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[[File:Northern Limit Line.svg|thumb|right|350px|The Northern Limit Line shown in red separating North and South Korea.]] |
[[File:Northern Limit Line.svg|thumb|right|350px|The Northern Limit Line shown in red separating North and South Korea.]] |
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The '''Northern Limit Line''' or '''North Limit Line''' ('''NLL''') is a disputed maritime [[demarcation line]] in the [[Yellow Sea]] between [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]]. |
The '''Northern Limit Line''' or '''North Limit Line''' ('''NLL''') is a disputed maritime [[demarcation line]] in the [[Yellow Sea]] between [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]]. It acts as the ''de facto'' maritime boundary between the two Koreas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elferink|first=Alex G. Oude|title=The law of maritime boundary delimitation: a case study of the Russian Federation|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|date=1994|page=314|isbn=978-0792330820}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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The line was unilaterally set by the [[United States|U.S.]]-led [[United Nations]] military forces |
The line was unilaterally set by the [[United States|U.S.]]-led [[United Nations]] military forces on August 30, 1953 after the [[United Nations Command (Korea)|United Nations Command]] and North Korea failed to reach an agreement.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yŏnʼguwŏn|first=Hanʼguk Kukpang|date=1999|title=Defense white paper|publisher=Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea}}</ref> It is not officially recognized by North Korea.<ref>Roehrig, Terence (2009). "North Korea and the Northern Limit Line". ''North Korean Review''. '''5''' (1): 8 – 22.</ref> In particular, it is not included into the [[Korean War#Stalemate (July 1951 – July 1953)|Armistice Agreement of 1953]] between the two states. The line was originally drawn to prevent southern incursions into the north, however it role has since transformed to prevent North Korean ships heading south.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kotch|first=John Barry|coauthors=Abbey, Michael|date=2003|title=Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime|journal=Asian Perspective|volume=27|issue=2|pages=175-204|url=http://www.asianperspective.org/articles/v27n2-f.pdf}}</ref> |
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The line runs between the mainland portion of [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi-do province]] that had been part of [[Hwanghae]] before 1945, and the adjacent offshore islands, the largest of which is [[Baengnyeongdo]]. As a result, the mainland portion reverted to North Korean control, while the islands remained a part of South Korea. Since 1999, North Korea has claimed a more southerly "Maritime Military Demarcation Line", which would make the islands a part of North Korea as well.<ref>[http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1999/9907/news07/21.htm KPA urges U.S. and S. Korea to accept maritime demarcation line at West Sea]. [[Korean Central News Agency]]. July 21, 1999.</ref> |
The line runs between the mainland portion of [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi-do province]] that had been part of [[Hwanghae]] before 1945, and the adjacent offshore islands, the largest of which is [[Baengnyeongdo]]. As a result, the mainland portion reverted to North Korean control, while the islands remained a part of South Korea. The line continues to extend into the sea from the [[Military Demarcation Line]]. In 1977 North Korea attempted to establish a 50 mile military boundary zone around the islands claimed by South Korea along the NLL; however, the claims were rebuffed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnston|first=Douglas M.|coauthors=Valencia, Mark J.|title=Pacific Ocean boundary problems: status and solutions|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|date=1991|page=81|isbn=978-0792308621}}</ref> Since 1999, North Korea has claimed a more southerly "Maritime Military Demarcation Line", which would make the islands a part of North Korea as well.<ref>[http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1999/9907/news07/21.htm KPA urges U.S. and S. Korea to accept maritime demarcation line at West Sea]. [[Korean Central News Agency]]. July 21, 1999.</ref> |
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The [[Korean People's Navy|North Korean]] and [[Republic of Korea Navy|South Korean navies]] regularly patrol the area around the NLL. As North Korea does not recognise the line, its fishing boats work close to or over the limit line, escorted by North Korean naval boats.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hyŏn|first=In-tʻaek|coauthors=Schreurs, Miranda Alice|title=The environmental dimension of Asian security: conflict and cooperation over energy, resources, and pollution|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|date=2007|page=121|isbn=978-1929223732}}</ref> North Korea's official state news agency [[Korean Central News Agency|KCNA]] has described the line as the "final line for stopping the [[Defection|defectors]] to the north" drawn to meet "Washington's self-justified interests."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2007/200706/news06/26.htm#6|title=Truth behind "Northern Limit Line" Disclosed |date=June 25, 2007|publisher=Korean Central News Agency}}</ref> |
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==Incidents along the line== |
