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{{Redirect|Biological reserve|use of the term specific to Brazil|Biological reserve (Brazil)}} |
{{Redirect|Biological reserve|use of the term specific to Brazil|Biological reserve (Brazil)}} |
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{{Redirect|Biosphere reserve|use of the term specific to UNESCO|Man and the Biosphere Programme}} |
{{Redirect|Biosphere reserve|use of the term specific to UNESCO|Man and the Biosphere Programme}} |
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[[File:Jefferson Memorial Forest-Bee Lick Creek.jpg|thumb|The Bee Lick Creek, of the [[Jefferson Memorial Forest]], was designated as a National Audubon Society [[wildlife refuge]].]] |
[[File:Jefferson Memorial Forest-Bee Lick Creek.jpg|thumb|The Bee Lick Creek, of the [[Jefferson Memorial Forest]], was designated as a National Audubon Society [[wildlife refuge]].]] |
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A '''nature reserve''' |
A '''nature reserve''' (also known as a '''natural reserve''', '''wildlife refuge,''' '''wildlife''' '''sanctuary,''' '''biosphere reserve''' or '''bioreserve''', '''natural''' or '''nature preserve''', or '''nature conservation area'''), is a [[protected area]] of importance for [[flora]], [[fauna]], or features of [[geological]] or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for purposes of [[Conservation (ethic)|conservation]] and to provide special opportunities for study or [[research]]. They may be designated by [[government]] institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research [[institution]]s. Nature reserves fall into different [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN categories]] depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws. Normally it is more strictly protected than a [[nature park]]. Various jurisdictions may use other terminology, such as '''ecological protection area''' or [[private protected area]] in legislation and in official titles of the reserves. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File: Charles Waterton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Waterton]] established the first nature reserve in 1821.]] |
[[File: Charles Waterton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Waterton]] established the first nature reserve in 1821.]] |
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Cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for animals date back to antiquity, with King [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Tissa]] of [[Ceylon]] establishing one of the world's earliest [[wildlife sanctuary|wildlife sanctuaries]] in the 3rd century BC.<ref name="Surveyor Department">{{cite book | title=The National Atlas of Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Department of Survey (Sri Lanka)|Department of Survey]]| date=2007| edition=2nd| page=86| isbn=955-9059-04- |
Cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for animals date back to antiquity, with King [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Tissa]] of [[Ceylon]] establishing one of the world's earliest [[wildlife sanctuary|wildlife sanctuaries]] in the 3rd century BC.<ref name="Surveyor Department">{{cite book | title=The National Atlas of Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Department of Survey (Sri Lanka)|Department of Survey]]| date=2007| edition=2nd| page=86| isbn=978-955-9059-04-2}}</ref> Early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the 'evil forest' areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by many ancient cultures worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slwcs.org/ |title=Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS) |accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref> |
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The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the [[naturalist]] and [[explorer]] [[Charles Waterton]] around his estate in [[Walton Hall, West Yorkshire]]. |
The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the [[naturalist]] and [[explorer]] [[Charles Waterton]] around his estate in [[Walton Hall, West Yorkshire]]. He spent £9000 on the construction of a three-mile long, 9 ft tall wall to enclose his park against [[poacher]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.watertonparkhotel.co.uk/OurHotel/History.aspx| title=Walton Hall history| accessdate=17 December 2012| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820082727/http://www.watertonparkhotel.co.uk/OurHotel/History.aspx| archivedate=20 August 2010| df=dmy-all}}</ref> He tried to encourage bird life by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for [[owl]]s to nest in. |
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[[File:Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) from Rhöndorf.jpg|thumb|[[Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)]]|left]] |
[[File:Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) from Rhöndorf.jpg|thumb|[[Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)]]|left]] |
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Waterton invented artificial [[nest box]]es to house [[Common starling|starlings]], [[jackdaw]]s and [[sand martin]]s; and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce [[little owl]]s from Italy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm| title=Charles Waterton (1782–1865)| accessdate=29 June 2014| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217041237/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm |archivedate=17 December 2013}}</ref> Waterton allowed local people access to his reserve and was described by [[David Attenborough]] as "one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it".<ref>{{cite web | author=Wakefield Express |url=http://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/local/more-wakefield-news/sir-david-attenborough-will-open-city-centre-s-new-museum-1-5439242 |title=Sir David Attenborough will open city |
Waterton invented artificial [[nest box]]es to house [[Common starling|starlings]], [[jackdaw]]s and [[sand martin]]s; and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce [[little owl]]s from Italy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm| title=Charles Waterton (1782–1865)| accessdate=29 June 2014| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217041237/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm |archivedate=17 December 2013}}</ref> Waterton allowed local people access to his reserve and was described by [[David Attenborough]] as "one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it".<ref>{{cite web | author=Wakefield Express |url=http://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/local/more-wakefield-news/sir-david-attenborough-will-open-city-centre-s-new-museum-1-5439242 |title=Sir David Attenborough will open city centre's new museum |date=23 February 2013 |accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> |
