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{{Short description|2014–2015 proposed confederation in eastern Ukraine}} |
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{{for|the historical territory of the Russian Empire|Novorossiya}} |
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{{pp-extended|small=yes}} |
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{{Disputed|date=February 2023}} |
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{{Use Canadian English|date=May 2014}} |
{{Use Canadian English|date=May 2014}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} |
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{{Infobox country |
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{{Multiple image |
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|conventional_long_name = Federal State of Novorossiya |
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| |
| image1 = War flag of Novorussia.svg |
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| image2 = Flag of Novorussia.svg |
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| <hr/>{{native name|ru|Новороссия (Союз Народных Республик)|italics=off}} |
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| perrow = 1/2/1 |
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| <hr/>{{native name|uk|Новоросія (Союз Народних Республік)|italics=off}} |
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| caption1 = |
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}} |
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| caption2 = Flags used by pro-Russian separatists and supporters of the confederation |
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|common_name = Novorossiya |
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|linking_name = the Federal State of Novorossiya |
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| |
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|image_flag = Flag of Novorussia.svg |
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|flag_caption = National Flag |
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|image_coat = Emblem of New Russia.png |
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|symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Federal State of Novorossiya|Coat of arms]] |
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|image_map = Map of Novorossiya.png |
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|map_caption = [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast]]s in light green. Rebel controlled territory in dark green. |
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|status = [[Self-proclaimed]] |
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|image_map2 = East Ukraine conflict.svg |
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|map_caption2 = Territory under the control of Novorossiya forces as of {{nowrap|November 2014}} (red and pink) and contested (orange). |
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|continent = Europe |
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|national_anthem = {{YouTube|vJcXzoFhBmM|Zhivi, Novorossiya!}} {{ru icon}}<br><small>"Live, New Russia!"</small><br><small>Based on [[Anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR anthem]]</small> |
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|official_languages = [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnr-news.com/konstituciya-doneckoy-narodnoy-respubliki.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic Donetsk|work=News of the Donetsk Republic}}</ref> |
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|capital = [[Donetsk]] |
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|government_type = [[Provisional government|Provisional]] [[Confederation]] |
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|leader_title1 = President |
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|leader_name1 = Valery Kaurov<ref>{{cite web|title= Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/novorossiya.htm}}</ref> |
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|leader_title2 = Speaker of the Unity Parliament |
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|leader_name2 = [[Oleg Tsaryov]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/novorossiya.htm}}</ref> |
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|religion = [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] {{small|(official)}}<ref name="welcomenr"/> |
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|sovereignty_type = Confederation {{nobold|between [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Lugansk People's Republic|Lugansk]]}} |
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|membership = {{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}}<br/>{{flag|Lugansk People's Republic}} |
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|established_event1 = Proclaimed |
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|established_date1 = 22 May 2014 |
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|established_event2 = Declared |
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|established_date2 = 24 May 2014 |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Federal State of Novorossiya''' ([[English language|anglicised]] as '''New Russia''') ({{lang-ru|Федеративное государство Новороссия, ''Federativnoye Gosudarstvo Novorossiya''}}; {{lang-uk|Федеративна держава Новоросія, ''Federatyvna derzhava Novorosiya''}}), also referred to as the '''Union of [[People's Republic]]s''' ({{lang-ru|Союз Народных Республик, ''Soyuz Narodnykh Respublik''}}; {{lang-uk|Союз Народних Республік, ''Soyuz Narodnykh Respublik''}}), is a [[self-proclaimed]] [[confederation]] of [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and [[Lugansk People's Republic]] in [[eastern Ukraine]], which share a border with [[Russia]]. It was declared on 22 May 2014 and agreements were signed between the leaders of the two self-proclaimed republics on 24 May.<ref name="welcomenr">{{cite news|last=Babiak|first=Mat|title=Welcome to New Russia|url=http://ukrainianpolicy.com/welcome-to-new-russia/|newspaper=Ukrainian Policy|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=8 June 2014 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140608053925/http://ukrainianpolicy.com/welcome-to-new-russia/|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="novo">{{cite news|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_05_24/Donetsk-Lugansk-Peoples-Republics-unite-in-Novorossiya-1012/|title=Donetsk, Lugansk People's Republics unite in Novorossiya|newspaper=[[Voice of Russia]]|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140607011548/http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_05_24/Donetsk-Lugansk-Peoples-Republics-unite-in-Novorossiya-1012/|deadurl=no}}</ref> On 24 June, leaders from both groups' "Supreme Soviet" declared the merger of their constitutions, and the creation of Novorossiya as a confederal "Union of People's Republics".<ref name="ep24">{{cite news|last1=Babiak|first1=Mat|title =Terrorist organizations declare New Russian "Union of People’s Republics"|url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/06/24/terrorist-organizations-declare-new-russian-union-of-peoples-republics/|agency=Euromaidan Press|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=25 June 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140714232949/http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/06/24/terrorist-organizations-declare-new-russian-union-of-peoples-republics/ |archivedate=14 July 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> Currently, about 3-3.09 million people live in the self-proclaimed people's republics controlled areas combined; greater than 1 million residents have been displaced and more than 4,000 killed so far according to the UN.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-01/ukraine-rebels-hold-russia-backed-polls-condemned-by-un.html |title=Ukraine Rebels Hold Polls Rebuked From Kiev to Washington|work=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/14/world/europe/nowhere-to-run-in-eastern-ukraine-.html?_r=0 |title=Nowhere to Run in Eastern Ukraine |publisher=www.nytimes.com |date=2014-11-13 |accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref> The self-declared confederation was not recognized by any other states. |
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'''Novorossiya''' or '''New Russia''' ({{lang-ru|Новороссия}}, {{IPA-ru|nəvɐˈrosʲɪjə|IPA}}; {{lang-uk|Новоросія|Novorosiia}}, [[Help:IPA/Ukrainian|[novoroˈsijɐ]]]), also referred to as the '''Union of People's Republics''' ({{lang-rus|Союз народных республик|Soyuz narodnykh respublik|sɐˈjuz nɐˈroːdnɨx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk}}; {{lang-uk|Союз народних республік|translit=Soiuz narodnykh respublik}}, [[Help:IPA/Ukrainian|[soˈjuz nɐˈrodnɪx resˈpublik]]]), was a [[project]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project |url=https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/60249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Novorossiya Project |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/40852/chapter-abstract/348888797?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> for a [[confederation]] between the self-proclaimed [[Donetsk People's Republic]] (DPR) and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]] (LPR) in [[Eastern Ukraine]], both of which were under the control of [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|pro-Russian separatists]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28963310|title='Many Russians' fighting in Ukraine|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2014-08-28|access-date=2019-04-22|archive-date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213050348/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28963310|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{Main|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|War in Donbass}} |
