 21, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214194825/http://money.cnn.com/2011/11/21/news/occupy_wall_street_money/|archivedate=December 14, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-47">{{cite web|url=http://accounting.nycga.net/expenditures/ |title=Expenditures | Accounting |publisher=Accounting.nycga.net |date=October 15, 2011 |accessdate=March 18, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502213412/http://accounting.nycga.net/expenditures/ |archivedate=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-48">{{cite news|last=Firger|first=Jessica|title=Occupy Groups Get Funding|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203833004577249811049566178|work=Wall Street Journal|date=February 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824081110/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203833004577249811049566178.html|archivedate=August 24, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-49">{{cite news|last=Nichols|first=Michelle|title=Occupy Wall Street in New York running low on cash|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/us-usa-occupy-funds-idUSBRE8281CM20120309|publisher=Reuters|date=March 9, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107052527/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/us-usa-occupy-funds-idUSBRE8281CM20120309|archivedate=January 7, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-50">{{cite web|last=Cabrera|first=Claudio|title=Is Occupy Wall Street Running Out of Money?|url=http://www.theroot.com/occupy-wall-street-no-money-left |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607051255/http://www.theroot.com/occupy-wall-street-no-money-left|archivedate=June 7, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-51">{{cite news|title=Occupy Wall Street in New York running out of cash|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/usa-occupy-funds-idUSL2E8E9GFU20120309|publisher=Reuters | first=Michelle|last=Nichols|date=March 9, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214203631/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/usa-occupy-funds-idUSL2E8E9GFU20120309|archivedate=December 14, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-52">{{cite news|last=Firger |first=Jessica |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203833004577249811049566178 |title=Occupy Wall Street Movement Gets Corporate Support |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=February 28, 2012 |accessdate=March 18, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824081110/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203833004577249811049566178.html |archivedate=August 24, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-53">{{cite web|last=Simon|first=Scott|title=Ben And Jerry Raise Dough For Occupy Movement|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/03/03/147861379/ben-and-jerry-raise-dough-for-occupy-movement|publisher=NPR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502233917/http://www.npr.org/2012/03/03/147861379/ben-and-jerry-raise-dough-for-occupy-movement|archivedate=May 2, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-54">{{cite web|last=Farnham|first=Alan|title=Springtime for Occupy: Movement's Plans For Coming Weeks and Months|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Business/occupy-wall-street-movement-plans-spring-surprises/story?id=15870450#.T13RIDE7WAh|publisher=ABC News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503024153/http://abcnews.go.com/Business/occupy-wall-street-movement-plans-spring-surprises/story?id=15870450|archivedate=May 3, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="google11">{{cite news |quote=A general assembly of anyone who wants to attend meets twice daily. Because it's hard to be heard above the din of lower Manhattan and because the city is not allowing bullhorns or microphones, the protesters have devised a system of [[Occupy hand signals|hand symbols]]. Fingers downward means you disagree. Arms crossed means you strongly disagree. Announcements are made via the "people's mic ... you say it and the people immediately around you repeat it and pass the word along. ... Somewhere between 100 and 200 people sleep in Zuccotti Park. ... Many occupiers were still in their sleeping bags at 9 or 10 am |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j1cCvOt8hya8vGX0L0BuZu6lxt_A?docId=0b872a8c42874850a511343166b0b871 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009172825/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j1cCvOt8hya8vGX0L0BuZu6lxt_A?docId=0b872a8c42874850a511343166b0b871 |archivedate=October 9, 2011 |title=Wall Street functions like a small city |first=Karen |last=Matthews |agency=Associated Press |date=October 7, 2011 |access-date=November 11, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="kadet">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576631084250433462 |title=The Occupy Economy |first=Anne |last=Kadet |work=Wall Street Journal |date=October 15, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514093208/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204002304576631084250433462.html |archivedate=May 14, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="WSJ-Vendors">{{cite news|last=Oloffson|first=Kristi|title=Food Vendors Find Few Customers During Protest|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2011/10/12/food-vendors-find-few-customers-during-protest/|accessdate=October 24, 2011|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=October 12, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygRF4|archivedate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-55">{{cite news|last=GIOVE|first=CANDICE|title=Occupy Wall Street costs local businesses $479,400!|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/item_Wq8d8Q0M0W98jwaQAVPvYL|accessdate=November 15, 2011|newspaper=New York Post|date=November 13, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219145828/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/item_Wq8d8Q0M0W98jwaQAVPvYL|archivedate=February 19, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-56">{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan%20occu_pie_the_kitchen_PIZ7EsDJEZqzPgzzEWKX7I |title=Protest mob is enjoying rich diet |author=Rosenberg, Rebecca |work=New York Post |date=October 19, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222174228/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan%20occu_pie_the_kitchen_PIZ7EsDJEZqzPgzzEWKX7I |archivedate=December 22, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-57">{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/zuccotti_hell_kitchen_i5biNyYYhpa8MSYIL9xSDL |title=Occupy Wall Street kitchen staff protesting fixing food for freeloaders |first1=Selim|last1=Algar|first2=Bob|last2=Fredricks|work=New York Post |date=October 27, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902092517/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/zuccotti_hell_kitchen_i5biNyYYhpa8MSYIL9xSDL |archivedate=September 2, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="WSJ OWS Economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576631084250433462/|title=The Occupy Economy|last=Kadet|first=Anne|date=October 15, 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514093208/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204002304576631084250433462.html|archivedate=May 14, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="We Are All Human Microphones Now">{{cite journal|first=Richard|last=Kim |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/163767/we-are-all-human-microphones-now |title=We Are All Human Microphones Now |journal=The Nation |date=October 3, 2011 |accessdate=October 13, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="cjr6">{{cite web |url=http://www.cjr.org/the_news_frontier/occupy_wall_streets_media_team.php |title=Occupy Wall Street's Media Team |publisher=Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database |date=October 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214200133/http://www.cjr.org/the_news_frontier/occupy_wall_streets_media_team.php |archivedate=December 14, 2013 |quote=Behind the sign marked "info" sat computers, generators, wireless routers, and lots of electrical cords. This is the media center, where the protesters group and distribute their messages. Those who count themselves among the media team for Occupy Wall Street are self-appointed; the same goes with all teams within this community. ... I later learned that power comes from a gas-powered generator which runs, among other things, multiple 4G wireless Internet hotspots that provide Internet access to the scrappy collection of laptops. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="thedailybeast7">{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/06/occupy-wall-street-protests-tech-gurus-televise-the-demonstrations.html |title=The Technology Propelling #OccupyWallStreet |work=Daily Mail |date=October 6, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222082713/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/06/occupy-wall-street-protests-tech-gurus-televise-the-demonstrations.html |archivedate=February 22, 2014 |last1=Schlinkert |first1=Sam }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-58">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-28/new-york-police-remove-gasoline-generators-from-occupy-wall-street-site.html |title=New York Authorities Remove Fuel, Generators From Occupy Wall Street Site |first1=Esmé E. |last1=Deprez |first2=Charles |last2=Mead |publisher=Bloomberg News |date=October 28, 2011 |accessdate=November 2, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229054927/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-28/new-york-police-remove-gasoline-generators-from-occupy-wall-street-site.html |archivedate=December 29, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-59">{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/with-generators-gone-wall-street-protesters-try-bicycle-power/ |title=With Generators Gone, Wall Street Protesters Try Bicycle Power |first=Colin |last=Moynihan |work=New York Times |date=October 30, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204041430/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/with-generators-gone-wall-street-protesters-try-bicycle-power/ |archivedate=December 4, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="cjr9">{{cite web |url=http://www.cjr.org/the_news_frontier/occupy_wall_streets_media_team.php |title=Occupy Wall Street's Media Team |publisher=Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database |date=October 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214200133/http://www.cjr.org/the_news_frontier/occupy_wall_streets_media_team.php |archivedate=December 14, 2013 |quote=as the protest has grown, the media team has been busy coordinating, notably through the "unofficial," Occupytogether.org. It's a hub for all Occupy-inspired happenings and updates, a key part of the internal communications network for the Occupy demonstrations. While sitting in the media tent I saw several Skype sessions with other demonstrators. At one point a bunch of people gathered around a computer shouting, "Hey Scotland!" Members of the media team also maintain a livestream, and keep a steady flow of updates on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr.}}</ref> |
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<ref name="cbslocal">{{cite web |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/10/06/kelly-protesters-to-be-met-with-force-if-they-target-officers/ |title=Kelly: Protesters To Be 'Met With Force' If They Target Officers |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222020729/http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/10/06/kelly-protesters-to-be-met-with-force-if-they-target-officers/ |archivedate=February 22, 2014 |work=CBS News |date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Grossman">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204831304576593371443552888|title=Protest Has Unlikely Host|last=Grossman|first=Andrew|date=September 26, 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=October 9, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygRGw|archivedate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kilkenny">{{cite journal|first=Allison|last=Kilkenny |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/163981/occupy-wall-street-protesters-win-showdown-bloomberg |title=Occupy Wall Street Protesters Win Showdown With Bloomberg |journal=The Nation |accessdate=October 16, 2011 |date=October 14, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="BusinessWeek Cleanup Canceled">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-postponed-after-nyc-protest.html |title=Cleanup Canceled |work=BusinessWeek |date=October 14, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527130902/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-postponed-after-nyc-protest.html |archivedate=May 27, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Deprez2">{{cite news |last=Deprez |first=Esmé E. |first2=Joel |last2=Stonington |first3=Chris |last3=Dolmetsch |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-is-postponed-as-14-protesters-in-custody.html |title=Occupy Wall Street Park Cleaning Postponed |publisher=Bloomberg |date=October 14, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229054930/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-14/occupy-wall-street-park-cleaning-is-postponed-as-14-protesters-in-custody.html |archivedate=December 29, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-60">{{cite news | last = Saul | first = Josh | title = Angry Manhattan residents lambast Zuccotti Park protesters | newspaper = The New York Post | date = October 21, 2011 | url = http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/angry_manhattan_residents_lambast_RjpTU0jG2z9yrgf5o4bRcO | accessdate = June 2, 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130328081515/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/angry_manhattan_residents_lambast_RjpTU0jG2z9yrgf5o4bRcO | archivedate = March 28, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-61">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/15/zuccotti-park-evacuation_n_1094164.html |title=Zuccotti Park Eviction: NYPD Orders Occupy Wall Street Protesters To Temporarily Evacuate Park [LATEST UPDATES] |work=Huffington Post |date= November 15, 2011|accessdate=November 17, 2011 |first=Jade |last=Walker |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194041/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/15/zuccotti-park-evacuation_n_1094164.html |archivedate=December 19, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="RestrainingOrderVacated">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/15/us/new-york-occupy-eviction/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |title=New York court upholds eviction of "Occupy" protesters |author=CNN Wire Staff |date=November 15, 2011 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=November 15, 2011 |quote= A New York Supreme Court has ruled not to extend a temporary restraining order that prevented the eviction of "Occupy" protesters who were encamped at Zuccotti Park, considered a home-base for demonstrators. Police in riot gear cleared out the protesters early Tuesday morning, a move that attorneys for the loosely defined group say was unlawful. But Justice Michael Stallman later ruled in favor of New York city officials and Brookfield properties, owners