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{{Redirect|Biological reserve|the use of the term specific to Brazil|Biological reserve (Brazil)}} |
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{{redirect-multi|2|Forest reserve|Forest Preserve}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}} |
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[[File:Jefferson Memorial Forest-Bee Lick Creek.jpg|thumb|The Bee Lick Creek, of the [[Jefferson Memorial Forest]], was designated as a National Audubon Society [[wildlife refuge]].]] |
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A '''nature reserve''' (also known as '''natural reserve''', '''bioreserve''', '''natural/nature preserve''', or '''natural/nature conserve''') is a [[protected area]] of importance for [[wildlife]], [[flora (plants)|flora]], [[fauna (animals)|fauna]] or features of [[geological]] or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for [[conservation ethic|conservation]] and to provide special opportunities for study or [[research]]. Nature reserves may be designated by [[government]] institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research [[institution]]s, regardless of nationality. Nature reserves fall into different [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN categories]] depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws. Normally it is more strictly protected than a [[nature park]]. |
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== History == |
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[[File: Charles Waterton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Waterton]] established the first nature reserve in 1821.]] |
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Cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for animals date back to antiquity, with King [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura]] establishing one of the world's earliest [[wildlife sanctuary|wildlife sanctuaries]] in the 3rd century BC.<ref name="Surveyor Department">{{cite book|title=The National Atlas of Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Department of Survey (Sri Lanka)|Department of Survey]]|year=2007|edition=2nd|page=86|isbn=955-9059-04-1}}</ref> Early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the 'evil forest' areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by many ancient cultures worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slwcs.org/ |title=Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS) |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref> |
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The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the [[naturalist]] and [[explorer]] [[Charles Waterton]] around his estate in [[Walton Hall, West Yorkshire]]. He spent £9000 on the construction of a 3 mile long, 9 ft tall wall to enclose his park from [[poacher]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watertonparkhotel.co.uk/OurHotel/History.aspx|title=Walton Hall history|accessdate=2012-12-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820082727/http://www.watertonparkhotel.co.uk/OurHotel/History.aspx|archivedate=20 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He tried to encourage birdlife by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for [[owl]]s to nest in. |
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[[File:Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) from Rhöndorf.jpg|thumb|[[Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)]]|left]] |
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He also invented artificial [[nest box]]es to house [[Common starling|starlings]], [[jackdaw]]s and [[sand martin]]s and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce [[little owl]]s from Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm|title=Charles Waterton (1782–1865)|accessdate=29 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217041237/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/People/CharlesWaterton/default.htm |archivedate=17 December 2013}}</ref> Waterton allowed local people access to his reserve and was described by [[David Attenborough]] as “one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it”.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wakefield Express |url=http://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/local/more-wakefield-news/sir-david-attenborough-will-open-city-centre-s-new-museum-1-5439242 |title=Sir David Attenborough will open city centre’s new museum |publisher= |date=2013-02-23 |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> |
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[[Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)]] was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany; the site was bought by the [[Prussia]]n State in 1836 to protect it from further quarrying. |
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The first major nature reserve was [[Yellowstone National Park]] in [[Wyoming, United States]], followed by the [[Royal National Park]] near [[Sydney, Australia]] and the [[Barguzin Nature Reserve]] of [[Imperial Russia]], the first of ''[[zapovednik]]s'' set up by a federal government entirely for the scientific study of nature.<ref name="weiner">{{cite book |title=Models Of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia |last=Weiner |first=Douglas R. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1988 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |location= |isbn=978-0-8229-5733-1 |page=29 }}</ref> |
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== Around the world == |
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=== Australia === |
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{{See also|Nature reserve (Australia)}} |