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[[Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)]] was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany; the site was bought by the [[Prussia]]n State in 1836 to protect it from further quarrying. |
[[Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)]] was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany; the site was bought by the [[Prussia]]n State in 1836 to protect it from further quarrying. |
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== Around the world == |
== Around the world == |
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There are several national and international organizations that oversee the numerous non-profit [[animal sanctuary|animal sanctuaries]] and refuges in order to provide a general system for sanctuaries to follow. Among them, the [[American Sanctuary Association]] monitors and aids in various facilities to care for exotic wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yellowstonewildlifesanctuary.org/accreditation|title=Accreditation|website=Yellowstone Wildlife Sanctuary|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> The number of sanctuaries has substantially increased over the past few years.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} |
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=== Australia === |
=== Australia === |
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{{See also|Nature reserve (Australia)}} |
{{See also|Nature reserve (Australia)}} |
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In [[Australia]], a nature reserve is the title of a type of [[protected area]] used in the jurisdictions of the [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[New South Wales]], [[Tasmania]] and [[Western Australia]]. |
In [[Australia]], a nature reserve is the title of a type of [[protected area]] used in the jurisdictions of the [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[New South Wales]], [[Tasmania]] and [[Western Australia]]. The term "nature reserve" is defined in the relevant [[statute]]s used in those states and territories rather than by a single national statute. As of 2016, 1767 out of a total of 11044 protected areas listed within the Australian [[National Reserve System]] used the term "nature reserve" in their names.<ref name=CAPAD2014-National>{{cite web|title= Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type (2014) |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/d00ca066-1c8c-412a-9e16-2a37647454a7/files/capad2014national.xlsx |work=CAPAD 2014 |publisher=Australian Government – Department of the Environment|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=2014}}</ref> |
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=== Brazil === |
=== Brazil === |
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In Brazil, nature reserves are classified as [[Ecological station (Brazil)|ecological stations]] ({{lang-pt|)estações ecológicas}}) or [[biological reserve (Brazil)|biological reserves]] ({{lang-pt|reservas biológicas}}) by the [[Protected areas of Brazil|National System of Conservation Units]]. Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference. Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes.<ref name=ICMBio>{{citation|url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/categorias|language=Portuguese|title=Categorias|publisher=[[ICMBio]]|accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref> Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than |
In Brazil, nature reserves are classified as [[Ecological station (Brazil)|ecological stations]] ({{lang-pt|)estações ecológicas}}) or [[biological reserve (Brazil)|biological reserves]] ({{lang-pt|reservas biológicas}}) by the [[Protected areas of Brazil|National System of Conservation Units]]. Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference. Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes.<ref name=ICMBio>{{citation|url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/categorias|language=Portuguese|title=Categorias|publisher=[[ICMBio]]|accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref> Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than three percent of the area or {{convert|1500|ha}}, whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research.<ref>{{citation|ref={{harvid|Ecological Station – ISA}} |title=Ecological Station|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=http://uc.socioambiental.org/en/prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o-integral/ecological-station/|accessdate=30 April 2016}}</ref> |
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A [[Wildlife reserve (Brazil)|wildlife reserve in Brazil]] is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.<ref name=ICMBio/> |
A [[Wildlife reserve (Brazil)|wildlife reserve in Brazil]] is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.<ref name=ICMBio/> |
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The [[Wildlife scantuary (Brazil)|wildlife refuge in Brazil]] has as its objective protecting natural flora and fauna where conditions are assured for the existence and reproduction of species or communities of the local flora and the resident or migratory fauna. It can be constituted by private areas, as long as it is possible to make compatible the objectives of the unit with the utilization of the land of the natural resources of the location by the landowners. Public visitation is subject to the conditions and restrictions established by the management plan of the unit and to the regulations established by the body most important for its administration and scientific research depends on previous authorization from the body responsible for the administration of the unit and is subject to the conditions and restrictions established by this body.<ref>[http://uc.socioambiental.org/sites/uc.socioambiental.org/files/snuc_sistema%20nacional%20de%20unidades%20de%20conservacao.pdf |
The [[Wildlife scantuary (Brazil)|wildlife refuge in Brazil]] has as its objective protecting natural flora and fauna where conditions are assured for the existence and reproduction of species or communities of the local flora and the resident or migratory fauna. It can be constituted by private areas, as long as it is possible to make compatible the objectives of the unit with the utilization of the land of the natural resources of the location by the landowners. Public visitation is subject to the conditions and restrictions established by the management plan of the unit and to the regulations established by the body most important for its administration and scientific research depends on previous authorization from the body responsible for the administration of the unit and is subject to the conditions and restrictions established by this body.<ref>[http://uc.socioambiental.org/sites/uc.socioambiental.org/files/snuc_sistema%20nacional%20de%20unidades%20de%20conservacao.pdf Brazil 2000. Federal Law Nº 9.985 of 07/18/2000. Regulates article 225 of the Federal Constitution and institutes the National System of Units of Conservation and other provisions.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330014401/http://uc.socioambiental.org/sites/uc.socioambiental.org/files/snuc_sistema%20nacional%20de%20unidades%20de%20conservacao.pdf |date=30 March 2013}}</ref> |