and developers of the privately owned park in Lower Manhattan. The order does not prevent protesters from gathering in the park, but says their First Amendment rights not do include remaining there, "along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion of the owner's reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park." |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134938/http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/15/us/new-york-occupy-eviction/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park">{{cite news|title=Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/yup-back-protesters-occupy-year-article-1.999412|accessdate=January 1, 2012 | location=New York|work=Daily News|first1=Barry|last1=Paddock|first2=Larry|last2=Mcshane|date=January 1, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AIbLuQAU|archivedate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park">{{cite web|title=OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/ows-clash-with-police-at-zuccotti-park-20120101-ncx|accessdate=January 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225153354/http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/ows-clash-with-police-at-zuccotti-park-20120101-ncx|archivedate=February 25, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-62">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/occupy-wall-street-after-encampment-protesters-nomads_n_1201542.html |title=After Occupy Wall Street Encampment Ends, NYC Protesters Become Nomads |work=Huffington Post |date= January 12, 2012|accessdate=January 30, 2012 |first=Christopher |last=Mathias |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219195554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/occupy-wall-street-after-encampment-protesters-nomads_n_1201542.html |archivedate=December 19, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-63">{{cite web|last=Colvin|first=Jill |title=Occupy Wall Street Cost NYPD $17 Million in Overtime |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/20120315/downtown/occupy-wall-street-cost-nypd-17-million-overtime|accessdate=March 24, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418000236/http://www.dnainfo.com/20120315/downtown/occupy-wall-street-cost-nypd-17-million-overtime|archivedate=April 18, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-64">{{cite news|last=Goldenberg |first=Sally |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/ot_for_ows_4SD2cPuzQqBFIWFGNGa5rN |title=Occupy Wall Street cost the NYPD $17 million in overtime, Ray Kelly said |work=New York Post |date=March 16, 2012 |accessdate=April 23, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-65">{{cite news|first=Joe |last=Kemp |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-03-16/news/31202760_1_police-coverage-protests-cost-overtime |title=OWS protests cost city $17M in OT – Kelly – New York Daily News |publisher=Articles.nydailynews.com |date=March 16, 2012 |accessdate=April 23, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730152143/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-03-16/news/31202760_1_police-coverage-protests-cost-overtime |archivedate=July 30, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-66">{{cite news|last=Moynihan |first=Colin |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/arrests-made-as-protesters-mark-occupy-wall-streets-six-month-anniversary/ |title=Scores Arrested as the Police Clear Zuccotti Park |location=Zuccotti Park (NYC) |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2012 |accessdate=April 23, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105204334/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/arrests-made-as-protesters-mark-occupy-wall-streets-six-month-anniversary/ |archivedate=January 5, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-67">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/18/occupy-wall-street-six-month-anniversary?newsfeed=true |
<ref name="Auto1Y-67">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/18/occupy-wall-street-six-month-anniversary?newsfeed=true |
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|title=Dozens arrested as Occupy Wall Street marks anniversary with fresh protests |first=Ryan |last=Devereaux |work=The Guardian |date=March 18, 2012 | |
|title=Dozens arrested as Occupy Wall Street marks anniversary with fresh protests |first=Ryan |last=Devereaux |work=The Guardian |date=March 18, 2012 |access-date=March 22, 2012 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226092647/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/18/occupy-wall-street-six-month-anniversary?newsfeed=true |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-68">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/25/occupy-wall-street-protest-police |title=Occupy Wall Street demonstrators march to protest against police violence |work=The Guardian |date=March 24, 2012 |location=London |first=Ryan |last=Devereaux| |
<ref name="Auto1Y-68">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/25/occupy-wall-street-protest-police |title=Occupy Wall Street demonstrators march to protest against police violence |work=The Guardian |date=March 24, 2012 |location=London |first=Ryan |last=Devereaux|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611052543/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/25/occupy-wall-street-protest-police |archive-date=June 11, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-69">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/criminal_occupation_oh3CnKANUqYHrGPCaZaLRK |title=Thieves preying on fellow protesters |work=New York Post |date=October 18, 2011 |first1=Larry |last1=Celona |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143456/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/criminal_occupation_oh3CnKANUqYHrGPCaZaLRK |archivedate=September 2, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-70">{{cite web|last=Siegal |first=Ida |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Occupy-Wall-Street-EMT-Assaulted-Zuccotti-Park-Arrest-133613788.html |title=Man Arrested for Breaking EMT's Leg at Occupy Wall Street |publisher=NBC New York |accessdate=November 12, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503001912/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Occupy-Wall-Street-EMT-Assaulted-Zuccotti-Park-Arrest-133613788.html |archivedate=May 3, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-71">{{cite web | url=http://www.metro.us/newyork/local/article/1015197--michael-bloomberg-occupy-crime-is-unreported| title=Michael Bloomberg: Crime at Occupy Wall Street goes unreported| accessdate=November 11, 2011| publisher=Free Daily News Group Inc. | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygRXf| archivedate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-72">{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/occupy-wall-street-protesters-odds-mayor-bloomberg-nypd-crime-zuccotti-park-article-1.971741| title=Occupy Wall Street protesters at odds with Mayor Bloomberg, NYPD over crime in Zuccotti Park| accessdate=November 11, 2011|work=Daily News |location=New York |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygRXo|archivedate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-73">{{cite web|url=http://gothamist.com/2011/11/05/occupy_wall_street_erects_women-onl.php |title=Occupy Wall Street Erects Women-Only Tent After Reports Of Sexual Assaults |publisher=The Gothamist News |accessdate=November 21, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602141347/http://gothamist.com/2011/11/05/occupy_wall_street_erects_women-onl.php |archivedate=June 2, 2012 |date=November 5, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-74">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/protester_busted_in_tent_grope_QxAzp8mG8pULWA6cPzgnXL |title= Protester busted in tent grope, suspected in rape of another demonstrator |publisher=NY POST |date= November 3, 2011|accessdate=November 21, 2011 |first=Jamie |last=Schram |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418115332/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/protester_busted_in_tent_grope_QxAzp8mG8pULWA6cPzgnXL |archivedate=April 18, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-69">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/criminal_occupation_oh3CnKANUqYHrGPCaZaLRK |title=Thieves preying on fellow protesters |work=New York Post |date=October 18, 2011 |first1=Larry |last1=Celona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143456/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/criminal_occupation_oh3CnKANUqYHrGPCaZaLRK |archive-date=September 2, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-70">{{cite web|last=Siegal |first=Ida |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Occupy-Wall-Street-EMT-Assaulted-Zuccotti-Park-Arrest-133613788.html |title=Man Arrested for Breaking EMT's Leg at Occupy Wall Street |date=November 10, 2011 |publisher=NBC New York |access-date=November 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503001912/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Occupy-Wall-Street-EMT-Assaulted-Zuccotti-Park-Arrest-133613788.html |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-73">{{cite web|url=http://gothamist.com/2011/11/05/occupy_wall_street_erects_women-onl.php |title=Occupy Wall Street Erects Women-Only Tent After Reports Of Sexual Assaults |publisher=The Gothamist News |access-date=November 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602141347/http://gothamist.com/2011/11/05/occupy_wall_street_erects_women-onl.php |archive-date=June 2, 2012 |date=November 5, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y- |
<ref name="Auto1Y-74">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/protester_busted_in_tent_grope_QxAzp8mG8pULWA6cPzgnXL |title= Protester busted in tent grope, suspected in rape of another demonstrator |publisher=NY POST |date= November 3, 2011|access-date=November 21, 2011 |first=Jamie |last=Schram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418115332/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/protester_busted_in_tent_grope_QxAzp8mG8pULWA6cPzgnXL |archive-date=April 18, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-75">{{cite web|url=http://www.wpix.com/news/wpix-zuccotti-sex-abuse,0,2577863.story |title=Man Arrested For Groping Protester Also Eyed In Zuccotti Park Rape Case |publisher=WPIX |access-date=November 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907015448/http://www.wpix.com/news/wpix-zuccotti-sex-abuse%2C0%2C2577863.story |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-76">{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-11-02/news/30352474_1_connecticut-man-encampment-demonstrators |title=Arrest made in Occupy Wall St. sex attack; Suspect eyed in another Zuccotti gropingCase |publisher=NY Daily News |date= November 2, 2011|access-date=November 21, 2011 |location=New York |first1=Irving |last1=Dejohn |first2=Joe |last2=Kemp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730152623/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-11-02/news/30352474_1_connecticut-man-encampment-demonstrators |archive-date=July 30, 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-77">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/11/09/rash-sex-attacks-and-violent-crime-breaks-out-at-occupy-protests |title=Occupy Protests Plagued by Reports of Sex Attacks, Violent Crime |publisher=NY Daily News |date= November 9, 2011|access-date=November 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325230918/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/11/09/rash-sex-attacks-and-violent-crime-breaks-out-at-occupy-protests/ |archive-date=March 25, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Auto1Y-79">{{cite web|publisher=WCVBtv |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ_orudj6hA |title=Romney On Occupy Wall Street Protests |via=YouTube |accessdate=October 19, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63I8ygRLi |archivedate=November 18, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-78">{{cite magazine|first=Michael |last=Hastings |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/exclusive-homeland-security-kept-tabs-on-occupy-wall-street-20120228#ixzz1nkxlehSX |title=Exclusive: Homeland Security Kept Tabs on Occupy Wall Street |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=November 16, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230049/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/exclusive-homeland-security-kept-tabs-on-occupy-wall-street-20120228 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Obama news conference: Obama: Occupy Wall Street protests show Americans' frustration">{{cite news|last=Memoli |first=Michael A. |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-occupy-wall-street-20111006,0,1992639.story |title=Obama news conference: Obama: Occupy Wall Street protests show Americans' frustration |work=Los Angeles Times |date=July 13, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023235923/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-occupy-wall-street-20111006%2C0%2C1992639.story |archive-date=October 23, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Obama acknowledges Wall Street protests as a sign">{{cite news|last=Salazar |first=Cristian |url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9Q6U0O83.htm |agency=Associated Press |title=Obama acknowledges Wall Street protests as a sign |work=BusinessWeek |date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515113324/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9Q6U0O83.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-79">{{cite web|publisher=WCVBtv |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ_orudj6hA |title=Romney On Occupy Wall Street Protests |via=YouTube |access-date=October 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304020401/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ_orudj6hA |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Romney: Wall Street Protests Class Warfare">{{cite news|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-presidential-campaign/romney-wall-street-protests-class-warfare--20111004|title=Romney: Wall Street Protests 'Class Warfare'|date=October 5, 2011|last=Boxer|first=Sarah|work=[[National Journal]]|access-date=October 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502204217/http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-presidential-campaign/romney-wall-street-protests-class-warfare--20111004|archive-date=May 2, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Auto1Y-80">{{cite news|last=Geiger |first=Kim |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politicsnow/la-pn-romney-wall-street-20111011,0,4608358.story |title=Mitt Romney sympathizes with Wall Street protesters |work=Chicago Tribune |date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=October 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324193748/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politicsnow/la-pn-romney-wall-street-20111011%2C0%2C4608358.story |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name=" |