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The concept of "Novorossiya" emerged in public discourse with the beginning of the [[war in Donbas (2014–2022)|Donbas war]] in eastern Ukraine. Referring to the historic [[Novorossiya]], a former imperial Russian territory conquered from the [[Cossacks]] and the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] in which Russian settlers were encouraged to settle,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Senkus|first=Roman |year=1993 |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CE%5CNewRussiagubernia.htm|title=New Russia gubernia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|volume=3|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815044340/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CE%5CNewRussiagubernia.htm |archive-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> Russia promoted the Novorossiya concept as a new identity for the Ukrainian breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. |
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==Information== |
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The two constituent republics of the confederation had no [[international recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|diplomatic recognition]], while the [[Ukrainian government]] classified them as [[list of designated terrorist groups|terrorist groups]] and initially referred to their territory as the [[Anti-terrorist Operation Zone]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ukraine's prosecutor general classifies self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics as terrorist organizations|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraines-prosecutor-general-classifies-self-declared-donetsk-and-luhansk-republics-as-terrorist-organizations-348212.html|work=[[Kyiv Post]] |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|date=16 May 2014|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714042846/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraines-prosecutor-general-classifies-self-declared-donetsk-and-luhansk-republics-as-terrorist-organizations-348212.html |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/news.html?_m=publications&_c=view&_t=rec&id=138582|script-title=uk:Самопроголошені республіки у Донецькій та Луганській областях кваліфіковано як терористичні організації|trans-title=The self-proclaimed republics in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts classified as terrorist organizations|language=uk|website=gp.gov.ua|publisher=[[Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine]]|date=16 May 2014|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714042248/http://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/news.html?_m=publications&_c=view&_t=rec&id=138582|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The creation of Novorossiya was declared on 22 May 2014,<ref name="welcomenr">{{cite magazine|last=Babiak|first=Mat|title=Welcome to New Russia|url=http://ukrainianpolicy.com/welcome-to-new-russia/|magazine=Ukrainian Policy|date=23 May 2014|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608053925/http://ukrainianpolicy.com/welcome-to-new-russia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and one month later spokesmen of both republics declared their merger into a confederal "Union of People's Republics".<ref>{{cite news|last=Babiak|first=Mat|date=24 June 2014|title=Terrorist organizations declare New Russian 'Union of People's Republics'|url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/06/24/terrorist-organizations-declare-new-russian-union-of-peoples-republics/|work=[[Euromaidan Press]]|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232949/http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/06/24/terrorist-organizations-declare-new-russian-union-of-peoples-republics/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Within a year, the project was suspended: on 1 January 2015, the founding leadership announced the project had been put on hold, and on 20 May the constituent members announced the freezing of the political project.<ref name="utenrp"> |
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===Background=== |
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*{{cite news|url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/russian-backed-novorossiya-breakaway-movement-collapses-428372.html|title=Russian-backed 'Novorossiya' breakaway movement collapses|publisher=[[Ukraine Today]]|date=20 May 2015|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521051525/http://uatoday.tv/politics/russian-backed-novorossiya-breakaway-movement-collapses-428372.html|archive-date=21 May 2015|url-status=live}} |
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[[Novorossiya]] was the name of a territory of the [[Russian Empire]] formed from the [[Crimean Khanate]], which had been annexed several years after the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)|Russo-Turkish War]] in 1774. Russians soon colonized the region and established major cities such as [[Odessa]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} In 1918, the region was incorporated by the Soviet government into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union,<ref name="dic.academic.ru">{{cite news|script-title=ru:Ст. Донецко-Криворожская советская республика|url= http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/122586|edition=Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Изд. 2-е, перераб. и доп. — 2000|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CYUAmSFG|archivedate=30 November 2012|deadurl=no|language=ru}}</ref> the term Novorossiya began to be used again in calls for the independence of the regions corresponding to the historical area.<ref name=NewRepublic>{{cite news|last=Kinstler|first=Linda |title=Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting "Novorossiya", an Old Term That's Back in Vogue|url=http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=[[The New Republic]]|date=7 April 2014|archivedate=19 April 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140419020255/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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*{{cite news|last1=Dergachev|first1=Vladimir |last2=Kirillov|first2=Dmitry |date=20 May 2015|url=http://gazeta.ru/politics/2015/05/19_a_6694441.shtml|script-title=ru:Проект «Новороссия» закрыт|trans-title='New Russia' project is closed|language=ru|work=[[Gazeta.Ru]]|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520101507/http://gazeta.ru/politics/2015/05/19_a_6694441.shtml|archive-date=20 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Andrei |first=Kolesnikov |author-link=Andrey Vladimirovich Kolesnikov|date=2015-05-29|title=Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2015/05/29/why-kremlin-is-shutting-down-novorossiya-project/i96u|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|access-date=2015-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171800/http://carnegieendowment.org/2015/05/29/why-kremlin-is-shutting-down-novorossiya-project/i96u|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
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Dmitry Trenin of the Carnegie Moscow Center wrote that in 2003 some Russian academics discussed the idea of a pro-Russia Novorossiya state being formed out of southern Ukraine in response to moves towards bringing Ukraine into NATO.<ref name=NewRepublic/> |
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[[File:2014-12-24. Мероприятия, посвященные 90-летию со дня образования Донецкого краеведческого музея 30.JPG|thumb|Pavel Gubarev (left) at the 90th-anniversary celebration of the Donetsk Museum of Local Lore, 24 December 2014]] |
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The term soon came into usage in 2014 among [[Antimaidan]] protesters following the [[Euromaidan]] [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|Ukrainian Revolution]] with a Novorossiya account being created on [[Twitter]] and gaining thousands of followers in the first weekend.<ref name=NewRepublic/> Amidst talks in Geneva on resolving the rising unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine, President Putin noted at a Q&A session that the southern and eastern portions of Ukraine had originally been part of Novorossiya and suggested that it had been a mistake to cede them.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gentleman|first=Amelia|title=Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/vladimir-putin-denies-russian-forces-eastern-ukraine-kiev|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 April 2014|archivedate=17 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140517152737/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/vladimir-putin-denies-russian-forces-eastern-ukraine-kiev|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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After the [[Orange Revolution]], [[Dmitri Trenin]] of the [[Carnegie Moscow Center]] wrote that in 2005 and again in 2008 some quarters in Moscow, that were not entirely academic, discussed the idea of a Russia-friendly [[buffer state]], "Novorossiya", being formed out of Southern Ukraine from the Crimea to Odesa in response to perceived Western penetration into the former Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite book|last=Trenin|first=Dmitri |author-link=Dmitri Trenin|year=2011|title=Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/pdf/book/post-imperium.pdf |location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|page=100|isbn=978-0-87003-248-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419100841/http://carnegieendowment.org/pdf/book/post-imperium.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> However, the schema was not encouraged due to the perceived waning of the Orange movement.<ref name="nearabroad">{{cite book|author=Gerard Toal|year=2017|title=Near Abroad: Putin, the West and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=243|isbn=978-0-19025-330-1}}</ref> |