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In [[Australia]], a nature reserve is the title of a type of [[protected area]] used in the jurisdictions of the [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[New South Wales]], [[Tasmania]] and [[Western Australia]]. The term “nature reserve” is defined in the relevant [[statute]]s used in those states and territories rather than by a single national statute. As of 2016, 1767 out of a total of 11044 protected areas listed within the Australian [[National Reserve System]] used the term “nature reserve" in their names.<ref name=CAPAD2014-National>{{cite web|title= Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type (2014) |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/d00ca066-1c8c-412a-9e16-2a37647454a7/files/capad2014national.xlsx |work=CAPAD 2014 |publisher=Australian Government - Department of the Environment|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=2014}}</ref> |
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=== Brazil === |
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In Brazil, nature reserves are classified as [[Ecological station (Brazil)|ecological stations]] ({{lang-pt|)estações ecológicas}}) or [[biological reserve (Brazil)|biological reserves]] ({{lang-pt|reservas biológicas}}) by the [[Protected areas of Brazil|National System of Conservation Units]]. Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference. Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes.<ref name=ICMBio>{{citation|url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/categorias|language=Portuguese|title=Categorias|publisher=[[ICMBio]]|accessdate=2016-07-16}}</ref> Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than 3% of the area or {{convert|1500|ha}}, whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research.<ref>{{citation|ref={{harvid|Ecological Station – ISA}} |title=Ecological Station|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=http://uc.socioambiental.org/en/prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o-integral/ecological-station/|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> |
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A [[Wildlife reserve (Brazil)|wildlife reserve in Brazil]] is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.<ref name=ICMBio/> |
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=== Egypt === |
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There are 30 nature reserves in [[Egypt]] which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no. 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to help protect the natural resources and the culture and history of those areas. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is [[Gebel Elba]] ({{convert|35600|km2}}) in the southeast, on the [[Red Sea]] coast. |
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=== European Union === |
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[[File:Golyamata-Gramada.jpg|thumb|A bridged [[Stone run|stone river]] in [[Bistrishko Branishte]], an early Bulgarian nature reserve established in 1934.]] |
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==== Denmark ==== |
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Denmark has three [[national park]]s and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers {{convert|40|km2|acre|abbr=on}} and is part of [[Thy National Park]]. |
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==== Sweden ==== |
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In [[Sweden]], there are 29 [[national parks]]. The first of them was established in 1909. In fact, Sweden was the first European country that established 9 national parks.<ref>[https://www.sverigesnationalparker.se/en/national-park-facts/ "Sveriges nationalparker"], Retrieved 2016-05-14</ref> There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden. They comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Environmental Code.<ref>[https://www.sverigesnationalparker.se/en/national-park-facts/protected-nature-in-sweden/ "Sveriges nationalparker"], Retrieved 2016-05-14</ref> |
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==== Estonia ==== |
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[[File:Tarvasjõgi.jpg|thumb|Tarvasjõgi at [[Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve]] in [[Estonia]]]] |
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In Estonia, there are 5 national parks, more than 100 nature reserves, and around 130 landscape protection areas. The largest nature reserve in Estonia is [[Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve]], which covers {{convert|342|km2|acre|abbr=on}}. |
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==== France ==== |
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As of 2017, [[France]] counts 10 [[List_of_national_parks_of_France|national parks]], around 50 [[Regional nature parks of France|regional parks]] and 8 [[:fr:Parc_naturel_marin|marine parks]]. |
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==== Germany ==== |
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In 1995 [[Germany]] had 5,314 nature reserves ({{lang-de|[[Naturschutzgebiete]]}}) covering {{convert|6845|km2|abbr=on}}, the largest total areas being in Bavaria with {{convert|1416|km2|abbr=on}} and Lower Saxony with {{convert|1275|km2|abbr=on}}. |
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==== Hungary ==== |
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[[File:Termeszetvedelmi terulet.JPG|thumb|Nature reserve near [[Budapest]], next to [[Lake Naplás]]]] |
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In Hungary, there are 10 National Parks, more than 15 nature reserves and more than 250 protected areas. |