<ref name="Pelosi Supports Occupy Wall Street Movement">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/pelosi-supports-occupy-wall-street-movement/story?id=14696893 |title=Pelosi Supports Occupy Wall Street Movement| work=ABC news |date=October 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415123921/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/pelosi-supports-occupy-wall-street-movement/story?id=14696893|archive-date=April 15, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="union support">{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/09/30/Occupy-Wall-Street-gets-union-support/UPI-89641317369600 |publisher=United Press International |date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=October 2, 2011 |title=Occupy Wall Street gets union support |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502190051/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/09/30/Occupy-Wall-Street-gets-union-support/UPI-89641317369600 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> |
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* {{cite book |last=Bray |first=Mark |date=2013 |title=Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street |publisher=Zero Books |isbn=9781782791263 }} |
* {{cite book |last=Bray |first=Mark |date=2013 |title=Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street |publisher=Zero Books |isbn=9781782791263 }} |
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* {{cite book | title= ''The Occupy Handbook'' | editor= Janet Byrne | publisher= [[Back Bay Books]] | year= 2012 | isbn= 978-0-316-22021-7 | url-access= registration | url= https://archive.org/details/occupyhandbook0000unse }} |
* {{cite book | title= ''The Occupy Handbook'' | editor= Janet Byrne | publisher= [[Back Bay Books]] | year= 2012 | isbn= 978-0-316-22021-7 | url-access= registration | url= https://archive.org/details/occupyhandbook0000unse }} |
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* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Goyens |editor-first1=Tom |last1=Gautney |first1=Heather |chapter=The Influence of Anarchism in Occupy Wall Street |title=Radical Gotham: Anarchism in New York City from Schwab's Saloon to Occupy Wall Street |pages=221–240 |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-252-08254-2 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana }} |
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Goyens |editor-first1=Tom |last1=Gautney |first1=Heather |chapter=The Influence of Anarchism in Occupy Wall Street |title=[[Radical Gotham: Anarchism in New York City from Schwab's Saloon to Occupy Wall Street]] |pages=221–240 |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-252-08254-2 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana }} |
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* {{cite news|last=Graeber|first=David|title=Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/may/07/occupy-liberation-from-liberalism| |
* {{cite news|last=Graeber|first=David|title=Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/may/07/occupy-liberation-from-liberalism|access-date=May 20, 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 7, 2012|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510033646/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/may/07/occupy-liberation-from-liberalism|url-status=live|archive-date=May 10, 2012}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Graeber|first=David|author-link=David Graeber|title=The Democracy Project: A History, A Crisis, A Movement|year=2013|publisher=[[Spiegel and Grau]]|isbn=9780812993561|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812993561}} |
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* {{cite book| title= Thank You, Anarchy: Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse | first=Nathan | last=Schneider | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 2013 | isbn= 9780520276802| author-link=Nathan Schneider }} |
* {{cite book| title= Thank You, Anarchy: Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse | first=Nathan | last=Schneider | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 2013 | isbn= 9780520276802| author-link=Nathan Schneider }} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Schram|first=Sanford F.| |
* {{Cite book|last=Schram|first=Sanford F.|author-link=Sanford Schram|title=The Return of Ordinary Capitalism: Neoliberalism, Precarity, Occupy|year=2015|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0190253028}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Sitrin|first=Marina|author-link=Marina Sitrin|title=They Can't Represent Us!: Reinventing Democracy from Greece to Occupy|year=2014|publisher= [[Verso Books]]|isbn=9781781680971 |url=https://www.versobooks.com/products/2368-they-can-t-represent-us}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons}} |
{{Commons}} |
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* [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_598/ Occupy Wall Street Audio Collection], [[Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives|Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives]] at New York University Special Collections |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
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* [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_630/ Occupy Wall Street Archives Working Group Records] |
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Revision as of 13:53, 9 May 2024
Occupy Wall Street | |||
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Part of the Occupy movement | |||
Date | September 17 | – November 15, 2011||
Location | New York City 40°42′33″N 74°0′40″W / 40.70917°N 74.01111°W | ||
Caused by | Wealth inequality, political corruption,[1] corporate influence of government | ||
Methods | |||
Parties | |||
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Number | |||
Zuccotti Park Other activity in NYC:
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This article is part of a series on |
Socialism in the United States |
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Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a left-wing populist movement against economic inequality, corporate greed, big finance, and the influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, and lasted for fifty-nine days—from September 17 to November 15, 2011.[7]
The motivations for Occupy Wall Street largely resulted from public distrust in the private sector during the aftermath of the Great Recession in the United States. There were many particular points of interest leading up to the Occupy movement that angered populist and left-wing groups. For instance, the 2008 bank bailouts under the George W. Bush administration utilized congressionally appropriated taxpayer funds to create the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), which purchased toxic assets from failing banks and financial institutions. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. FEC in January 2010 allowed corporations to spend unlimited amounts on independent political expenditures without government regulation. This angered many populist and left-wing groups that viewed the ruling as a way for moneyed interests to corrupt public institutions and legislative bodies, such as the United States Congress.
The protests gave rise to the wider Occupy movement in the United States and other Western countries. The Canadian anti-consumerist magazine Adbusters initiated the call for a protest.[8] The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street were social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government—particularly from the financial services sector. The OWS slogan, "We are the 99%", refers to income and wealth inequality in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, protesters acted on consensus-based decisions made in general assemblies which emphasized redress through direct action over the petitioning to authorities.[9][nb 1]
The protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011. Protesters then turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses and social media.