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The idea persisted on the political margins within Ukraine and Russia until resurfaced in spring 2014.<ref name="nearabroad"/> As part of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Ukrainian-Russian conflict]], after the successful annexation of Crimea, the Russian government subsequently intervened in eastern Ukraine, exploiting [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|unrest therein]] agitating and lending support for separatism. In April, after [[Russian people's militias in Ukraine|Russian-backed separatists]] seized administration buildings in Donbas the term "Novorossiya" was brought up often.<ref name="NewRepublic">{{cite magazine |last=Kinstler |first=Linda |date=7 April 2014 |title=Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting 'Novorossiya', an Old Term That's Back in Vogue |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020255/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/04/18/understanding-novorossiya-the-latest-historical-concept-to-get-worried-about-in-ukraine/ |title='Novorossiya', the latest historical concept to worry about in Ukraine|first=Adam |last=Taylor|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> On 17 April, during talks in Geneva on resolving the crisis, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] stated at a question and answer session that even "in the tsarist days{{snd}} [[Kharkiv]], [[Luhansk]], [[Donetsk]], Kherson, Mykolaiv and Odesa{{snd}} were not part of Ukraine"<ref name="Kremlin17Apr14" /> but part of Novorossiya, and that they had been irresponsibly ceded to Ukraine.<ref name="Kremlin17Apr14">{{cite web|title=Direct Line with Vladimir Putin|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20796|website=[[kremlin.ru]]|date=17 April 2014|access-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803124443/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20796|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gentleman|first=Amelia|author-link=Amelia Gentleman|date=17 April 2014|title=Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/vladimir-putin-denies-russian-forces-eastern-ukraine-kiev|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152737/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/vladimir-putin-denies-russian-forces-eastern-ukraine-kiev|url-status=live}}</ref> Putin's definition of New Russia was ahistorical: the 18th-century province did not extend to Kharkiv, Luhansk, or Donetsk,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |title=The Russo-Ukrainian war: the return of history |date=2023 |publisher=WW Norton |isbn=978-1-324-05119-0 |location=New York, NY |pages=122–123}}</ref> and the city of [[Kharkiv]] had belonged to [[Sloboda Ukraine]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZcRbSQgu9wC&pg=PA19 |title=Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8020-3937-8 |location=Toronto; Buffalo; London |page=19 |author-link=Serhii Plokhy |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321084404/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZcRbSQgu9wC&pg=PA19 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sakwa |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LkxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |title=Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-85773-804-2 |location=London |page=9 |author-link=Richard Sakwa |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321084315/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LkxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Formation=== |
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The right-wing nationalist [[New Russia Party]], founded on 13 May 2014 in [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]],<ref name=kp13>{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/donetsk-announces-creation-of-novorossiya-party-347670.html|title=Donetsk announces creation of Novorossiya Party|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=22 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140522142347/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/donetsk-announces-creation-of-novorossiya-party-347670.html}}</ref> declared on its first congress of 22 May 2014 the formation of a new self-proclaimed state named 'Novorossiya', inspired by the historical region of the Russian Empire that carried that name. The congress was attended by separatist officials of the Donetsk People's Republic, [[Donbass People's Militia]] as well as by the Donetsk Republic leader [[Pavel Gubarev]], writer [[Alexander Prokhanov]],<ref name=boro2>{{cite news|last=Young|first=Cathy|title=Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/05/21/fascism_comes_to_ukraine_--_from_russia_122700.html|date=21 May 2014}}</ref> fascist political scientist and [[Eurasia Party]] leader [[Aleksandr Dugin]], and [[Valery Korovin]].<ref name=ross1 /><ref name=ross1>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Состоялся учредительный съезд ОПД "Партия Новороссия"|trans_title= Founding congress of the social-political movement "New Russia Party" held|language=ru|url=http://novorossia.su/node/1750|publisher=Novorossiya|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=22 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140522232839/http://novorossia.su/node/1750|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>[http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.ca/2013/08/window-on-eurasia-to-save-russia-and.html Window on Eurasia: To Save Russia and Himself, Putin Must Become a National Bolshevik, Izborsky Expert Says]</ref> The state would, according to Dugin, have its capital city in Donetsk, Russian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion, and would nationalize major industries.<ref name=welcomenr/> According to Gubarev the state would also include (the major cities currently not under control of separatists) [[Kharkiv]], [[Kherson]], [[Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Mykolaiv]], [[Odessa]] and [[Zaporizhia]].<ref name="NPUP23512">{{cite news|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026209|script-title=uk:У Донецьку створили партію "Новоросія" |trans_title=In Donetsk the party "New Russia" has been founded|newspaper=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]|date=23 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140523170324/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026209|archivedate=23 May 2014|deadurl=no|language=uk}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine crisis timeline BBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine crisis timeline|date=8 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|work=[[BBC News Online]]|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140526075056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|archivedate=26 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> Two days later, the self-appointed 'Prime Minister' of Donetsk [[Alexander Borodai]] and Lugansk "head of the Republic" [[Alexei Koriakin]] signed a document behind closed doors formalizing their merger into the new confederation.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=26 May 2014|url= http://www.unian.net/politics/921422-smi-terroristyi-iz-dnr-i-lnr-obyedinilis.html |script-title=ru:СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились|trans_title=Mass media: Terrorists of the "LNR" and "DNR" have united|language=ru|agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency|UNIAN]]|date=24 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140525195812/http://www.unian.net/politics/921422-smi-terroristyi-iz-dnr-i-lnr-obyedinilis.html|archivedate=25 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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On 29 August 2014, President Putin issued a statement addressed to the "Militia of Novorossiya" calling upon it to show humanitarian compassion and allow surrounded Ukrainian soldiers to withdraw and reunite with their families. This was the last official statement by Putin addressing "Novorossiya".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/46506 |title=President of Russia Vladimir Putin addressed Novorossiya militia |website=[[kremlin.ru]]|date=29 August 2014|access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527050543/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/46506 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The status of Novorossiya then came into dispute on 26 May, when according to Bolotov, "none of the agreements have been concluded" but the intention is to form a "Union of People's Republics".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ostro.org/lugansk/politics/news/445579/|script-title=ru:В.Болотов опроверг информацию об объединении ЛНР и ДНР в Новороссию|trans_title=V. Bolotov denied the merger of the LNR and the DNR in Novorossiya|publisher=Ostro.org|language=ru|date=26 May 2014|accessdate=26 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140620004848/http://www.ostro.org/lugansk/politics/news/445579/|archivedate=20 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> In an interview on 31 May, [[Denis Pushilin]], head of state of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that Novorossiya currently exists as a union of people's republics, but cooperation could be deepened if more territories were to join.<ref>{{cite AV media|date=31 May 2014|accessdate=1 June 2014|title=Интервью Дениса Пушилина журналистам Washington Post 31 мая|trans_title=Interview of Denis Pushilin with a journalist of the Washington Post, 31 May|medium=video|minutes=12|language=ru|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzqinnDnwA4}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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In July a "Manifesto of National Front of Liberation of Ukraine, Novorossiya and Carpathian Russia" was published in Russian media. The manifesto defines objective of the separatist movement to be "establishing on territory of Ukraine a just, social, national republic without oligarchs and corrupted bureaucracy" and their main enemies being "liberal-fascist ruling elites".<ref name="manifesto">{{cite news|url=http://www.echo.msk.ru/doc/1357330-echo.html|script-title=ru:МАНИФЕСТ "НАРОДНОГО ФРОНТА ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЯ УКРАИНЫ, НОВОРОССИИ И ПРИКАРПАТСКОЙ РУСИ"|work=[[Ekho Moskvy]]|date=10 July 2014|accessdate=21 July 2014|language=ru|trans_title=Manifesto of National Front of Liberation of Ukraine, Novorossiya and Carpathian Russia|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140722110317/http://www.echo.msk.ru/doc/1357330-echo.html|archivedate=22 July 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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{{Main|War in Donbas (2014–2022)}} |