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=== Canada === |
=== Canada === |
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In [[Canada]], UNESCO has recognized 18 nature reserves, mostly along the Niagara Escarpment and St. Lawrence River in Ontario.<ref>{{cite web|title= Canada Focal point for biosphere reserves (May, 2014) |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/canada/ |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations|accessdate=28 August 2019|date=2014}}</ref> |
In [[Canada]], UNESCO has recognized 18 nature reserves, mostly along the Niagara Escarpment and St. Lawrence River in Ontario.<ref>{{cite web|title= Canada Focal point for biosphere reserves (May, 2014) |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/canada/ |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations|accessdate=28 August 2019|date=2014}}</ref> |
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Federally, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas across the country, containing species of ecological significance. |
Federally, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas across the country, containing species of ecological significance. The relevant Ministry is known as Environment and Climate Change Canada, which protects these areas under legislation known as the Canada Wildlife Act. The areas comprise approximately 1 million hectares of habitat, half of which is marine habitat, for the purpose of conservation and research.<ref>{{cite web|title= Current national wildlife areas (April, 2019) |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations.html |publisher=Government of Canada|accessdate=28 August 2019|date=2014}}</ref> |
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Many conservation groups protect nature reserves in Canada as well, including Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy. These charities operate to protect wilderness on privately owned lands, including through Canada's Ecological Gifts Program.<ref>{{cite web|title= |
Many conservation groups protect nature reserves in Canada as well, including Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy. These charities operate to protect wilderness on privately owned lands, including through Canada's Ecological Gifts Program.<ref>{{cite web|title= Ecological Gifts Program (August, 2017) |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-funding/ecological-gifts-program.html |publisher=Government of Canada|accessdate=28 August 2019|date=2014}}</ref> |
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=== Egypt === |
=== Egypt === |
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[[File:Aare - Limmat (Limmatspitz) IMG 6763.jpg|thumb|The Limmatspitz nature reserve of [[Pro Natura (Switzerland)|Pro Natura]] ]] |
[[File:Aare - Limmat (Limmatspitz) IMG 6763.jpg|thumb|The Limmatspitz nature reserve of [[Pro Natura (Switzerland)|Pro Natura]] ]] |
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The [[Swiss National Park]], created in 1914, was one of the earliest national parks in Europe. In addition to the Swiss National Park, Switzerland also has sixteen regional [[Nature parks in Switzerland|nature |
The [[Swiss National Park]], created in 1914, was one of the earliest national parks in Europe. In addition to the Swiss National Park, Switzerland also has sixteen regional [[Nature parks in Switzerland|nature parks]].<ref>[http://www.swiss-parks.ch/en/swiss-parks/overview-of-swiss-parks/ Overview of the Swiss parks], Federal Office for the Environment (page visited on 27 July 2016).</ref> |
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The [[environmental organization]] [[Pro Natura (Switzerland)|Pro Natura]] takes care of about 650 nature reserves of various sizes throughout Switzerland (250 [[square kilometers]]). |
The [[environmental organization]] [[Pro Natura (Switzerland)|Pro Natura]] takes care of about 650 nature reserves of various sizes throughout Switzerland (250 [[square kilometers]]). |
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=== Kyrgyzstan === |
=== Kyrgyzstan === |
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By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves ({{lang-ky|корук}}, {{lang|ky-Latn|koruk}}) in Kyrgyzstan covering {{convert|600000|ha|km2}} or about |
By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves ({{lang-ky|корук}}, {{lang|ky-Latn|koruk}}) in Kyrgyzstan covering {{convert|600000|ha|km2}} or about three percent of the total area of the country. |
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=== New Zealand === |
=== New Zealand === |
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{{Main|Protected areas of New Zealand}} |
{{Main|Protected areas of New Zealand}} |
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[[File: Tramping or hiking in Aoraki Mount Cook National Park..jpg|thumb|[[Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park]] in New Zealand]] |
[[File: Tramping or hiking in Aoraki Mount Cook National Park..jpg|thumb|[[Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park]] in New Zealand]] |
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New Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including [[National parks of New Zealand|national parks]], various types of conservation areas (including stewardship land that is yet to be officially classified), and seven specific types of "reserve", each of which prioritize various degrees of [[Environmental protection|protection]] to different amenities such as scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value, or history. Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the ''[[Reserves Act 1977|Reserves Act of 1977]]'', the ''[[National Parks Act 1980 (New Zealand)|National Parks Act of 1980]]'', and the ''[[Conservation Act 1987|Conservation Act of 1987]]''. Under these classifications, the [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] administers more than {{convert|80,000|km2}}—nearly 30 |
New Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including [[National parks of New Zealand|national parks]], various types of conservation areas (including stewardship land that is yet to be officially classified), and seven specific types of "reserve", each of which prioritize various degrees of [[Environmental protection|protection]] to different amenities such as scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value, or history. Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the ''[[Reserves Act 1977|Reserves Act of 1977]]'', the ''[[National Parks Act 1980 (New Zealand)|National Parks Act of 1980]]'', and the ''[[Conservation Act 1987|Conservation Act of 1987]]''. Under these classifications, the [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] administers more than {{convert|80,000|km2}}—nearly 30% of the nation's total area—with at least some degree of protection. This land is composed of 14 National Parks, 30 Conservation Parks, and approximately 8,900 discrete areas of land in total. |
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Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term ''nature reserve'' is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only. Some of these reserves include [[Ecological Island]]s, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help rebuild the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators. |
Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term ''nature reserve'' is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only. Some of these reserves include [[Ecological Island]]s, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help rebuild the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators. |
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=== South Africa === |
=== South Africa === |
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South Africa is well known for its many reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the [[Groenkloof Nature Reserve]] that was established in 1892 in the capital city [[Pretoria]] in the old [[South African Republic]] and current Republic of South Africa. The country has many national parks but the best-known is the [[Kruger National Park]], which was |
South Africa is well known for its many nature reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the [[Groenkloof Nature Reserve]] that was established in 1892 in the capital city [[Pretoria]] in the old [[South African Republic]] and current Republic of South Africa. The country has many national parks but the best-known is the [[Kruger National Park]], which was announced in 1898, and is the largest, at nearly {{convert|2000000|ha|km2}}. The Kruger Park and [[Table Mountain National Park]] are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions. South Africa also has a number of [[World Heritage Site]]s and provincial [[game reserve]]s including [[Shamwari Game Reserve|Shamwari]], [[Londolozi Private Game Reserve|Londolozi]], Sanbona and Lalibela. The country currently has 20 national parks covering {{convert|3700000|ha|km2}}, about 3% of the total area of South Africa. |
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===Sri Lanka=== |
===Sri Lanka=== |
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=== United States === |
=== United States === |
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[[File: |
[[File:USFWS cascade head (23768226491).jpg|right|thumb|[[Cascade Head]], [[Oregon]], United States, is a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|UNESCO biosphere reserve]]]] |
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In the United States, the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]], |
In the United States, the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]], managed by the [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]], is responsible for managing many of the federal nature reserves including the [[National Wildlife Refuge|National Wildlife Refuge System]]. The National Wildlife Refuge System includes areas administered for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, as well as wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/planning/glossary/index.html#R |title=Glossary – Refuge Planning – Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6 |author=Division of Refuge Planning (National Wildlife Refuge System, Mountain-Prairie Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services) |website=www.fws.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054925/https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/planning/glossary/index.html#R |archive-date=11 April 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2017}}</ref> |
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The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at [[Lake Merritt]], was established by [[Samuel Merritt]] and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/opr/s/Parks/OAK032395 |title=Lake Merritt – Wildlife Sanctuary |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=City of Oakland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426203029/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/opr/s/Parks/OAK032395 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> The first federally owned refuge in the United States is [[Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge]] and was established by [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in 1903 as part of his [[Square Deal]] campaign to improve the country. At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a [[United States Constitution|constitutional]] right of the president. In 2006, a bi-partisan group of [[US House of Representatives]] members established the [[Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus]] to further support the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in [[US Congress|Congress]]. |
The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at [[Lake Merritt]], was established by [[Samuel Merritt]] and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/opr/s/Parks/OAK032395 |title=Lake Merritt – Wildlife Sanctuary |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=City of Oakland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426203029/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/opr/s/Parks/OAK032395 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> The first federally owned refuge in the United States is [[Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge]] and was established by [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in 1903 as part of his [[Square Deal]] campaign to improve the country. At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a [[United States Constitution|constitutional]] right of the president. In 2006, a bi-partisan group of [[US House of Representatives]] members established the [[Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus]] to further support the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in [[US Congress|Congress]]. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[National Wildlife Refuge Association]] |
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* [[Refuge (ecology)]] |
* [[Refuge (ecology)]] |
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* [[Wildlife corridor]] |
* [[Wildlife corridor]] |
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== References == |
== References == |