Origins
The original protest was called for by Kalle Lasn and others of Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in Lower Manhattan. The first such proposal appeared on the Adbusters website on February 2, 2011, under the title "A Million Man March on Wall Street."[10] Lasn registered the OccupyWallStreet.org web address on June 9.[11] The website redirected to Adbusters.org/Campaigns/OccupyWallStreet and Adbusters.org/OccupyWallStreet, but later became "Not Found".[12] In a blog post on July 13, 2011,[13] Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth.[14] The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue.[15][16][17] In July, Justine Tunney registered OccupyWallSt.org which became the main online hub for the movement.[11]
The U.S. Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest "corporate influence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government", also joined the movement.[18][19] The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.[20]
The original location for the protest was One Chase Manhattan Plaza, with Bowling Green Park (the site of the "Charging Bull") and Zuccotti Park as alternate choices. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations; but they left Zuccotti Park, the group's third choice, open. Since the park was private property, police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.[21][22] At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."[19]
Antecedent and subsequent OWS prototypes include the British student protests of 2010, 2009-2010 Iranian election protests, the Arab Spring protests,[24] and, more closely related, protests in Chile, Greece, Spain and India. Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States.[25][26][27]
Many commentators have stated that the Occupy Wall Street movement has roots in the philosophy of anarchism.[28][29][30]
Background
"We are the 99%"
The Occupy protesters' slogan "We are the 99%" referred to the income disparity in the US and economic inequality in general, which were main issues for OWS. It derives from a "We the 99%" flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation "We are the 99%" originated from a Tumblr page of the same name.[31][32] Huffington Post reporter Paul Taylor said the slogan was "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go!'" of the Vietnam War era, and that the vast majority of Americans saw the income gap as causing social friction.[31] The slogan was boosted by statistics which were confirmed by a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report released in October 2011.[33] Writing in 2022, historian Gary Gerstle says that the slogan "proved surprisingly appealing" in a nation that, during its neoliberal high point, often denounced ideas of class warfare.[34]
Income and wealth inequality
Income inequality and wealth inequality were focal points of the Occupy Wall Street protests.[40][41][42] This focus by the movement was studied by Arindajit Dube and Ethan Kaplan of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, who noted that "... Only after it became increasingly clear that the political process was unable to enact serious reforms to address the causes or consequences of the economic crisis did we see the emergence of the OWS movement."[43]
Goals
OWS's goals included a reduction in the influence of corporations on politics,[45] more balanced distribution of income,[45] more and better jobs,[45] bank reform[27] (especially to curtail speculative trading by banks[46]), forgiveness of student loan debt[45][47] or other relief for indebted students,[48][49] and alleviation of the foreclosure situation.[50] Some media labeled the protests "anti-capitalist",[51] while others disputed the relevance of this label.[52]
Some protesters favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals.[53][54] One OWS group that favored specific demands created a document entitled the 99 Percent Declaration,[55] but this was regarded as an attempt to "co-opt" the "Occupy" name,[56] and the document and group were rejected by the General Assemblies of Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Philadelphia.[56]
During the occupation in Liberty Square, a declaration was issued with a list of grievances. The declaration stated that the "grievances are not all-inclusive".[57][58]
Main organization
The assembly was the main OWS decision-making body and used a modified consensus process, where participants attempted to reach consensus and then dropped to a 9/10 vote if consensus was not reached.
Assembly meetings involved OWS working groups and affinity groups, and were open to the public for both attendance and speaking.[59] The meetings lacked formal leadership. Participants commented upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York used a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups. Facilitators and "stack-keepers" urged speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities often moved to the front of the line, while white men often had to wait for a turn to speak.[60][61] In addition to the over 70 working groups,[62] the organizational structure also included "spokes councils", at which every working group could participate.[63]
The People's Library
The People's Library at Occupy Wall Street was started a few days after the protest when a pile of books was left in a cardboard box at Zuccotti Park. The books were passed around and organized, and as time passed, it received additional books and resources from readers, private citizens, authors and corporations.[64] As of November 2011 the library had 5,554 books cataloged in LibraryThing and its collection was described as including some rare or unique articles of historical interest.[65] According to American Libraries, the library's collection had "thousands of circulating volumes", which included "holy books of every faith, books reflecting the entire political spectrum, and works for all ages on a huge range of topics."[64]
The library was largely destroyed during the November 15, 2011 raid and, in a court settlement, the City later agreed to pay $360,000 in compensation, including attorney fees.[66][67] Similarly, the City of New York has since begun settling cases with individual participants.[68]
There were already libraries in the encampments of Spain[69] and Greece. Following the example of the OWS People's Library, protesters throughout North America and Europe formed sister libraries at their encampments.[70]
Zuccotti Park encampment
Prior to being closed to overnight use and during the occupation of the space, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.[71] Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.[72]
New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound", including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the "human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison.[73][71]
On October 13, New York City Mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield Properties announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.[74][75][76] The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.[75] Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.[74]
Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.[77][78] About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists.
On December 31, 2011, protesters started to re-occupy the park.[79] Police in riot gear started to clear out the park around 1:30 am. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, including one accused by media of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors.[80]
When the Zuccotti Park encampment was closed, some former campers were allowed to sleep in local churches.[81] After the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. As of March 15, 2012, since its inception the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City had cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park.[82][83][84]
On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six-month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protesters were soon cleared away by police, who made over 70 arrests.[85][86] On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square in a demonstration against police violence.[87]
On September 17, 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti Park to mark the first anniversary of the beginning of the occupation. Protesters blocked access to the New York Stock Exchange as well as other intersections in the area. This, along with several violations of Zuccotti Park rules, led police to surround groups of protesters, at times pulling protesters from the crowds to be arrested for blocking pedestrian traffic. There were 185 arrests across the city.[88][89][90][91]
Occupy media
Occupy Wall Street activists disseminated their movement updates through a variety of mediums, including social media, print magazines, newspapers, film, radio and live stream. Like much of Occupy, many of these alternative media projects were collectively managed, while autonomous from the decision-making bodies of Occupy Wall Street.[92][93]
The Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ) was a free newspaper founded in October 2011 by independent journalists Arun Gupta, Jed Brandt and Michael Levitin.[94][95] The first issue had a total print run of 70,000 copies, along with an unspecified number in Spanish.[96] Its last article appeared in February 2012.
The Occuprint collective, founded by Jesse Goldstein and Josh MacPhee, formed through the curation of the fourth and special edition of The Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ).[97][98] Afterwards, it continued to collect and publish images under the Creative Commons for non commercial use license, to spread the artwork throughout the movement.
The Occupy! Gazette was founded by editors Astra Taylor, Keith Gessen of n+1 and Sarah Leonard of Dissent Magazine. It published five issues from October 2011 to September 2012,[99] with a commemorative sixth issue published in May 2014, to support OWS activist Cecily McMillan during the sentencing phase of her trial.[100][101]
Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy magazine was published twice a year, with its first release in December 2011, the fourth and final issue in March 2013. It consisted of long essays, poetry and art within thirty pages. Each issue had a circulation of 12,000 to 50,000.[102]
In Front and Center: Critical Voices in the 99% was a fully-online publication managed by an editorial collective of OWS participants. It featured critical essays and reflections from within OWS, aiming to put the voices, experiences and issues of oppressed and marginalized communities in the front and center of the Occupy movement. It is still available online.
