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Count '''Nikita Moiseevich Zotov'''<ref name="Hughes423">Hughes 1998, p. 423</ref> ({{lang-ru|Никита Моисеевич Зотов}}) (1644<ref name="Encyclopedic Dictionary Short" /> – December 1717<ref name="Hughes2004-120-121" />) was a childhood tutor and life-long friend of Russian Tsar [[Peter the Great]]. Zotov was chosen as Peter's tutor in the late 17th century, and taught him religion and history. Historians have mixed interpretations about Zotov's teaching; [[Robert K. Massie]], for example, praises the work that Zotov did, while [[Lindsey Hughes]] criticizes the quality of education he gave Peter. |
Count '''Nikita Moiseevich Zotov'''<ref name="Hughes423">Hughes 1998, p. 423</ref> ({{lang-ru|Никита Моисеевич Зотов}}) (1644<ref name="Encyclopedic Dictionary Short" /> – December 1717<ref name="Hughes2004-120-121" />) was a childhood tutor and life-long friend of Russian Tsar [[Peter the Great]]. Zotov was chosen as Peter's tutor in the late 17th century, and taught him religion and history. Historians have mixed interpretations about Zotov's teaching; [[Robert K. Massie]], for example, praises the work that Zotov did, while [[Lindsey Hughes]] criticizes the quality of education he gave Peter. |
||
Zotov left Moscow for a diplomatic mission to [[Crimea]] in 1680 and returned to Moscow before 1683. He became part of the "Jolly Company", a group of several hundred of Peter's friends, which eventually became [[The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters]]. Zotov was mockingly appointed "Prince-Pope" of the Synod and regularly led them in games and celebrations. Zotov accompanied Peter during many important events, such as the [[Azov campaigns]] and the torture of [[Streltsy]] after their [[Streltsy Uprising|uprising]]. Zotov held a number of state posts, including from 1701 a leading position in the Tsar's personal secretariat . Just three years before his death, Zotov married a woman |
Zotov left Moscow for a diplomatic mission to [[Crimea]] in 1680 and returned to Moscow before 1683. He became part of the "Jolly Company", a group of several hundred of Peter's friends, which eventually became [[The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters]]. Zotov was mockingly appointed "Prince-Pope" of the Synod and regularly led them in games and celebrations. Zotov accompanied Peter during many important events, such as the [[Azov campaigns]] and the torture of [[Streltsy]] after their [[Streltsy Uprising|uprising]]. Zotov held a number of state posts, including from 1701 a leading position in the Tsar's personal secretariat . Just three years before his death, Zotov married a woman 50 years his junior. |
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==Tutelage of Peter I== |
==Tutelage of Peter I== |
Revision as of 00:10, 24 September 2009
Count Nikita Moiseevich Zotov[1] (Russian: Никита Моисеевич Зотов) (1644[2] – December 1717[3]) was a childhood tutor and life-long friend of Russian Tsar Peter the Great. Zotov was chosen as Peter's tutor in the late 17th century, and taught him religion and history. Historians have mixed interpretations about Zotov's teaching; Robert K. Massie, for example, praises the work that Zotov did, while Lindsey Hughes criticizes the quality of education he gave Peter.
Zotov left Moscow for a diplomatic mission to Crimea in 1680 and returned to Moscow before 1683. He became part of the "Jolly Company", a group of several hundred of Peter's friends, which eventually became The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters. Zotov was mockingly appointed "Prince-Pope" of the Synod and regularly led them in games and celebrations. Zotov accompanied Peter during many important events, such as the Azov campaigns and the torture of Streltsy after their uprising. Zotov held a number of state posts, including from 1701 a leading position in the Tsar's personal secretariat . Just three years before his death, Zotov married a woman 50 years his junior.