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As part of Russia hybrid warfare in Ukraine on 17 April 2014 Russian President Vladimir Putin launched his concept of the historic Novorossiya,<ref>{{cite news|last=Herszenhorn|first=David M.|date=18 April 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/19/world/europe/what-is-putins-new-russia.html|title=What Is Putin's 'New Russia'?|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005075122/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/19/world/europe/what-is-putins-new-russia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> giving legitimacy to the nascent separatist movement when he described the Donbas as part of the historic "New Russia" (''Novorossiya'') region, and issued a statement of bewilderment as how the region had ever become part of Ukraine in 1922 with the foundation of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Freedman |date=December 2014 |title=Ukraine and the Art of Limited War |journal=[[Survival (journal)|Survival]] |volume=56 |issue=6 |page=13 |doi=10.1080/00396338.2014.985432 |doi-access=free|s2cid=154981360}}</ref> Few weeks earlier, Putin used similar language when referring to Crimea, which ended with its annexation.<ref>[https://www.fpri.org/article/2014/05/putins-greater-novorossiya-the-dismemberment-of-ukraine/ Putin’s “Greater Novorossiya” – The Dismemberment of Ukraine]</ref> |
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==Politics== |
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The prospective government structure and political programme of the new state, recounted here, are outlined in the official programme of the [[New Russia Party]], proclaimed at Donetsk and published online on 23 May 2014.<ref name=officialpartyguide/> |
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=== |
===Formation=== |
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The [[New Russia Party]], founded on 13 May 2014 in [[Donetsk]], Ukraine,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/donetsk-announces-creation-of-novorossiya-party-347670.html|title=Donetsk announces creation of Novorossiya Party|work=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=13 May 2014|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522142347/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/donetsk-announces-creation-of-novorossiya-party-347670.html|url-status=live}}</ref> declared on its first congress of 22 May 2014 the formation of a new self-declared state named "Novorossiya"{{Fact|date=January 2023}}, inspired by the historical region of the Russian Empire that carried that name. The congress was attended by separatist officials of the Donetsk People's Republic, the Donbas People's Militia as well as by the Donetsk Republic leader [[Pavel Gubarev]], ultranationalist/Stalinist writer [[Alexander Prokhanov]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=Cathy|author-link=Cathy Young|date=21 May 2014|title=Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/05/21/fascism_comes_to_ukraine_--_from_russia_122700.html|website=[[RealClearPolitics]]|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522104933/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/05/21/fascism_comes_to_ukraine_--_from_russia_122700.html|archive-date=22 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Eurasianism|Eurasianist]] political scientist and [[Eurasia Party]] leader [[Aleksandr Dugin]], and {{ill|Valery Korovin|ru|Коровин, Валерий Михайлович}}. According to Gubarev the state would include [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]] (not part of historical Novorossiya), [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]], [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]], [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]], [[Odesa Oblast|Odesa]], [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]] and possibly [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]] (which was later removed from Gubarev's plans).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026209/|script-title=uk:У Донецьку створили партію "Новоросія"|trans-title=In Donetsk the party "New Russia" has been founded|work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]|language=uk|date=23 May 2014|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523170324/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/05/23/7026209|archive-date=23 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|title=Ukraine crisis timeline|date=8 May 2014|access-date=26 May 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526075056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275|archive-date=26 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://novorossia.su/node/1798|script-title=ru:Луганская и Донецкая республики объединились в Новороссию|trans-title=The Luhansk and Donetsk republics united to Novorossiya|work=novorossia.su|language=ru|agency=Novorossia News Agency|date=May 24, 2014|access-date=February 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626234046/http://novorossia.su/node/1798|archive-date=June 26, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two days later, the self-appointed "Prime Minister" of Donetsk [[Alexander Borodai]] and Luhansk "head of the Republic" [[Aleksey Karyakin]] signed a document behind closed doors formalizing their merger into the new confederation.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 May 2014|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/921422-smi-terroristyi-iz-dnr-i-lnr-obyedinilis.html|script-title=ru:СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились|trans-title=Mass media: Terrorists from the "DPR" and the "LPR" have united|language=ru|agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency|UNIAN]]|date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195812/http://www.unian.net/politics/921422-smi-terroristyi-iz-dnr-i-lnr-obyedinilis.html|archive-date=25 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also proposed to have [[Transnistria]] and [[Gagauzia]] join Novorossiya.{{Cn|date=August 2022}} |
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The supreme legislative authority of Novorossiya is the People's [[Soviet (council)|Soviet]] ({{lang-ru|Народный совет|Narodniy Soviet}}), formed on the basis of nomination by the Soviets of People's Representatives or labour groups. Representatives will be held accountable to the head of the People's Soviet, elected from among its members.<ref name=officialpartyguide/> |
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In an interview on 31 May, [[Denis Pushilin]], then acting as head of state of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that Novorossiya currently existed as a union of people's republics, but cooperation could be deepened if more territories were to join.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzqinnDnwA4|title=Интервью Дениса Пушилина журналистам Washington Post 31 мая|trans-title=Interview of Denis Pushilin with Washington Post journalists, 31 May|minutes=12|language=ru|publisher=Novorossia News Agency|via=[[YouTube]]|date=1 June 2014|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517152104/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzqinnDnwA4|archive-date=17 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 June, the two separatist republics proclaimed their accession to the union of people's republics, and at the second plenum of the new Parliament of Novorossiya on 15 July, the confederation adopted the official name of Novorossiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1318438|script-title=ru:Парламент Союза народных республик принял конституцию Новороссии|agency=[[TASS]]|language=ru|date=15 July 2014|access-date=11 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211095927/http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1318438|archive-date=11 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 2 November [[2014 Donbas general elections]], the Parliament has not gathered again.<ref name="utenrp" /> |
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====Parallel December 2014 declaration==== |
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The executive body of Novorossiya is the cabinet, which is formed by its president and approved by the People's Soviet.<ref name=officialpartyguide/> |
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On 12 December 2014, a "Congress of Deputies of All Levels" led by former DPR deputy foreign minister Boris Borisov, alongside figures such as Pavel Gubarev, issued a renewed declaration of the state sovereignty of the "Union of Sovereign Republics" of Novorossiya, claiming it to be an amendment of the 1922 [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dialog.ua/news/32228_1418575420|script-title=ru:В самопровозглашенных республиках Донбасса приняли "Декларацию о госсуверенитете Новороссии"|language=ru|date=14 December 2014|website=Dialog.ua|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210162612/http://www.dialog.ua/news/32228_1418575420|archive-date=10 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gazeta20150119">{{cite web|last=Dergachev|first=Vladimir |date=19 January 2015|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2015/01/18_a_6379541.shtml|script-title=ru:Сепаратисты готовят замену ополченцам|language=ru|website=[[Gazeta.Ru]]|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209121536/http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2015/01/18_a_6379541.shtml|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast to the May agreement, the new declaration aimed to build a new executive "from scratch".<ref name="gazeta20150119" /> An official of the DPR responded that although Borisov was well-intentioned, his initiative did not have the material backing necessary for success.<ref name="gazeta20150119" /> |
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===Suspension of the project=== |
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===Military=== |