Security, crime and legal issues
OWS demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2,500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.[103] In November, a man was arrested for breaking an EMT's leg.[104]
After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of rape, sexual assault, and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.[105][106][107][108] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally ... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventive measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm."[109]
Government crackdowns
Surveillance
As the movement spread across the United States, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began keeping tabs on protesters, under the pretext that the protest was a potential locus of violence. Following this, there was a DHS report entitled "SPECIAL COVERAGE: Occupy Wall Street", dated October 2011, observed that "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas."[110] The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information.[111][112]
On December 21, 2012, Partnership for Civil Justice obtained and published U.S. government documents[113] revealing that over a dozen local FBI field offices, DHS and other federal agencies monitored Occupy Wall Street, despite labeling it a peaceful movement.[114] The New York Times reported in May 2014 that declassified documents showed extensive surveillance of OWS-related groups across the country.[115]
Arrests
The first person arrested was Alexander Arbuckle, a student videographer from New York University engaged in a class project. The police department alleged he was blocking the street. However, video shown at his trial showed the protesters including Arbuckle, had followed police orders and withdrew to the sidewalk.[116]
Gideon Oliver, who represented Occupy with the National Lawyers Guild in New York, said about 2,000 [protesters] had been arrested just in New York City alone. Most of these arrests in New York and elsewhere, were on charges of disorderly conduct, trespassing, and failure to disperse.[117] Nationally, a little under 8,000 Occupy-affiliated arrests have been documented by tallying numbers published in local newspapers.[118]
In a report[119] that followed an eight-month study, researchers at the law schools of NYU and Fordham accuse the NYPD of deploying unnecessarily aggressive force, obstructing press freedoms and making arbitrary and baseless arrests.[120]
Brooklyn Bridge arrests
On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge resulting in 768 arrests, the largest number of arrests in one day at any Occupy event.[121][122][2] By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released with citations for disorderly conduct and a criminal court summons.[123] On October 4, a group of protesters who were arrested on the bridge filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging that officers had violated their constitutional rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them.[124]
In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning.[125]
Court cases
Video of his arrest was convincing evidence in Alexander Arbuckle's acquittal.[116]
In 2011, eight men associated with Occupy Wall Street were found guilty of trespassing, having intended to set up a camp on property controlled by Trinity Church. One was also convicted of attempted criminal mischief and attempted criminal possession of burglar's tools for trying to slice a lock on a chain-link fence with bolt cutters, spending a month in prison. The rest were sentenced to community service.[126][127]
In May 2012, three cases in a row were thrown out of court, the most recent one for "insufficient summons".[128]
One defendant, Michael Premo, charged with assaulting an officer, was found not guilty after the defense presented video evidence which "showed officers charging into the defendant unprovoked", contradicting the sworn testimony of NYPD officers.[129]
In April 2014, the final Occupy court case, the Trial of Cecily McMillan began. Cecily McMillan was charged with and convicted of assaulting a police officer and sentenced to 90 days in Rikers Island Penitentiary.[130] McMillan claimed the assault was an accident and a response to what she claimed to be a sexual assault at the hands of said officer.[131] The jury that found her guilty recommended no jail time.[132] She was released after serving 60 days.[133]
Notable responses
During an October 6 news conference, President Barack Obama said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."[134][135]
On October 5, 2011, noted commentator and political satirist Jon Stewart said in his Daily Show broadcast: "If the people who were supposed to fix our financial system had actually done it, the people who have no idea how to solve these problems wouldn't be getting shit for not offering solutions."[136]
Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that targeting one industry or region of America is a mistake, and said the Occupy Wall Street protests are "dangerous" and inciting "class warfare".[137][138] A week later, Romney expressed empathy for the movement, saying, "I look at what's happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand how those people feel."[139]
House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi said she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement.[140] In September, various labor unions, including the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ Service Employees International Union, pledged their support for demonstrators.[141]
In November 2011, Public Policy Polling did a national survey which found that 33% of voters supported OWS and 45% opposed it, with 22% not sure. 43% of those polled had a higher opinion of the Tea Party movement than the Occupy movement.[142] In January 2012, a survey was released by Rasmussen Reports, in which 51% of likely voters found protesters to be a public nuisance, while 39% saw it as a valid protest movement representing the people.[143]
Many notable figures joined the occupation, including David Crosby, Kanye West, Russell Simmons, Alec Baldwin, Susan Sarandon, Don King, Noam Chomsky, Jesse Jackson, Cornel West, Judith Butler, and Michael Moore.[144]
OWS was mentioned by Time Magazine in its 2011 selection of "The Protester" as Person of the Year.[145]
Criticism
The Occupy Movement has been criticized for not having a set of clear demands that could be used to prompt formal policy change. This lack of agenda has been cited as the reason why the Occupy Movement fizzled before achieving any specific legislative changes. Although the lack of demands has simultaneously been argued as one of the advantages of the movement,[146] the protesters in Occupy rejected the idea of having only one demand, or a set of demands, and instead represented a host of broad demands that did not specifically allude to a desired policy agenda.[147][148]
Although the movement's primary slogan was "We are the 99%," it was criticized for not encompassing the voice of the entire 99%, specifically lower class individuals and minorities. For example, it was characterized as being "overwhelmingly white".[149] The lack of African American presence was especially notable, with the movement being criticized in several news outlets and journal articles for its lack of black protestors.[150][151][152]
Some publications mentioned that the Occupy Wall Street Movement failed to spark any true institutional changes in banks and in Corporate America. This idea is supported by the number of scandals that continued to emerge following the financial crisis such as the London Whale incident, the LIBOR-fixing scandal, and the HSBC money laundering discovery. Furthermore, the idea of excess compensation through salaries and bonuses at Wall Street banks continued to be a contentious topic following the Occupy protests, especially as bonuses increased during a period of falling bank profits.[153][154][155]
The movement was also criticized for not building a sustainable base of support and instead fading quickly after its initial spark in late 2011 through early 2012.[156] This may be attributed to Occupy's lack of legislative victories, which left the protestors with a lack of measurable goals. It was also argued that the movement was too tied to its base, Zuccotti Park. Evidence of this lies in the fact that when the police evicted the protestors on November 15, the movement largely dissipated.[157][158] While there is evidence that the movement had an enduring impact, protests and direct mentions of the Occupy movement quickly became uncommon.[159][160][156]
Some Occupy Wall Street protests have included anti-zionist and or anti-Semitic slogans and signage such as "Jews control Wall Street" or "Zionist Jews who are running the big banks and the Federal Reserve". As a result, the Occupy movement has been confronted with accusations of anti-Semitism by major US media outlets and US politicians.[161][162][163]
A 2017 book released by Brookings Institution senior fellow Richard V. Reeves called Dream Hoarders: How the American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else in the Dust, Why That Is a Problem, and What to Do about It, presented data which showed that, "...more than a third of the demonstrators on the May Day 'Occupy' march in 2011 had annual earnings of more than $100,000. But, rather than looking up in envy and resentment, the upper middle class would do well to look at their own position compared to those falling further and further behind."[164]
Subsequent activity
Occupy Wall Street mounted an ambitious call for a citywide general strike and day of action on May 1, 2012. Tens of thousands of people participated in a march through New York City, demonstrating continued support for Occupy Wall Street's cause and concerns.