Tutelage of Peter I
![A boy is sitting at a table and is looking at a large open book held by a bearded standing man. The table is covered with books and papers. A woman is sitting by the wall and looking at the man](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Zotov%26PeterI.jpg/220px-Zotov%26PeterI.jpg)
Background
After the death of Tsar Alexis on 8 February 1676,[4] Peter's half brother and godfather Feodor, the "semi-invalid eldest surviving son of Maria Miloslavskaya",[5] became the Tsar of Russia.[5] Ivan Miloslavsky, Feodor's uncle, and chief minister, returned to Moscow from virtual exile as Governor of Astrakhan, his family not having been in power for some time.[5] Ivan Miloslavsky hated the Naryshkins, which included Peter, Peter's mother Natalia Naryshkina, and Natalia's foster father Artamon Matveyev.[5] When a new ruling family took over, the previously ruling family was usually banished to a ceremonial position somewhere far from Moscow.[5] Instead, Ivan Miloslavsky tried to arrest the Naryshkins, though he was only successful in arresting Artamon Matveyev. As Tsar Feodor liked both his half-brother Peter and Peter's mother, and both were allowed to remain in the Kremlin in private apartments.[5]
Most 17th-century Muscovites received little education, and there were low levels of literacy even among the nobility. Education for the nobility typically consisted of a little reading, writing, and a small amount of history and geography. Religious scholars were usually the exception to this rule; they often learned grammar, mathematics, and foreign languages. Two of Tsar Alexis' children—Feodor, and his sister Tsarevna Sophia—were exceptions to this rule, having received a thorough education from the religious scholars of Kiev, and could speak both Latin and Polish.[5]
At the age of three, in 1674 or 1675, Peter had received a primer from Tsar Alexis to help him learn the alphabet;[6] two years later, Tsar Feodor suggested to Peter's mother that he begin his studies.[6] Estimates of the exact year when Peter's tutoring began range widely; numerous authors refer to a starting date as early as 1677,[6][7] and as late as 1683,[8][9] though multiple references specifically identify March 12, 1677 as the beginning of Peter's tutoring.[10][11] Nikita Zotov, a former church clerk,[12] or "Duma secretary"[13] from the tax-collection department of the governmental bureaucracy,[6] was chosen to teach Peter to read and write.[6]
Appointment and instruction
Although Zotov was not a religious scholar, he knew the Bible well—an important qualifier for Tsaritsa Natalia.[6][10] Although he did not expect it he was well rewarded before he had even started his work, receiving from Feodor and the Tsaritsa, as well as Patriarch Joachim, gifts including a set of apartments, two new sets of clothing, and 100 rubles.[6] He was also raised to the rank of a minor nobleman.[6] Zotov was deeply humbled and overwhelmed by the Tsaritsa's request and was enthralled at the prospect of teaching Peter.[6][10] Zotov and Peter quickly because good friends, and Zotov stayed near Peter until the former's death.[14]
Peter's first lesson began the morning after Zotov was appointed.[6] After the books were sprinkled with holy water, Zotov began his instruction, first in the alphabet, and then the Prayer Book. He taught the Bible, of which Peter learned long passages and could recite from memory forty years later.[6] He also instructed the student to sing, and in his later years Peter would often spontaneously accompany the choir at church services.[6] Though Zotov was initially tasked only with teaching reading and writing, Peter was intellectually curious and interested in all that Zotov could impart. He asked for lessons on Russian history, battles, and heroes.[6][15] At Zotov's request, the Tsaritsa ordered from the Ordnance Office engravings of "foreign cities and palaces, sailing ships, weapons and historical events".[6] Zotov placed them, along with a somewhat accurate globe for the time, in the study room to show Peter when he was disinterested in his studies.[6] Informal "makeshift"[16] tutors, foreign and domestic,[17] and servants taught Peter other subjects, including from rowdy outdoor games with live ammunition, royal and military history,[18] carpentry, joinery, blacksmith work, printing,[12][19] and—uniquely for Russian nobility at the time—sailing and shipbuilding.[20]
Impact