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{{cleanup rewrite|section|date=July 2017}} |
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{{See also|United Armed Forces of Novorossiya}} |
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[[File:2014. Кузнечный фестиваль в Донецке 230.jpg|thumb|Novorossiya soldier, September 2014]] |
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The armed forces of Novorossiya are composed of the People's Self-Defense and the People's Militia, which are both voluntary and professional. The People's Soviet reserves the right to announce the mobilization of reservists in the case of "aggravation". All officers must swear allegiance to the people of Novorossiya, and breaking of the oath will lead to "exceptional punishment".<ref name=officialpartyguide>{{cite news|script-title=ru:ПРОГРАММА Общественно-политического движения "Партия НОВОРОССИЯ"|trans_title=Programme of the Social-political Movement "New Russia Party"|publisher=Novorossiya |language=ru|url=http://ujnoruss.com/index.php/statishchi/politika/1927-programma-obshchestvenno-politicheskogo-dvizheniya-partiya-novorossiya|publisher=Novorossia|date=23 May 2014|accessdate=11 November 2014}}</ref> |
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On 20 May 2015, supporters of the LNR and the DNR officially announced the freezing of the "New Russia" project and the closure of the related structures of political technology. [[Oleg Tsaryov]], chairman of the movement "New Russia", said that the activities of the Joint Parliament of Novorossiya are frozen because the confederation did not comply with the [[Minsk II]] accords.<ref name="utenrp" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.5.ua/ato-na-shodi/Tsarov-ofitsiino-vyznav-krakh-proektu-Novorosiia-81024.html|script-title=uk:Царьов офіційно визнав крах "проекту Новоросія"|trans-title=Tsaryov officially acknowledges the collapse of the "Novorossiya project"|language=uk|publisher=[[5 Kanal]]|date=20 May 2015|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610090253/http://www.5.ua/ato-na-shodi/Tsarov-ofitsiino-vyznav-krakh-proektu-Novorosiia-81024.html|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 May 2014, a referendum on [[self-determination]] in eight regions (Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, Kharkiv, Kherson, and [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]) was not held as expected, but only in the Luhansk and Donetsk republics. On 24 May 2014, delegates from these eight regions created the Joint Parliament of New Russia; however, this proved to be only virtual as the political structure was unclaimed: the expected delegation of representatives did not occur, leading to the curtailment of the Parliament initiative. |
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===Criticism=== |
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Russian historians Alexandr Skobov and Andrey Piontkovski commented that in its political features ([[nationalism]], [[imperialism]]) the entity has similarities with 20th century [[fascism|fascist]] movements.<ref name="skobov"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=53C8DE6037FB2|title=Июльские БУКи|publisher=Kasparov.info|date=18 July 2014|accessdate=21 July 2014|author=Андрей Пионтковский}}</ref> |
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The status of Novorossiya came into dispute on 26 May 2014, when according to [[Valery Bolotov]], "none of the agreements have been concluded" but the intention is to form a "Union of People's Republics".<ref>{{Cite web |title=В.Болотов опроверг информацию об объединении ЛНР и ДНР в Новороссию |url=https://www.ostro.org/ru/news/v-bolotov-oproverg-ynformatsyyu-ob-obedynenyy-lnr-y-dnr-v-novorossyyu-i164767 |trans-title=V.Bolotov denied the merger of the LNR and the DNR in Novorossiya |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=www.ostro.org |language=ru-RU}}</ref> On 1 January 2015, former Donetsk Republic Prime Minister Alexander Borodai, who resigned on 7 August 2014,<ref>{{cite news|last=Olearchyk|first=Roman|date=7 August 2014|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3PN8wZzTW|title=Rebel leader quits Donetsk amid infighting|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226175809/https://www.ft.com/content/c7fa5fee-1e18-11e4-bb68-00144feabdc0#axzz3PN8wZzTW|url-status=live}}</ref> stated that "there is no Novorossiya" and that the proposed state was a "dream that was not brought to life" and called it a false start.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://belsat.eu/en/articles/ex-prime-minister-unrecognised-donetsk-republic-theres-no-novorossiya-its-false-start/|title=Ex-prime minister of unrecognized Donetsk republic: There's no 'Novorossiya', but a false start|publisher=[[Belsat TV]]|date=2 January 2015|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102212352/http://www.belsat.eu//en/articles/ex-prime-minister-unrecognised-donetsk-republic-theres-no-novorossiya-its-false-start/|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 June 2015, the leaders of the DPR and the LPR submitted their proposed changes to the [[Constitution of Ukraine]] that, while calling for wide autonomy of the Donbas region, conceded them as territories of Ukraine. No change was proposed regarding the status of the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] as part of Ukraine, considering the [[political status of Crimea|status of Crimea]] outside their purview. This was imputed by news agencies as a recognition by the leaders of the DPR and the LPR of Ukrainian sovereignty over Crimea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Holodny|first=Elena |date=9 June 2015|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pro-russia-separatist-regions-named-crimea-as-part-of-ukraine-2015-6|title=The pro-Russia separatist regions just named Crimea as a part of Ukraine|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611140745/https://www.businessinsider.com/pro-russia-separatist-regions-named-crimea-as-part-of-ukraine-2015-6|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Given this interpretation, these changes were withdrawn within hours,<ref>{{cite news|last=Parfitt|first=Tom |date=10 June 2015|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11665803/Ukraine-rebels-U-turn-on-non-recognition-of-Russian-rule-over-Crimea.html|title=Ukraine rebels U-turn on non-recognition of Russian rule over Crimea|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611052115/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11665803/Ukraine-rebels-U-turn-on-non-recognition-of-Russian-rule-over-Crimea.html|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 15 June 2015, DPR "Prime Minister" [[Alexander Zakharchenko]] claimed that the DPR "will never be part of Ukraine".<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Захарченко, оправдываясь, признался, что его боевики ведут обстрелы с территории школы |url=https://inforesist.org/zaxarchenko-opravdyvayas-priznalsya-chto-ego-boeviki-vedut-obstrely-s-territorii-shkoly/|website=InfoResist|language=ru|date=2015-06-15|access-date=2015-06-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170130013509/https://inforesist.org/zaxarchenko-opravdyvayas-priznalsya-chto-ego-boeviki-vedut-obstrely-s-territorii-shkoly/|archive-date=30 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Economics== |
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Land, its subsoil, water, flora and fauna, as well as major industrial and financial assets created by "the labor of the people," are public property, and cannot be privately owned. Large property, industrial and financial assets will be owned by the state. Remuneration of each person will be measured by the "usefulness of [one's] work to society".<ref name=officialpartyguide/> A [[national bank]] was established on 6 October 2014 with the announcement that [[Novorossiya]] would become a multi-currency zone with both [[Ukrainian hryvnia]] and [[Russian rubles]] in circulation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/world/753213|title=Donetsk Republic establishes national bank|work=[[Itar Tass]]|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> |
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In mid-June 2015, [[Igor Girkin]] said that the situation in Novorossiya was a "colossal failure" no one knew how to patch up and that the plan was to negotiate the return of the autonomous regions of Donetsk and Luhansk to Ukraine in return for Ukraine's ''de facto'' acceptance of the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]], the gradual withdrawal of [[international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions]], and the return of all other territories to their previous condition. According to Girkin, should such a "wonderful" plan be realized, Ukraine would become a [[federation|federal state]]. "Consequently, in such a manner, a safety catch would be put in place for its entry into [[NATO]]. Russia would get leverage over Kyiv in the form of the autonomous regions, and everything would settle down."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rosbalt.ru/main/2015/06/17/1409671.html|script-title=ru:Стрелков заявил о фиаско проекта "Новороссия"|trans-title=Strelkov announced the fiasco of the "New Russia" project |language=ru|agency=Rosbalt|date=17 June 2015|access-date=18 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618214248/http://www.rosbalt.ru/main/2015/06/17/1409671.html|archive-date=18 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 June 2016, an anonymous Russian businessman averred that the shooting down of [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]] forfeited any chance to create the confederation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Loiko|first=Sergei|author-link=Sergey Loiko|date=1 June 2016|title=The Unraveling of Moscow's 'Novorossia' Dream|url=http://www.rferl.mobi/a/unraveling-moscow-novorossia-dream/27772641.html|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|access-date=9 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603221517/http://www.rferl.mobi/a/unraveling-moscow-novorossia-dream/27772641.html|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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=== |