Occupy Sandy was an organized relief effort created to assist the victims of Hurricane Sandy in the northeastern United States, made up of former and present Occupy Wall Street protesters, other members of the Occupy movement, and former non-Occupy volunteers.[165]
To celebrate the third anniversary of the occupation of Zuccotti Park, an Occupy Wall Street campaign called "Strike Debt" announced it had wiped out almost $4 million in student loans, amounting to the indebtedness of 2,761 students. The loans were all held by students of Everest College, a for profit college that operates Corinthian Colleges, Inc. which in turn owns Everest University, Everest Institute, Heald College, and WyoTech. Strike Debt, and a successor organization, The Debt Collective, were active in organizing the Corinthian 100 students who struck against Corinthian college, a for-profit school that was shut down by the U.S. Department of Education.[166][167]
Occupy the SEC came together during the occupation. The group seeks to represent the 99% in the regulatory process. They first attracted attention in 2012 when they submitted a 325-page comment letter on the Volcker Rule portion of Dodd Frank.[168]
Another offshoot of the Occupy Movement, calling itself the OWS Alternative Banking Group, was established during the occupation of Zuccotti Park in 2011.[169]
Influence on movement for higher wages and other influences
In 2013, commentators described Occupy Wall Street as having influenced the fast food worker strikes.[170] Occupy Wall Street organizers also contributed to a worker campaign at Hot & Crusty cafe in New York City, helping them obtain higher wages and the right to form a union by working with a worker center;[171] the collaboration between the striking workers and Occupy Wall Street protestors is documented in the 2014 film The Hand That Feeds.[172][173][174] Occupy Wall Street has been credited with reintroducing a strong emphasis on income inequality into broad political discourse and, relatedly, for inspiring the fight for a $15 minimum wage.[175]
In 2014, the movement inspired two former debt collections executives Craig Antico and Jerry Ashton to create RIP Medical Debt, a charity that buys up delinquent medical debt at pennies on the dollar, just as debt collectors do – meaning even small donations to the charity have a big impact.[176]
In 2021, on the 10th anniversary of Occupy Wall Street, The Atlantic listed several long-term influences of the protests, including "Reinventing Activism" by encouraging "a generation to take to the streets and demand systemic reforms", influencing the Green New Deal, influencing activism for higher minimum wages, and "shifting the window of what is deemed politically acceptable discourse and pulling the nation to the left."[177]
See also
- 1932 Bonus army
- 1968 Poor People's Campaign
- 15 October 2011 global protests
- 2011 protests in Spain
- 2011 United States public employee protests
- 2011 Wisconsin protests
- 2013 protests in Brazil
- 2013 protests in Turkey
- 2014 Hong Kong protests
- Occupy Galle Face
- Capitol Hill Occupied Protest
- GameStop short squeeze
- List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
- List of Occupy movement topics
- List of protests in the 21st century
- Nuit Debout
- Post-democracy
- Radical media
- UC Davis pepper spray incident
Notes
- ^ Author Dan Berrett writes: "But Occupy Wall Street's most defining characteristics—its decentralized nature and its intensive process of participatory, consensus-based decision-making—are rooted in other precincts of academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism and, specifically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar."[9]
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Further reading
- Bray, Mark (2013). Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. Zero Books. ISBN 9781782791263.
- Janet Byrne, ed. (2012). The Occupy Handbook. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-22021-7.
- Gautney, Heather (2017). "The Influence of Anarchism in Occupy Wall Street". In Goyens, Tom (ed.). Radical Gotham: Anarchism in New York City from Schwab's Saloon to Occupy Wall Street. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 221–240. ISBN 978-0-252-08254-2.
- Graeber, David (May 7, 2012). "Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- Graeber, David (2013). The Democracy Project: A History, A Crisis, A Movement. Spiegel and Grau. ISBN 9780812993561.
- Schneider, Nathan (2013). Thank You, Anarchy: Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520276802.
- Schram, Sanford F. (2015). The Return of Ordinary Capitalism: Neoliberalism, Precarity, Occupy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190253028.
- Sitrin, Marina (2014). They Can't Represent Us!: Reinventing Democracy from Greece to Occupy. Verso Books. ISBN 9781781680971.
External links
- Occupy Wall Street Audio Collection, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University Special Collections
- Occupy Wall Street Archives Working Group Records