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Disputes between North and South Korean naval vessels often occur in this area and its issue periodically arises during their talks. Occasionally violence flares up along the line and deadly skirmishes occurred in [[1st Battle of the Western Sea|1999]], [[2nd Battle of the Western Sea|2002]] and [[Action_of_10_November_2009|2009]].<ref name="globalsecurity">Pike, John (May 27, 2009). [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nll.htm Northern Limit Line (NLL) West Sea Naval Engagements]. [[GlobalSecurity.org]].</ref> |
Disputes between North and South Korean naval vessels often occur in this area and its issue periodically arises during their talks. Occasionally violence flares up along the line and deadly skirmishes occurred in [[1st Battle of the Western Sea|1999]], [[2nd Battle of the Western Sea|2002]] and [[Action_of_10_November_2009|2009]].<ref name="globalsecurity">Pike, John (May 27, 2009). [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nll.htm Northern Limit Line (NLL) West Sea Naval Engagements]. [[GlobalSecurity.org]].</ref> |
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[[Category:Territorial disputes of North Korea]] |
[[Category:Territorial disputes of North Korea]] |
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[[Category:Territorial disputes of South Korea]] |
[[Category:Territorial disputes of South Korea]] |
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[[Category:History of Korea]] |
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{{Korea-stub}} |
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[[ja:北方限界線]] |
[[ja:北方限界線]] |
Revision as of 19:27, 14 November 2009
The Northern Limit Line or North Limit Line (NLL) is a disputed maritime demarcation line in the Yellow Sea between North Korea and South Korea. It acts as the de facto maritime boundary between the two Koreas.[1]
History
The line was unilaterally set by the U.S.-led United Nations military forces on August 30, 1953 after the United Nations Command and North Korea failed to reach an agreement.[2] It is not officially recognized by North Korea.[3] In particular, it is not included into the Armistice Agreement of 1953 between the two states. The line was originally drawn to prevent southern incursions into the north, however it role has since transformed to prevent North Korean ships heading south.[4]
The line runs between the mainland portion of Gyeonggi-do province that had been part of Hwanghae before 1945, and the adjacent offshore islands, the largest of which is Baengnyeongdo. As a result, the mainland portion reverted to North Korean control, while the islands remained a part of South Korea. The line continues to extend into the sea from the Military Demarcation Line. In 1977 North Korea attempted to establish a 50 mile military boundary zone around the islands claimed by South Korea along the NLL; however, the claims were rebuffed.[5] Since 1999, North Korea has claimed a more southerly "Maritime Military Demarcation Line", which would make the islands a part of North Korea as well.[6]
The North Korean and South Korean navies regularly patrol the area around the NLL. As North Korea does not recognise the line, its fishing boats work close to or over the limit line, escorted by North Korean naval boats.[7] North Korea's official state news agency KCNA has described the line as the "final line for stopping the defectors to the north" drawn to meet "Washington's self-justified interests."[8]
Incidents along the line
Disputes between North and South Korean naval vessels often occur in this area and its issue periodically arises during their talks. Occasionally violence flares up along the line and deadly skirmishes occurred in 1999, 2002 and 2009.[9]
On May 27, 2009, following a successful nuclear test, North Korea warned that attempts to enforce the NLL would be met with immediate military force.[9]
On November 10, 2009, naval vessels from the two Koreas exchanged fire in the area of the NLL, reportedly causing serious damage to a North Korean patrol ship.[10]
See also
References
- ^ Elferink, Alex G. Oude (1994). The law of maritime boundary delimitation: a case study of the Russian Federation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 314. ISBN 978-0792330820.
- ^ Yŏnʼguwŏn, Hanʼguk Kukpang (1999). "Defense white paper". Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Roehrig, Terence (2009). "North Korea and the Northern Limit Line". North Korean Review. 5 (1): 8 – 22.
- ^ Kotch, John Barry (2003). "Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime" (PDF). Asian Perspective. 27 (2): 175–204.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Johnston, Douglas M. (1991). Pacific Ocean boundary problems: status and solutions. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 978-0792308621.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ KPA urges U.S. and S. Korea to accept maritime demarcation line at West Sea. Korean Central News Agency. July 21, 1999.
- ^ Hyŏn, In-tʻaek (2007). The environmental dimension of Asian security: conflict and cooperation over energy, resources, and pollution. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1929223732.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Truth behind "Northern Limit Line" Disclosed". Korean Central News Agency. June 25, 2007.
- ^ a b Pike, John (May 27, 2009). Northern Limit Line (NLL) West Sea Naval Engagements. GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^ Kim, San (November 10, 2009). Koreas clash in Yellow Sea, blame each other. Yonhap.