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[[Hortobágy]] [[Hortobágy National Park|National Park]] is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe and the oldest national park in Hungary. It is situated on the eastern part of Hungary, on the plain of the Alföld. It was established in 1972. There are alkaline grasslands interrupted by marshes. They have a sizable importance because there are the fishponds. One of the most spectacular sights of the park is the autumn migration of cranes. Some famous Hungarian animal species live in Hortobágy National Park, such as the grey cattle, racka long-wool sheep living only in Hungary, Hungarian horses and buffalo. Hortobágy National Park has been a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] since 1 December 1999. |
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==== Poland ==== |
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{{Main article|Nature reserves in Poland}} |
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[[File:Szczeliniec Wielki 2007.jpg|thumb|Path on [[Szczeliniec Wielki]], a famous nature reserve in the [[Stołowe Mountains]] in SW Poland]] |
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As of 2011, Poland has 1469 nature reserves.<ref name=os2012-277>{{cite web|editor=Dariusz Bochenek|title=Ochrona środowiska 2012 | url =http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/se_ochrona_srodowiska_2012.pdf | page=277 | publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny | location=Warszawa | issn =0867-3217 | accessdate =2012-12-29 }}</ref> |
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==== Portugal ==== |
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{{Main article|Protected areas of Portugal}} |
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Nature reserves are one of the 11 types of protected areas in Portugal. As of 2012, Portugal had a total of 46 protected areas, which represented {{convert|6807.89|km2|abbr=on}} of land and {{convert|463.94|km2|abbr=on}} of marine surfaces. Among the protected areas, nine are classified as nature reserve ({{lang-pt|reserva natural}}).<ref>http://www.icnf.pt/portal/ap List of Protected areas in Mainland Portugal, Portuguese Forest and Nature Conservation Institute</ref><ref>{{cite web|editor=|title=Ambiente:áreas protegidas | url =https://www.publico.pt/sociedade/noticia/areas-protegidas-e-rede-natura-ocupavam-quase-um-quarto-de-portugal-continental-em-2010-1528729 | page= | publisher= | location= | issn = | accessdate =2016-11-01 }}</ref> |
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==== United Kingdom ==== |
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There are some differences between the regulations for [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]], which are separately managed. |
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At the end of March 2004, there were 215 [[national nature reserves in England]] with a total area of 879 square kilometers. The reserves are scattered through England, from [[Lindisfarne]] in [[Northumberland]] to [[The Lizard]] in [[Cornwall]]. Nearly every rural county has at least one. Many national nature reserves contain nationally important populations of rare [[flower]]s, [[fern]]s and [[moss]]es, [[butterflies]] and other [[insect]]s, and nesting and wintering [[bird]]s. Examples include unique [[alpine plant]]s at [[Upper Teesdale]] and the field of [[Fritillaria meleagris|snake's head fritillaries]] at [[North Meadow, Cricklade]], [[Wiltshire]]. |
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There are now over 1,050 [[local nature reserve]]s in England. They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife. In total, they cover almost 40,000 ha—an impressive natural resource which makes an important contribution to England's [[biodiversity]]. A good example is [[Rye Harbour SSSI|Rye Harbour Nature Reserve]] in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats. |
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Through the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) was established in 1992 as a government body, responsible to the Scottish Government Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament. At 31 March 2008, there were 65 [[national nature reserves in Scotland|Scottish national nature reserves]] with a total area of approximately 1330 square kilometres. Section 21 of the [[National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949]] gives local authorities the exclusive statutory power to establish a [[List of local nature reserves in Scotland|local nature reserve]] in consultation with the SNH.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snh.org.uk |title=Scottish National Heritage (SNH) |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref> |
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=== Israel === |
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{{Main article|Nature reserves of Israel}} |
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[[Israel]]'s National Parks and Nature Reserves Act of 1963 defines a nature reserve as "an area where are preserved animal life, plant life, earth, caves or water, which have a scientific or educational significance, from unwanted changes in their appearance, in their biological composition or in their development, and which the Minister of the Interior, through the recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture or subsequent to consultation with him, declared in the protocols that it is a nature reserve." In 1984, the two areas with the highest number of nature reserves were the South (15.2%) and [[Samaria]] (the Shomron, 13.5%).<ref>{{cite book|last=Hareuveni|first=Imanuel|script-title=he:קום התהלך בארץ: מדריך שמורות טבע בישראל|year=1985|publisher=[[Israel Ministry of Defense]]|location=[[Israel]]|isbn=965-05-0193-2|edition=2nd|page=482|language=Hebrew|trans-title=Nature Reserves in Israel|quote=חוק גנים לאומיים ושמורות טבע תשכ"ג – 1963. 'שמורת טבע' – שטח שבו נשמרים חי, צומח, קרקע, מערות או מים, שיש בהם ענין של מדע או של חנוך, מפני שינויים בלתי רצויים במראם, בהרכבם הביאולוגי או במהלך התפתחותם, וששר הפנים, לפי הצעת שר החקלאות או לאחר התיעצות אתו, הכריז עליו ברשומות שהוא שמורת טבע.}}</ref> |
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=== Japan === |
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Under the Nature Conservation Law, places can be designated as 'wilderness areas', 'nature conservation areas' and 'prefectural nature conservation areas'. In 1995, when the Japanese Government published its information in English, there were 5 wildernesses, 10 nature conservation areas and 516 prefectural nature conservation areas.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/npr/ncj/section4.html | title=Nature Conservation in Japan | date=31 March 1995 | accessdate=24 September 2012 |publisher=Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan}}</ref> |
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=== Jordan === |
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{{Main article|Nature reserves in Jordan}} |
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There are seven nature reserves in [[Jordan]]. In 1966 the organization that would later start Jordan's nature reserves, the [[Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature]], was founded. RSCN's first efforts involved bringing back severely endangered species. In 1973, RSCN was given the right to issue hunting licenses, giving RSCN an upper hand in preventing extinction. The first step was the founding of Jordan's first nature reserve, [[Shaumari Wildlife Reserve]], in 1975. The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the [[Arabian oryx]], [[gazelles]], [[ostriches]], and [[Persian onager]]s in their natural environment. |
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=== Kyrgyzstan === |
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By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves ({{lang-ky|корук}}, ''koruk'') in Kyrgyzstan covering {{convert|600,000|ha|km2}} or about 3% of the total area of the country. |
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=== New Zealand === |
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{{Main article|Protected areas of New Zealand}} |
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[[File: Tramping or hiking in Aoraki Mount Cook National Park..jpg|thumb|[[Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park]] in New Zealand]] |
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New Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including [[National parks of New Zealand|National Parks]], various types of Conservation Areas (including stewardship land that is yet to be officially classified), and seven specific types of "Reserve", each of which prioritize various degrees of [[Environmental protection|protection]] to different amenities such as scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value or history. Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the ''[[Reserves Act 1977|Reserves Act of 1977]]'', the ''[[National Parks Act 1980 (New Zealand)|National Parks Act of 1980]]'', and the ''[[Conservation Act 1987|Conservation Act of 1987]]''. Under these classifications, the [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] administers more than 80,000 km<sup>2</sup>---nearly 30 percent of the nation's total area---with at least some degree of protection. This land is composed of 14 National Parks, 30 Conservation Parks, and approximately 8,900 discrete areas of land in total. |
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Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term ''nature reserve'' is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only. Some of these reserves include [[Ecological Island]]s, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help re-build the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators. |
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=== Nicaragua === |
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[[File:PenasBlancas, part of the Bosawas Reserve, Jinotega Department, Nicaragua.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15| Peñas Blancas, part of the [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve]] is the second largest rainforest in the Western Hemisphere, after the Amazonian Rainforest in Brazil. Located northeast of the city of [[Jinotega]] in Northeastern Nicaragua.]] |
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In [[Nicaragua]], the [[Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources]] (MARENA) is in charge of environmental protection and of the study, planning, and management of Nicaragua's natural resources. Nearly one-fifth of the territory is designated as protected areas like national parks, nature reserves (including the [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve]]), and biological reserves. Nicaragua has 78 protected areas that cover 22,422 km<sup>2</sup>, about 17.3% of the nation's landmass. Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor. For example, "O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation" was established within the [[Mesoamerican Biological Corridor]] by former [[FDNY]] firefighter Kevin Michael Shea, who purchased {{convert|46|acre|km2}} of land in this manner and is an example of this type of private nature reserve.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opwr.org|title=O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation|accessdate=2014-10-17}}</ref> |
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=== Russia === |
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{{Main article|Zapovednik}} |
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[[File:Лес вокруг г.Ямантау.jpg|thumb|[[South Ural Nature Reserve]] in Russia]] |
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There are around 100 nature reserves ({{lang-ru|заповедник}}, ''zapovednik'') in Russia, covering some {{convert|330,000|km2}}, or about 1.4% of the country's total area. A few of them predate the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, but most have been created during the [[Soviet Union]] era. There are also natural protected areas where only certain species are protected, or only certain activities are prohibited; those are known as ''zakaznik'' ({{lang-ru|заказник}}). |
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=== South Africa === |
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South Africa is well known for its many reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the [[Groenkloof Nature Reserve]] that was established in 1892 in the capital city [[Pretoria]] in the old [[South African Republic]] and current Republic of South Africa. The country has many national parks but the best-known is the [[Kruger National Park]], which was (proclaimed in 1898), and is the largest, at nearly {{convert|2000000|ha|km2}}. The Kruger Park and [[Table Mountain National Park]] are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions. South Africa also has a number of [[World Heritage Site]]s and provincial nature reserves including [[Shamwari Game Reserve|Shamwari]], [[Londolozi Private Game Reserve|Londolozi]], Sanbona and Lalibela. The country currently has 20 national parks covering {{convert|3700000|ha|km2}}, about 3% of the total area of South Africa. |
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[[File:Aare - Limmat (Limmatspitz) IMG 6763.jpg|thumb|The Limmatspitz nature reserve of [[Pro Natura (Switzerland)|Pro Natura]]]] |
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=== Switzerland === |
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{{See also|Nature parks in Switzerland}} |
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The [[Swiss National Park]], created in 1914, was one of the earliest [[national park]]s in Europe. In addition to the Swiss National Park, Switzerland also has sixteen regional [[Nature parks in Switzerland|nature park]]s.<ref>[http://www.swiss-parks.ch/en/swiss-parks/overview-of-swiss-parks/ Overview of the Swiss parks], Federal Office for the Environment (page visited on 27 July 2016).</ref> |
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The [[environmental organization]] [[Pro Natura (Switzerland)|Pro Natura]] takes care of about 650 nature reserves of various sizes throughout Switzerland (250 [[square kilometers]]). |
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=== Ukraine === |
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There are 4 biosphere reserves (two of them are dated 1927 and 1874) and 17 nature reserves in Ukraine, covering 160,000 hectares. Ukraine administers 40 national parks, 2632 habitat management areas, 3025 nature monuments, and 1430 other preservations. |
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=== United States === |
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[[File:Cascade Head 2 Oregon September 2005.JPG|right|thumb|[[Cascade Head]], [[Oregon]], United States, is a [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|UNESCO biosphere reserve]]]] |
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In the [[United States]] the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] is responsible for managing many nature reserves, including [[National Wildlife Refuge]]s. State and local governments administer others, and some belong to private trusts, which are funded through personal donations. There are currently 2,205 preservations in the United States. Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor. [[Wilbur Hot Springs]]' [[Dr. Richard Louis Miller]] donated {{convert|1800|acre|km2}} of land in this manner and is an example of this type of private nature reserve. |
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== See also == |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Conservation designation]] |
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* [[Country park]] |
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* [[Pleistocene rewilding]] |
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* [[De-extinction]] |
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* [[Protected species]] |
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* [[Game reserve]] |
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* [[List of countries by forest area]] |
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* [[List of types of formally designated forests]] |
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* [[Marine park]] |
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* [[Private protected area]] |
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* [[Protected area]] |
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* [[Refuge (ecology)]] |
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* [[Reserve design]] |
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* [[Wildlife corridor]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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== References == |
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{{Commons category|Nature reserves}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Natural resources}} |
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{{Terms for types of administrative territorial entities}} |
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{{Portal bar|Ecology|Environment|Forestry|Biology|Sustainable development}} |
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[[Category:Nature reserves| ]] |
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[[Category:Land use]] |
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[[Category:Regional parks]] |
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[[Category:Types of formally designated forests]] |
Revision as of 16:43, 5 December 2018
Eat a peen