Zotov became one of Peter's earliest friends, and the two remained close throughout Zotov's life. 20th century historian Lindsey Hughes has criticized Zotov for giving Peter an education that did not meet the necessities of what a future Tsar ought to know.[21] However, her contemporary Robert K. Massie has argued that the education was the best possible one for a curious boy like Peter because it was unlikely he would ever become Tsar due to being behind his half-brother Ivan V in the line of succession. According to Massie, though Zotov may have not taught Peter at the highest possible level, the education given was "the best education for a mind like Peter's", as it "stimulated [Peter's] curiosity" and allowed him to become "in large part, a self-taught man".[14] Zotov's closeness to the Tsar would later be a source of worry to others in government, many of whom—including even the powerful Menshikov—feared his influence.[1]
In 1680, Zotov left for three years on a diplomatic mission to the Crimea; sources disagree as to whether this was before or after his tutoring of Peter.[22] When Peter left the Kremlin to spend his childhood at Preobrazhenskoye, just two years after Zotov's departure, his memories of the tutors who had taught his siblings Feodor and Sophia were so negative that he cut himself off from the traditional academic subjects,[23] though he resumed his learning with Afanassyi Nesterov and Zotov after the latter returned from his trip to Crimea in 1683.[24] Massie states that Peter sought to learn of nature and military matters rather than literature or theology,[23] though he did learn a great deal of the latter from his tutors.[24] Zotov later worked with Peter to translate books from a Western European language into Russian.[25] Peter also forgot or did not learn a great deal about mathematics, a subject which he had to learn properly in his late teens for use in siege warfare and fortification.[26] In later years, he regretted his lack of a full education.[27]
Prince-Pope of Drunken Synod
In 1692, Peter, who by then was Tsar of Russia,[28] organized himself and several dozen of his friends into The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters, a "synod" that actually parodied religion.[29] Zotov eventually became the "Prince-Pope"[30] of the Synod and was sometimes even referred to as Patriarch Bacchus.[31] Zotov first drank to everyone's health at the mocking celebrations, and then "blessed" the group with the Sign of the Cross, made from two long Dutch pipes.[32] On holidays, the games were played on the streets of Moscow, and at Christmas, the Jolly Company would ride around the city singing on sleighs, with Zotov at their head, on a sleigh pulled by twelve bald men. Zotov wore a highly unusual costume–his outfit was adorned with playing cards; he wore a tin hat; and he sat upon a barrel. During the first week of Lent, a procession of "penitents" followed Zotov through the city on donkeys, oxen, and sleighs. The sleighs were pulled by goats, pigs, and bears.[30]
High office
![Mass of people in carts on left being taken to a barely visible background gallows in the right background while women and children look on worriedly. Wealthy aristocracy, including one on a horse, look on from the right. Multiple onion domes topping a large structure are visible in the left background.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Surikov_streltsi.jpg/220px-Surikov_streltsi.jpg)
In 1695 and 1696, Peter the Great mounted two campaigns against the Turkish garrison of Azov.[33] Though the campaign in 1695 was ultimately unsuccessful, the 1696 campaign succeeded.[33][34] The Russians surrounded the city with both men and ships and breached the wall, causing the Pasha of Azov to "surrender under honorable conditions".[35] The people of Moscow were amazed by the news of the surrender; not since the reign of Peter's father Alexis had a Russian army won a victory.[36] Peter delayed his return home to allow Andrew Vinius, another member of the The All-Joking Company,[37] time to set up a victory parade through the capital.[36] The army returned home on 10 October, but instead of a traditional Orthodox reception, the army marched through an arch seemingly held up by Hercules and Mars.[38] In addition, Peter did not ride in the front of the procession as was customary for a tsar, but instead had the procession led by 18 horsemen leading along carriages carrying both the war hero Fedor Golovin and Zotov, the latter of whom bore in his hands a sword and shield and acted as a religious authority.[39][40][41][42]
In 1698, while on a tour of Europe, Peter learned that the Streltsy had rebelled and immediately rushed home from Vienna.[43] Angry and wishing to know who had incited the Streltsy to rebel, Peter ordered their torture.[43] For almost a month and a half, men from Peter's Jolly Company, including Romodanovsky, Boris Golitsyn, and Zotov, led the torture in secret from the rest of Moscow.[44] In 1701, Zotov was made president of the Tsar's newly created personal secretariat, a highly important post.[45] In 1710, Peter made Zotov a count,[2] and bestowed upon him the titles of Privy Councillor and General-President of the Privy Chancellery.[1] In 1711, when Peter set up the Governing Senate, he appointed Zotov to oversee the Senate and ensure that the Senators performed their duties well.[46]