===Similar proposal=== |
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A project was declared on 18 July 2017 by the Donetsk People's Republic to include all of Ukraine, but the name was changed to "''[[Little Russia|Malorossiya]]''" (Little Russia).<ref>{{cite news |last=Litvinova |first=Daria |date=18 July 2017 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/18/separatists-ukraine-declare-creation-new-state-malorossiya/amp/ |title=Separatists in Ukraine declare creation of new 'state' Malorossiya |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721211918/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/18/separatists-ukraine-declare-creation-new-state-malorossiya/amp/ |archive-date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-separatists-malorussia-criticism-zakharchenko-plotnitsky-poroshenko/28623190.html |title=Ukraine Separatists Criticized Over Call For Creation Of 'Little Russia'|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=18 July 2017|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720044947/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-separatists-malorussia-criticism-zakharchenko-plotnitsky-poroshenko/28623190.html |archive-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Luhansk People's Republic, however, stated that it would not be taking part in the project. The announcement was widely condemned by nations, including Russia, which pointed to the Minsk agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.com/politics/956825 |title=Malorossiya project is personal initiative of self-proclaimed republic's leader — Kremlin|agency=[[TASS]]|date=18 July 2017|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721201625/http://tass.com/politics/956825 |archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The official state languages are Russian and Ukrainian, and the use of other languages is free for the purpose of communication.<ref name=officialpartyguide/> |
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== Controversy == |
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Russian dissidents Aleksandr Skobov and [[Andrey Piontkovsky]] commented that in its political features ([[Russian nationalism|nationalism]], [[Russian imperialism|imperialism]]) the entity has similarities to 20th-century [[fascist]] movements.<ref>{{cite web|last=Skobov|first=Aleksandr |date=21 July 2014|url=http://grani.ru/opinion/skobov/m.231294.html|script-title=ru:Реконструкция ада|trans-title=Reconstruction of hell|work=Grani.ru|language=ru|access-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052320/http://grani.ru/opinion/skobov/m.231294.html|url-status=live|archive-date=28 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Piontkovsky|first=Andrey |author-link=Andrey Piontkovsky|date=18 July 2014|url=http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=53C8DE6037FB2|script-title=ru:Июльские БУКи|trans-title=July BUKs|website=[[Kasparov.ru]]|language=ru|access-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721185413/http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=53C8DE6037FB2|archive-date=21 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Religion=== |
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All spiritual and religious education will belong to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] under the Moscow Patriarchate. The state allows for [[freedom of religion]] except in cases it deems would "destroy the fabric of society and social harmony".<ref name=officialpartyguide/> Separatists have been accused of the abduction, torture and murder of four Protestant men in the city of [[Sloviansk]].<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2014/0812/A-Ukrainian-murder-mystery-ensnares-a-church-in-former-rebel-stronghold</ref> |
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==Territorial extent== |
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[[File:Federal States of New Russia in Ukraine (Envisaged).PNG|thumb|[[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk Oblast]] (dark green) and the maximum envisaged territorial control of Novorossiya (light green), according to the leader of the Donetsk People's Republic, Pavel Gubarev]] |
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[[File:UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png|thumb|The majority language by city, town, and village councils according to 2001 census. Novorossiya currently controls most of the majority Russian-speaking areas in the Donbass.]] |
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Presently, only the self-declared [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and [[Lugansk People's Republic]] have agreed to participate in the unification process. According to the leader of the Donetsk People's Republic, Pavel Gubarev, however, the envisaged final extent of the state will encompass not only the [[Ukrainian Oblasts]] (administrative divisions) of Donetsk and Luhansk, but also the present [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Ukrainian oblasts]] of [[Kharkiv oblast|Kharkiv]] (which was not part of the historical region [[Novorossiya]]<ref>[http://www.fpri.org/articles/2014/05/putins-greater-novorossiya-dismemberment-ukraine Putin’s “Greater Novorossiya” - The Dismemberment of Ukraine], [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] (May 2014 )</ref>), [[Kherson oblast|Kherson]], [[Odessa oblast|Odessa]], [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]], [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia]], and [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]], and the break-away [[Transnistria]] region of [[Moldova]].<ref name="NPUP23512"/><ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2014|script-title=ru:Брифинг Павла Губарева на съезде народных представителей регионов|trans_title=Briefing of Pavel Gubarev at the Congress of People's Representatives of the Regions|url=http://novorossia.su/node/1794|language=ru|publisher=Novorossiya|accessdate=26 May 2014|archivedate=27 May 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140527213152/http://novorossia.su/node/1794}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/09/08/truce-ukraine-violated-holding-now Truce in Ukraine violated, but holding for now], [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (8 September 2014)</ref> |
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According to the [[irredentist]] "Manifesto of National Front of Liberation of Ukraine, Novorossiya and Carpathian Russia" however, the Novorussian revolution targets all of Ukraine. The manifesto also redefines separatism in [[pan-nationalism|pan-nationalist]] terms with the consequence that it is Ukraine that is regarded as "separatist", having divorced itself from "Great Russia".<ref name="manifesto"/> |
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{{quote| |
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The borders of the Russian World extend significantly farther than borders of Russian Federation. I fulfill a historic mission in the name of Russian nation, super-ethnos, unified by the Orthodox christianity. Just as in Caucasus, I'm fighting in Ukraine against separatism – this time not Chechen, but Ukrainian one. Because there is Russia, Great Russia, Russian Empire. And now Ukrainian separatists in Kiev are fighting against Russian Empire.|[[Alexander Borodai]]|<ref name="skobov">{{cite web|url=http://grani.ru/opinion/skobov/m.231294.html|title=Реконструкция ада|work=[[Grani.ru]]|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=21 July 2014|author=Александр Скобов|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140728052320/http://grani.ru/opinion/skobov/m.231294.html|deadurl=no|archivedate=28 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="wsj">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/russians-imperial-dream-faces-showdown-in-donetsk-1405296159|title=Russian's 'Imperial Dream' Faces Last Stand in Donetsk|work=[[The Wall Street Journal|WSJ]]|date=13 July 2014|accessdate=21 July 2014|author=Philip Shishikin|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20140729171316/http://online.wsj.com/articles/russians-imperial-dream-faces-showdown-in-donetsk-1405296159|deadurl=no|archivedate=29 July 2014}}</ref>}} |
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==International recognition== |
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No country has recognized Novorossia as a sovereign state. Only its components, the [[Lugansk People's Republic]] and the [[Donetsk People's Republic]], have been recognised on 18 June and 27 June, respectively, by [[South Ossetia]], a breakaway republic of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], which itself was taken over by the [[Russian Army]] during [[Russo-Georgian War]] and has very [[List of states with limited recognition|limited recognition]]<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2014|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/south-ossetia-recognizes-luhansk-peoples-republic/25427651.html|title=South Ossetia Recognizes 'Luhansk People's Republic'|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 June 2014|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/south-ossetia-recognizes-donetsk-peoples-republic-353815.html|title=South Ossetia recognizes Donetsk People's Republic|publisher=Kyiv Post|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{commons category|Federal State of New Russia}} |
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*[[2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine]] |
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*[[War in Donbass]] |
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*[[Pavel Gubarev]] |
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*[[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]] |
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*[[List of active separatist movements in Europe]] |
*[[List of active separatist movements in Europe]] |
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*[[South-East Ukrainian Autonomous Republic]] |
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*[[List of active rebel groups]] |
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*[[Occupied territories of Ukraine]] |
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*[[2014 Crimean crisis]] |
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*[[Russian irredentism]] |
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*[[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commons category|Federal State of |
{{commons category|Federal State of New Russia}} |
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*[ |
* [https://novorossia.su/ Official press releases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330134103/https://novorossia.su/ |date=30 March 2019 }} |
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* [http://www.parlament-novorossii.ru/ Official website] |
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{{Countries of Europe}} |
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* [http://novorus.info/ Central News Agency Novorossia] – [https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210326/http://novorus.info/ Archived] |
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{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}} |
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{{War in Donbas}} |
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{{coord|48.0028|N|37.8053|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} |
{{coord|48.0028|N|37.8053|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Novorossiya (confederation)| ]] |
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[[Category:History of Luhansk Oblast]] |
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[[Category:2014 establishments in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Russian-speaking countries and territories]] |
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[[Category:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Secession in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Unrecognized or largely unrecognized states]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 2014|Novorossiya, Federal State of]] |
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[[Category:Irredentism]] |
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[[Category:Donbas]] |
[[Category:Donbas]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Donetsk Oblast in the Russo-Ukrainian War]] |
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[[Category:Luhansk Oblast in the Russo-Ukrainian War]] |
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[[Category:Russian nationalism in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Russian irredentism]] |
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[[Category:Russo-Ukrainian War]] |
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[[Category:Separatism in Ukraine]] |
Latest revision as of 09:24, 8 May 2024
Novorossiya or New Russia (Russian: Новороссия, IPA: [nəvɐˈrosʲɪjə]; Ukrainian: Новоросія, romanized: Novorosiia, [novoroˈsijɐ]), also referred to as the Union of People's Republics (Russian: Союз народных республик, romanized: Soyuz narodnykh respublik, IPA: [sɐˈjuz nɐˈroːdnɨx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]; Ukrainian: Союз народних республік, romanized: Soiuz narodnykh respublik, [soˈjuz nɐˈrodnɪx resˈpublik]), was a project[1][2] for a confederation between the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) in Eastern Ukraine, both of which were under the control of pro-Russian separatists.[3]
The concept of "Novorossiya" emerged in public discourse with the beginning of the Donbas war in eastern Ukraine. Referring to the historic Novorossiya, a former imperial Russian territory conquered from the Cossacks and the Ottomans in which Russian settlers were encouraged to settle,[4] Russia promoted the Novorossiya concept as a new identity for the Ukrainian breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk.
The two constituent republics of the confederation had no diplomatic recognition, while the Ukrainian government classified them as terrorist groups and initially referred to their territory as the Anti-terrorist Operation Zone.[5][6] The creation of Novorossiya was declared on 22 May 2014,[7] and one month later spokesmen of both republics declared their merger into a confederal "Union of People's Republics".[8] Within a year, the project was suspended: on 1 January 2015, the founding leadership announced the project had been put on hold, and on 20 May the constituent members announced the freezing of the political project.[9][10]
Background
After the Orange Revolution, Dmitri Trenin of the Carnegie Moscow Center wrote that in 2005 and again in 2008 some quarters in Moscow, that were not entirely academic, discussed the idea of a Russia-friendly buffer state, "Novorossiya", being formed out of Southern Ukraine from the Crimea to Odesa in response to perceived Western penetration into the former Soviet Union.[11] However, the schema was not encouraged due to the perceived waning of the Orange movement.[12]
The idea persisted on the political margins within Ukraine and Russia until resurfaced in spring 2014.[12] As part of the Ukrainian-Russian conflict, after the successful annexation of Crimea, the Russian government subsequently intervened in eastern Ukraine, exploiting unrest therein agitating and lending support for separatism. In April, after Russian-backed separatists seized administration buildings in Donbas the term "Novorossiya" was brought up often.[13][14] On 17 April, during talks in Geneva on resolving the crisis, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at a question and answer session that even "in the tsarist days – Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson, Mykolaiv and Odesa – were not part of Ukraine"[15] but part of Novorossiya, and that they had been irresponsibly ceded to Ukraine.[15][16] Putin's definition of New Russia was ahistorical: the 18th-century province did not extend to Kharkiv, Luhansk, or Donetsk,[17] and the city of Kharkiv had belonged to Sloboda Ukraine).[18][19]
On 29 August 2014, President Putin issued a statement addressed to the "Militia of Novorossiya" calling upon it to show humanitarian compassion and allow surrounded Ukrainian soldiers to withdraw and reunite with their families. This was the last official statement by Putin addressing "Novorossiya".[20]
History
As part of Russia hybrid warfare in Ukraine on 17 April 2014 Russian President Vladimir Putin launched his concept of the historic Novorossiya,[21] giving legitimacy to the nascent separatist movement when he described the Donbas as part of the historic "New Russia" (Novorossiya) region, and issued a statement of bewilderment as how the region had ever become part of Ukraine in 1922 with the foundation of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.[22] Few weeks earlier, Putin used similar language when referring to Crimea, which ended with its annexation.[23]
Formation
The New Russia Party, founded on 13 May 2014 in Donetsk, Ukraine,[24] declared on its first congress of 22 May 2014 the formation of a new self-declared state named "Novorossiya"[citation needed], inspired by the historical region of the Russian Empire that carried that name. The congress was attended by separatist officials of the Donetsk People's Republic, the Donbas People's Militia as well as by the Donetsk Republic leader Pavel Gubarev, ultranationalist/Stalinist writer Alexander Prokhanov,[25] Eurasianist political scientist and Eurasia Party leader Aleksandr Dugin, and Valery Korovin . According to Gubarev the state would include Kharkiv (not part of historical Novorossiya), Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Zaporizhzhia and possibly Sumy (which was later removed from Gubarev's plans).[26][27][28] Two days later, the self-appointed "Prime Minister" of Donetsk Alexander Borodai and Luhansk "head of the Republic" Aleksey Karyakin signed a document behind closed doors formalizing their merger into the new confederation.[29] It was also proposed to have Transnistria and Gagauzia join Novorossiya.[citation needed] In an interview on 31 May, Denis Pushilin, then acting as head of state of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that Novorossiya currently existed as a union of people's republics, but cooperation could be deepened if more territories were to join.[30] On 24 June, the two separatist republics proclaimed their accession to the union of people's republics, and at the second plenum of the new Parliament of Novorossiya on 15 July, the confederation adopted the official name of Novorossiya.[31] Since the 2 November 2014 Donbas general elections, the Parliament has not gathered again.[9]
Parallel December 2014 declaration
On 12 December 2014, a "Congress of Deputies of All Levels" led by former DPR deputy foreign minister Boris Borisov, alongside figures such as Pavel Gubarev, issued a renewed declaration of the state sovereignty of the "Union of Sovereign Republics" of Novorossiya, claiming it to be an amendment of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.[32][33] In contrast to the May agreement, the new declaration aimed to build a new executive "from scratch".[33] An official of the DPR responded that although Borisov was well-intentioned, his initiative did not have the material backing necessary for success.[33]
Suspension of the project
On 20 May 2015, supporters of the LNR and the DNR officially announced the freezing of the "New Russia" project and the closure of the related structures of political technology. Oleg Tsaryov, chairman of the movement "New Russia", said that the activities of the Joint Parliament of Novorossiya are frozen because the confederation did not comply with the Minsk II accords.[9][34] On 11 May 2014, a referendum on self-determination in eight regions (Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, Kharkiv, Kherson, and Donetsk) was not held as expected, but only in the Luhansk and Donetsk republics. On 24 May 2014, delegates from these eight regions created the Joint Parliament of New Russia; however, this proved to be only virtual as the political structure was unclaimed: the expected delegation of representatives did not occur, leading to the curtailment of the Parliament initiative.
The status of Novorossiya came into dispute on 26 May 2014, when according to Valery Bolotov, "none of the agreements have been concluded" but the intention is to form a "Union of People's Republics".[35] On 1 January 2015, former Donetsk Republic Prime Minister Alexander Borodai, who resigned on 7 August 2014,[36] stated that "there is no Novorossiya" and that the proposed state was a "dream that was not brought to life" and called it a false start.[37] On 8 June 2015, the leaders of the DPR and the LPR submitted their proposed changes to the Constitution of Ukraine that, while calling for wide autonomy of the Donbas region, conceded them as territories of Ukraine. No change was proposed regarding the status of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as part of Ukraine, considering the status of Crimea outside their purview. This was imputed by news agencies as a recognition by the leaders of the DPR and the LPR of Ukrainian sovereignty over Crimea.[38] Given this interpretation, these changes were withdrawn within hours,[39] and on 15 June 2015, DPR "Prime Minister" Alexander Zakharchenko claimed that the DPR "will never be part of Ukraine".[40]
In mid-June 2015, Igor Girkin said that the situation in Novorossiya was a "colossal failure" no one knew how to patch up and that the plan was to negotiate the return of the autonomous regions of Donetsk and Luhansk to Ukraine in return for Ukraine's de facto acceptance of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the gradual withdrawal of sanctions, and the return of all other territories to their previous condition. According to Girkin, should such a "wonderful" plan be realized, Ukraine would become a federal state. "Consequently, in such a manner, a safety catch would be put in place for its entry into NATO. Russia would get leverage over Kyiv in the form of the autonomous regions, and everything would settle down."[41] On 9 June 2016, an anonymous Russian businessman averred that the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 forfeited any chance to create the confederation.[42]
Similar proposal
A project was declared on 18 July 2017 by the Donetsk People's Republic to include all of Ukraine, but the name was changed to "Malorossiya" (Little Russia).[43][44] The Luhansk People's Republic, however, stated that it would not be taking part in the project. The announcement was widely condemned by nations, including Russia, which pointed to the Minsk agreement.[45]
Controversy
Russian dissidents Aleksandr Skobov and Andrey Piontkovsky commented that in its political features (nationalism, imperialism) the entity has similarities to 20th-century fascist movements.[46][47]
See also
- List of active separatist movements in Europe
- South-East Ukrainian Autonomous Republic
- Occupied territories of Ukraine
- Russian irredentism
- Republic of Serbian Krajina
References
- ^ "Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project".
- ^ "The Novorossiya Project". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "'Many Russians' fighting in Ukraine". BBC News. 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^ Senkus, Roman (1993). "New Russia gubernia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 3. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine's prosecutor general classifies self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics as terrorist organizations". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ^ Самопроголошені республіки у Донецькій та Луганській областях кваліфіковано як терористичні організації [The self-proclaimed republics in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts classified as terrorist organizations]. gp.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ^ Babiak, Mat (23 May 2014). "Welcome to New Russia". Ukrainian Policy. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Babiak, Mat (24 June 2014). "Terrorist organizations declare New Russian 'Union of People's Republics'". Euromaidan Press. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
- ^ a b c
- "Russian-backed 'Novorossiya' breakaway movement collapses". Ukraine Today. 20 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
- Dergachev, Vladimir; Kirillov, Dmitry (20 May 2015). Проект «Новороссия» закрыт ['New Russia' project is closed]. Gazeta.Ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
- ^ Andrei, Kolesnikov (29 May 2015). "Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- ^ Trenin, Dmitri (2011). Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-87003-248-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2014.
- ^ a b Gerard Toal (2017). Near Abroad: Putin, the West and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus. Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-19025-330-1.
- ^ Kinstler, Linda (7 April 2014). "Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting 'Novorossiya', an Old Term That's Back in Vogue". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Taylor, Adam (18 April 2014). "'Novorossiya', the latest historical concept to worry about in Ukraine". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b "Direct Line with Vladimir Putin". kremlin.ru. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ^ Gentleman, Amelia (17 April 2014). "Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Plokhy, Serhii (2023). The Russo-Ukrainian war: the return of history. New York, NY: WW Norton. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1-324-05119-0.
- ^ Plokhy, Serhii (2005). Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8020-3937-8. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ Sakwa, Richard (2014). Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-85773-804-2. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ "President of Russia Vladimir Putin addressed Novorossiya militia". kremlin.ru. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (18 April 2021). "What Is Putin's 'New Russia'?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ Freedman, Lawrence (December 2014). "Ukraine and the Art of Limited War". Survival. 56 (6): 13. doi:10.1080/00396338.2014.985432. S2CID 154981360.
- ^ Putin’s “Greater Novorossiya” – The Dismemberment of Ukraine
- ^ "Donetsk announces creation of Novorossiya Party". Kyiv Post. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Young, Cathy (21 May 2014). "Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia". RealClearPolitics. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
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- ^ Loiko, Sergei (1 June 2016). "The Unraveling of Moscow's 'Novorossia' Dream". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
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- ^ Piontkovsky, Andrey (18 July 2014). Июльские БУКи [July BUKs]. Kasparov.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
External links
- Official press releases Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- Official website
- Central News Agency Novorossia – Archived