Personal life
![A primitive illustration of a processing group of people involved in some form of festivity. People are throwing their hats in the air, playing musical instruments and cheering up the event](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ZotovMarriage.jpg/220px-ZotovMarriage.jpg)
Nikita Zotov was twice married, and had three sons from his first marriage. One was Vasily Zotov (? – 1729),[47] who was educated outside of Russia and became the Revisor-General of Ukazes (Inspector General of Decrees) in November 1715. As Inspector General, it was Vasily's job to preside over the Senate of Russia, enforce its decrees, and report absent senators to Peter.[48][49] However, Vasily had little political power, and so was unable to carry out his orders against some of the most powerful men within the Russian empire.[50] The second was Ivan Zotov (1687 – 1723),[51] who lived and studied in France, where he worked as a translator.[46][52] The third son, Konon Zotov (1690 – December 30, 1742), voluntarily studied in England, and served in various positions the Russian Navy and in the Russian judicial system.[53][54]
According to Robert K. Massie and Lindsey Hughes, Peter told Zotov in October 1713 that he intended to have him to marry a second time. The marriage was arranged to Anna Pashkova, a widow fifty years his junior, against the will of Zotov, who had simply wished to spend his final years in a monastery.[55][56] However, the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary and Sergey Solovyov say that Zotov came up with the idea to marry Pashkova in 1714 and that his planned conversion into a monk was merely a joke.[46][57]
The wedding was described by Friedrich Christian Weber, the ambassador of Hanover,[58] as "solemnized by the court in masks".[56] Guests were instructed to match in groups of three and register ahead of time so as not to look too similar to other guests.[59] Witnesses described the event, which took place on 27 and 28 January 1715, and which had been prepared for three months,[56] as a "world turned upside-down".[60] The Jolly Company dressed in ridiculous regalia, and many people behaved exactly opposite to the norm; "invitations to the guests were delivered by stammerers, the bridesmen were cripples, the runners were fat men with gout, the priest was allegedly one hundred years old"[61] (and blind).[62] Lindsey Hughes notes that the event may have been a "variation on the Western charivari or shaming ceremonies", through which the Tsar could demonstrate how much power he had over his subjects' lives.[60] During the wedding, the Drunken Synod routinely sang carols in the streets of Moscow and demanded money, which became a New Year tax for the wealthy.[61]
Death
Nikita Zotov died in December 1717 of unknown causes. Peter wasted no time in moving on, at least publicly; he replaced Zotov as "Prince-Pope"[3] with a man named Peter Buturlin[61][63] by "electing" him on December 28, 1717, and appointing him on January 10, 1718.[61] Peter even ordered that Zotov's widow be married to Buturlin in the fall of 1721.[64] There was a disagreement between Konon Zotov and his stepmother over the division of Nikita Zotov's estate; Konon even tried to declare Nikita's second marriage illegitimate, so as not to have to give any money to his stepmother's family.[46]
References
- ^ a b c Hughes 1998, p. 423
- ^ a b "Зотов, Никита Моисеевич". Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Hughes 2004, pp. 120–121
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 25
- ^ a b c d e f g Massie 1981, p. 26
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Massie 1981, p. 27
- ^ Kamenskiĭ & Griffiths 1987, p. 41
- ^ Бердников 2007
- ^ Hughes 1998, p. 3
- ^ a b c Boguslavsky 2004, p. 487 Cite error: The named reference "Boguslavsky487" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Ламбин 1844, pp. 42–43
- ^ a b "Peter I (emperor of Russia)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
- ^ Bushkovitch 2001, p. 179
- ^ a b Massie 1981, pp. 27–28
- ^ Hosking 1998, p. 77
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 72
- ^ Massie 1981, pp. 67–75
- ^ Massie 1981, pp. 67–70
- ^ Massie 1981, pp. 70–71
- ^ Massie 1981, pp. 72–75
- ^ Hughes 1998, pp. 3, 463
- ^ Bain 1967, p. 208
- ^ a b Massie 1981, p. 71
- ^ a b Wittram 1964, p. 88
- ^ Gitermann 1945, p. 421
- ^ Williams 1907, pp. 251–252
- ^ Massie 1981, pp. 71, 807
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 108
- ^ Bushkovitch 1990, p. 16
- ^ a b Massie 1981, p. 120
- ^ Hughes 2004, p. 31
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 119–120
- ^ a b Massie 1981, pp. 136–148
- ^ "Peter I (emperor of Russia) :: The Azov campaigns (1695-96)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 146
- ^ a b Massie 1981, p. 147
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 113
- ^ Massie 1981, pp. 147–148
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 148
- ^ Grey 1960, p. 91
- ^ Troyat 1987, p. 83
- ^ Hughes 1998, p. 18
- ^ a b Massie 1981, p. 249
- ^ Massie 1981, pp. 254–255
- ^ Wittram 1964, p. 108
- ^ a b c d Solovyov 1866
- ^ Petrovskyi 1875, pp. 159–162
- ^ Massie 1981, p. 751
- ^ Bain 1967, p. 317
- ^ Grey 1960, p. 386
- ^ Pekarskyi, pp. 226–227
- ^ "Зотов, Иван Никитич". Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Pekarskyi 1862, pp. 155–162
- ^ "Зотов, Конон Никитич". Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Hughes 2004, pp. 109–110
- ^ a b c Massie 1981, p. 618
- ^ "Зотов, Никита Моисеевич". Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона (Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Ф. А. Брокгауз & И. А. Ефрон. 1890–1907. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Massie 1981, p. 613
- ^ Hughes 2004, p. 109
- ^ a b Hughes 2004, p. 110
- ^ a b c d Hughes 1998, p. 254
- ^ Cracraft 1971, p. 18
- ^ Troyat 1987, p. 229
- ^ Troyat 1987, p. 248
Bibliography
- Bain, Robert Nisbet (1967). The First Romanovs. (1613—1725): A History of Moscovite Civilisation and The Rise of Modern Russia Under Peter The Great and His Forerunners. Russell & Russell, A Division of Atheneum House Inc.
- Бердников, Лев (2007). "Всешутейший патриарх: Очерк их серии "Феномен шутовства в русской культуре ХVIII века"". Новый Журнал (in Russian) (249). Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- Boguslavsky, Vladimir V. (2004). "Зотов Никита Моисеевич". Славянская энциклопедия: XVII век в 2-х томах, Volume 1 (in Russian). Olma Media Group. ISBN 5224022495.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_chapter=
ignored (|trans-chapter=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - Bushkovitch, Paul A. (1990). "The Epiphany Ceremony of the Russian Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Russian Review. 49 (1). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 1–17. doi:10.2307/130080. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - Bushkovitch, Paul A. (2001). Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671–1725. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521805856.
- Cracraft, James (1971). The Church Reform of Peter the Great. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804707473.
- Gitermann, Valentin (1945). Geschichte Russlands (in German). Vol. 2. Zurich: Büchergilde Gutenberg.
- Grey, Ian (1960). Peter the Great: Emperor of All Russia. Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company.
- Hosking, Geoffrey (1998). Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917 (2 ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674781191.
- Hughes, Lindsey (1998). Russia in the Age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300075397.
- Hughes, Lindsey (2004). Peter the Great : A Biography. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300103007.
- Ламбин, Н.П. (1844). История Петра Великого (in Russian). Типография Ф.И. Эльснера. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009.
Никита Зотов .. 12 марта 1677 года начал учение царевича (Nikita Zotov .. on 12 March 1677 started teaching the young Tzar)
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - Kamenskiĭ, Aleksandr; Griffiths, David Mark (1987). Griffiths, David Mark (ed.). The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World. London: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9781563245756.
- Massie, Robert K. (1981). Peter the Great: His Life and World. New York City: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345298063.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - Pekarskyi, P. P. (1862). Наука и литература в России при Петре Великом (in Russian). Vol. I. Saint Petersburg: Товарищество "Общественная польза".
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - Petrovskyi, S. (1875). О Сенате в царствование Петра Великого (in Russian). Moscow: Katkov & Co.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - Solovyov, Sergey M. (2001) [1866]. "Глава третья. Продолжение царствования Петра I Алексеевича". История России с древнейших времен (in Russian). Vol. 16. Moscow: AST. ISBN 517002536X. Archived from the original on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_chapter=
ignored (|trans-chapter=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - Troyat, Henri (1987) [First published 1979]. Peter the Great. New York City: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0525245472.
- Williams, Henry Smith (1907). The Historians' History of the World: Switzerland (concluded), Russia and Poland. Vol. 17. Tiffany & Co.
- Wittram, Reinhard (1964). Peter I. Czar und Kaiser (in German). Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht.