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**[[Tlingit]] |
**[[Tlingit]] |
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*Northwest Coast |
*Northwest Coast |
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**[[Chehalis]] |
**[[Chehalis]] Washington |
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**[[Coquille]] |
**[[Coquille]] Oregon |
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**[[Cowlitz]] |
**[[Cowlitz]] Washington |
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**[[Hoh]] |
**[[Hoh]] Washington |
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**[[Klallam]] (Elwha band) |
**[[Klallam]] (Elwha band) Washington |
||
**[[Lummi]] |
**[[Lummi]] Washington |
||
**[[Makah]] |
**[[Makah]] Washington |
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**[[Muckleshoot]] |
**[[Muckleshoot]] Washington |
||
**[[Nooksack]] |
**[[Nooksack]] Washington |
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**[[Nisqually]] |
**[[Nisqually]] Washington |
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**[[Puyallup]] |
**[[Puyallup]] Washington |
||
**[[Quileute]] |
**[[Quileute]] Washington |
||
**[[Quinault]] |
**[[Quinault]] Washington |
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**[[S'Klallam]] |
**[[S'Klallam]] Washington |
||
**[[Sauk-Suiattle]] |
**[[Sauk-Suiattle]] Washington |
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**[[Shoalwater Bay Tribe]] |
**[[Shoalwater Bay Tribe]] Washington |
||
**[[Siletz]] |
**[[Siletz]] Oregon |
||
**[[Siuslaw]] |
**[[Siuslaw]] Oregon |
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**[[Skokomish]] |
**[[Skokomish]] Washington |
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**[[Squaxin Island Tribe]] |
**[[Squaxin Island Tribe]] Washington |
||
**[[Stillaguamish]] |
**[[Stillaguamish]] Washington |
||
**[[Suquamish]] |
**[[Suquamish]] Washington |
||
**[[Swinomish]] |
**[[Swinomish]] Washington |
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**[[Tualalip]] |
**[[Tualalip]] Washington |
||
**[[Umpqua]] |
**[[Umpqua]] Oregon |
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**[[Upper Skagit]] |
**[[Upper Skagit]] Washington |
||
*Rocky Mountains |
*Rocky Mountains |
||
**[[Blackfeet]] |
**[[Blackfeet]] Montana |
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**[[Chippewa Cree]] |
**[[Chippewa Cree]] Montana |
||
**[[Coeur d'Alene]] |
**[[Coeur d'Alene]] Idaho |
||
**[[Colville]] |
**[[Colville]] Washington |
||
**[[Crow Tribe|Crow]] (Absaroka or Apsáalooke) |
**[[Crow Tribe|Crow]] (Absaroka or Apsáalooke) Montana, South Dakota |
||
**[[Goshute]] |
**[[Goshute]] Utah |
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**[[Gros Ventre]] |
**[[Gros Ventre]] Montana |
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**[[Kalispel]] |
**[[Kalispel]] Washington |
||
**[[Kootenai]] |
**[[Kootenai]] Idaho |
||
**[[Nez Perce]] |
**[[Nez Perce]] Idaho |
||
**[[Salish]] |
**[[Salish]] Montana, Washington [Okanagan] |
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**[[Spokane]] |
**[[Spokane]] Washington |
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**[[Ute]] |
**[[Ute]] Utah, Colorado |
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**[[Yakima]] |
**[[Yakima]] Washington |
||
*California |
*California |
||
**[[Achomawai]] |
**[[Achomawai]] California |
||
**[[Atsugewi]] |
**[[Atsugewi]] California |
||
**[[Chukchansi]] |
**[[Chukchansi]] California |
||
**[[Chumash]] |
**[[Chumash]] California |
||
**[[Costanoan]] |
**[[Costanoan]] California |
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**[[Esselen]] |
**[[Esselen]] California |
||
**[[Hupa]] |
**[[Hupa]] California |
||
**[[Klamath]] |
**[[Klamath]] California, Oregon |
||
**[[Kumeyaay-Digueno]] |
**[[Kumeyaay-Digueno]] California |
||
**[[Luiseno]] |
**[[Luiseno]] California |
||
**[[Maidu]] |
**[[Maidu]] California |
||
**[[Me-wuk]] |
**[[Me-wuk]] California |
||
**[[Mission Indians]] |
**[[Mission Indians]] California |
||
**[[Miwok]] |
**[[Miwok]] California |
||
**[[Modoc]] |
**[[Modoc]] Oklahoma [originally from California] |
||
**[[Mohave]] (Mojave) |
**[[Mohave]] (Mojave) California |
||
**[[Mono]] |
**[[Mono]] California |
||
**[[Nomlaki]] |
**[[Nomlaki]] California |
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**[[Pit River Indians]] |
**[[Pit River Indians]] California |
||
**[[Pomo]] |
**[[Pomo]] California |
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**[[Shasta]] |
**[[Shasta]] California |
||
**[[Tache]] |
**[[Tache]] California |
||
**[[Tachi]] |
**[[Tachi]] California |
||
**[[Tolowa]] |
**[[Tolowa]] California |
||
**[[Tongva]] |
**[[Tongva]] California |
||
**[[Wailaki]] |
**[[Wailaki]] California |
||
**[[Wintun]] |
**[[Wintun]] California |
||
**[[Wiyot]] |
**[[Wiyot]] California |
||
**[[Yocha Dehe]] |
**[[Yocha Dehe]] California |
||
**[[Yokut]] |
**[[Yokut]] California |
||
**[[Yurok]] |
**[[Yurok]] California |
||
*Great Basin |
*Great Basin |
||
**[[Cayuse]] |
**[[Cayuse]] Oregon [Confederated Tribes: (Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla) ] |
||
**[[Paiute]] |
**[[Paiute]] California, Nevada, Oregon [Burns-Paiute], Arizona [Kaibab] |
||
**[[Shoshone]] (Shoshoni) |
**[[Shoshone]] (Shoshoni) Nevada, Wyoming, California |
||
**[[Umatilla]] |
**[[Umatilla]] Oregon [Confederated Tribes: (Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla) ] |
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**[[Walla Walla]] |
**[[Walla Walla]] Oregon [Confederated Tribes: (Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla) ] |
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**[[Wasco]] |
**[[Wasco]] Oregon [Confederated Tribes: [Warm Springs (Paiute, Wasco, Walla Walla) ] |
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**[[Washoe]] |
**[[Washoe]] Nevada, California |
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*Southwest |
*Southwest |
||
**[[Ak Chin]] |
**[[Ak Chin]] Arizona |
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**[[Apache]] |
**[[Apache]] Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma |
||
**[[Cahuila]] (Cahuilla) |
**[[Cahuila]] (Cahuilla) California |
||
**[[Chemehuevi]] |
**[[Chemehuevi]] California |
||
**[[Cocopah]] |
**[[Cocopah]] Arizona |
||
**[[Havasupai]] |
**[[Havasupai]] Arizona |
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**[[Hohokam]] |
**[[Hohokam]] Arizona |
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**[[Hopi]] |
**[[Hopi]] Arizona |
||
**[[Hualapai]] |
**[[Hualapai]] Arizona |
||
**[[Navajo|Navaho]] |
**[[Navajo|Navaho]] Arizona, New Mexico |
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**[[Pima]] |
**[[Pima]] Arizona |
||
**[[Pueblo]] |
**[[Pueblo]] New Mexico |
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**[[Quechan]] |
**[[Quechan]] Arizona |
||
**[[Tohono O'odham]] ([[Pagago]]) Arizona |
**[[Tohono O'odham]] ([[Pagago]]) Arizona |
||
**[[Yavapai]] |
**[[Yavapai]] Arizona |
||
*Plains - Prairies |
*Plains - Prairies |
||
**[[Alabama-Coushatta]] |
**[[Alabama-Coushatta]] Texas |
||
**[[Arapaho]] |
**[[Arapaho]] Wyoming, Oklahoma |
||
**[[Arikara]] |
**[[Arikara]] North Dakota |
||
**[[Assiniboine]] |
**[[Assiniboine]] Montana [Ft. Peck Indian Reservation: Assiniboine and Lakota (Sioux) ] |
||
**[[Caddo]] |
**[[Caddo]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Cheyenne]] |
**[[Cheyenne]] Montana, South Dakota; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Chickasaw]] |
**[[Chickasaw]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Commanche]] |
**[[Commanche]] (Comanche) Oklahoma |
||
**[[Hidatsa]] |
**[[Hidatsa]] North Dakota [Three Affiliated Tribes - Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara] |
||
**[[Ho-Chunk]] (Winnebago) |
**[[Ho-Chunk]] (Winnebago) Wisconsin; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Huron Potawatomi]] (Nottowaseppi) Michigan |
**[[Huron Potawatomi]] (Nottowaseppi) Michigan |
||
**[[Illiniwek|Illinois]] (Illiniwek) Illinois |
**[[Illiniwek|Illinois]] (Illiniwek) Illinois |
||
**[[Iowa tribe|Iowa]] (Ioway) |
**[[Iowa tribe|Iowa]] (Ioway) Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma |
||
**[[Kaw]] |
**[[Kaw]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Kickapoo]] |
**[[Kickapoo]] Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas |
||
**[[Kiowa]] |
**[[Kiowa]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Lakota]] (Sioux) |
**[[Lakota]] (Sioux) South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota |
||
**[[Mandan]] |
**[[Mandan]] North Dakota [Three Affiliated Tribes - Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara] |
||
**[[Menominee]] |
**[[Menominee]] Wisconsin |
||
**[[Miami]] |
**[[Miami]] Indiana; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Omaha (tribe)|Omaha]] Nebraska |
**[[Omaha (tribe)|Omaha]] Nebraska |
||
**[[Ojibwe]] (Chippewa) |
**[[Ojibwe]] (Chippewa) Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin |
||
**[[Osage]] |
**[[Osage]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Otoe-Missouria]] |
**[[Otoe-Missouria]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]] |
**[[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]] Michigan; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Pawnee]] |
**[[Pawnee]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Peoria (tribe)|Peoria]] |
**[[Peoria (tribe)|Peoria]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Ponca]] |
**[[Ponca]] Nebraska, Oklahoma |
||
**[[Potawatomi]] |
**[[Potawatomi]] Oklahoma, Wisconsin |
||
**[[Quapaw]] |
**[[Quapaw]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Sauk First Nation|Sauk]] (Sac and Fox) Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa |
**[[Sauk First Nation|Sauk]] (Sac and Fox) Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa |
||
**[[Tonkawa]] |
**[[Tonkawa]] Oklahoma |
||
**[[Wichita]] |
**[[Wichita]] Oklahoma [Affiliated Tribes - Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, Keechi] |
||
**[[Wyandot]] |
**[[Wyandot]] Oklahoma, Kansas |
||
*Eastern Woodlands |
*Eastern Woodlands |
||
**[[Abenaki]] (Wabenaki) |
**[[Abenaki]] (Wabenaki) Vermont |
||
**[[Accohannock]] |
**[[Accohannock]] Maryland |
||
**[[Delaware (tribe)|Delaware]] Oklahoma [originally near Delaware] |
**[[Delaware (tribe)|Delaware]] Oklahoma [originally near Delaware] |
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**[[Iroquois]] |
**[[Iroquois]] New York |
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***[[Cayuga]] |
***[[Cayuga]] |
||
***[[Mohawk]] |
***[[Mohawk]] |
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***[[Seneca]] |
***[[Seneca]] |
||
***[[Tuscarora]] |
***[[Tuscarora]] |
||
**[[Lenni-Lenape]] |
**[[Lenni-Lenape]] New Jersey |
||
**[[Maliseet]] |
**[[Maliseet]] Maine |
||
**[[Mashantucket Pequots]] |
**[[Mashantucket Pequots]] Connecticut |
||
**[[Micmac]] |
**[[Micmac]] Maine |
||
**[[Mingo]] |
**[[Mingo]] Pennsylvania, Ohio |
||
**[[Mohican]] (Mohegan) |
**[[Mohican]] (Mohegan) Connecticut |
||
**[[Montaukett]] |
**[[Montaukett]] New York |
||
**[[Narragansett]] |
**[[Narragansett]] Rhode Island |
||
**[[Nipmuc]] |
**[[Nipmuc]] Massachusetts |
||
**[[Paugusset]] |
**[[Paugusset]] Connecticut |
||
**[[Passamaquoddy]] |
**[[Passamaquoddy]] Maine |
||
**[[Penobscot]] |
**[[Penobscot]] Maine |
||
**[[Poospatuck]] |
**[[Poospatuck]] New York |
||
**[[Powhatan]] |
**[[Powhatan]] New Jersey |
||
**[[Ramapough Mountain Indians]] New Jersey |
**[[Ramapough Mountain Indians]] New Jersey |
||
**[[Shawnee]] |
**[[Shawnee]] Ohio, Pennsylvania [most ended up in Oklahoma] |
||
**[[Shinnecock]] |
**[[Shinnecock]] New York |
||
**[[Wampanoag]] |
**[[Wampanoag]] Massachusetts |
||
*Southeast |
*Southeast |
||
**[[Catawba]] |
**[[Catawba]] South Carolina |
||
**[[Cherokee]] |
**[[Cherokee]] North Carolina; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Chickahominy]] |
**[[Chickahominy]] Virginia |
||
**[[Chitimacha]] |
**[[Chitimacha]] Louisiana |
||
**[[Choctaw]] |
**[[Choctaw]] Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Creek]] |
**[[Creek]] Alabama; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Coushatta]] |
**[[Coushatta]] Louisiana |
||
**[[Coharie]] |
**[[Coharie]] North Carolina |
||
**[[Haliwa-Saponi]] |
**[[Haliwa-Saponi]] North Carolina |
||
**[[Houma]] |
**[[Houma]] Louisiana |
||
**[[Lumbee]] |
**[[Lumbee]] North Carolina |
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**[[Mattaponi]] |
**[[Mattaponi]] Virginia |
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**[[Meherrin]] |
**[[Meherrin]] North Carolina |
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**[[Miccosukee]] |
**[[Miccosukee]] Florida |
||
**[[Monacan]] |
**[[Monacan]] Virginia |
||
**[[Nansemond]] |
**[[Nansemond]] Virginia |
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**[[Pamunkey]] |
**[[Pamunkey]] Virginia |
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**[[Rappahannock]] |
**[[Rappahannock]] Virginia |
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**[[Seminole]] |
**[[Seminole]] Florida; Oklahoma |
||
**[[Topachula]] |
**[[Topachula]] Florida |
||
**[[Tunica-Biloxi]] |
**[[Tunica-Biloxi]] Louisiana |
||
**[[Waccamaw]] |
**[[Waccamaw]] North Carolina |
||
Indians of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities. |
Indians of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities. |
||
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One minority view has been that a more accurate term might be "Asiatic Americans" because of the popular theory that such peoples migrated to the Americas from Asia across an ice bridge covering the Bering Straits some 20,000 years ago. There is competent fossil evidence that this may have been the case. The strong tradition among archaeologists and anthropologists, however, is to indicate the geographic origins of a people as relating to the region where they (or their remains) were first encountered by researchers. |
One minority view has been that a more accurate term might be "Asiatic Americans" because of the popular theory that such peoples migrated to the Americas from Asia across an ice bridge covering the Bering Straits some 20,000 years ago. There is competent fossil evidence that this may have been the case. The strong tradition among archaeologists and anthropologists, however, is to indicate the geographic origins of a people as relating to the region where they (or their remains) were first encountered by researchers. |
||
One difficulty with the term, however, as a substitute for "American Indian," is that there are several groups of people who certainly are |
One difficulty with the term, however, as a substitute for "American Indian," is that there are several groups of people who certainly are indigenous to the Americas, but who are not properly considered American Indians, for example the [[Innu]] people of the Labrador/Quebec peninsula and the [[Inuit]], [[Yupik]], and [[Aleut]] peoples of the far north of the continent. Another difficulty is that many Native American groups migrated (or were displaced) to their current locations after the start of European colonization, and therefore it can be argued that they are no more native to their current locations than the Europeans. |
Revision as of 14:25, 27 October 2002
Native Americans, or American Indians, are the indigenous people who lived in the Americas before European colonization. In Canada the term First Nations is now in general use. In Alaska, because of legal use in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA) and because of the presence of the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples, the term Alaskan Native is used.
Based on anthropological evidence, there were at least three distinct migrations from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge. The first wave of migration came into a land populated by the large mammals of the late Pleistocene epoch: mammoths, horses, giant sloth, woolly rhinoceros, etc. The Clovis culture is one example. Later a culture developed known as the Folsom culture, based on the hunting of bison.
The second wave being of the Athabascan people including the ancestors of the Apache and Navajo; the third of the Inuit, the Yupik, and the Aleut who may have come by sea over the Bering Strait. These last are so ethnically distinct from the remainder of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas that they are not usually included in the term "American Indian" or "First Nations".
The Athabascan peoples, late migrants, are generally found in Alaska and western Canada but several tribes migrated south as far as California and the American Southwest.
In the Mississippi valley of the United States, in Mexico and Central America, and in the Andes of South America Native American civilizations arose with farming cultures and city states. See archeology of the Americas.
The native peoples of the United States and Canada are commonly classified by ten geographical regions, which shared cultural traits. The following list is based on the region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article for the tribe for a history of their movements. The regions are:
- Arctic
- Subarctic
- Alaska Native (incomplete)
- Northwest Coast
- Chehalis Washington
- Coquille Oregon
- Cowlitz Washington
- Hoh Washington
- Klallam (Elwha band) Washington
- Lummi Washington
- Makah Washington
- Muckleshoot Washington
- Nooksack Washington
- Nisqually Washington
- Puyallup Washington
- Quileute Washington
- Quinault Washington
- S'Klallam Washington
- Sauk-Suiattle Washington
- Shoalwater Bay Tribe Washington
- Siletz Oregon
- Siuslaw Oregon
- Skokomish Washington
- Squaxin Island Tribe Washington
- Stillaguamish Washington
- Suquamish Washington
- Swinomish Washington
- Tualalip Washington
- Umpqua Oregon
- Upper Skagit Washington
- Rocky Mountains
- Blackfeet Montana
- Chippewa Cree Montana
- Coeur d'Alene Idaho
- Colville Washington
- Crow (Absaroka or Apsáalooke) Montana, South Dakota
- Goshute Utah
- Gros Ventre Montana
- Kalispel Washington
- Kootenai Idaho
- Nez Perce Idaho
- Salish Montana, Washington [Okanagan]
- Spokane Washington
- Ute Utah, Colorado
- Yakima Washington
- California
- Achomawai California
- Atsugewi California
- Chukchansi California
- Chumash California
- Costanoan California
- Esselen California
- Hupa California
- Klamath California, Oregon
- Kumeyaay-Digueno California
- Luiseno California
- Maidu California
- Me-wuk California
- Mission Indians California
- Miwok California
- Modoc Oklahoma [originally from California]
- Mohave (Mojave) California
- Mono California
- Nomlaki California
- Pit River Indians California
- Pomo California
- Shasta California
- Tache California
- Tachi California
- Tolowa California
- Tongva California
- Wailaki California
- Wintun California
- Wiyot California
- Yocha Dehe California
- Yokut California
- Yurok California
- Great Basin
- Cayuse Oregon [Confederated Tribes: (Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla) ]
- Paiute California, Nevada, Oregon [Burns-Paiute], Arizona [Kaibab]
- Shoshone (Shoshoni) Nevada, Wyoming, California
- Umatilla Oregon [Confederated Tribes: (Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla) ]
- Walla Walla Oregon [Confederated Tribes: (Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla) ]
- Wasco Oregon [Confederated Tribes: [Warm Springs (Paiute, Wasco, Walla Walla) ]
- Washoe Nevada, California
- Southwest
- Ak Chin Arizona
- Apache Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma
- Cahuila (Cahuilla) California
- Chemehuevi California
- Cocopah Arizona
- Havasupai Arizona
- Hohokam Arizona
- Hopi Arizona
- Hualapai Arizona
- Navaho Arizona, New Mexico
- Pima Arizona
- Pueblo New Mexico
- Quechan Arizona
- Tohono O'odham (Pagago) Arizona
- Yavapai Arizona
- Plains - Prairies
- Alabama-Coushatta Texas
- Arapaho Wyoming, Oklahoma
- Arikara North Dakota
- Assiniboine Montana [Ft. Peck Indian Reservation: Assiniboine and Lakota (Sioux) ]
- Caddo Oklahoma
- Cheyenne Montana, South Dakota; Oklahoma
- Chickasaw Oklahoma
- Commanche (Comanche) Oklahoma
- Hidatsa North Dakota [Three Affiliated Tribes - Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara]
- Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Wisconsin; Oklahoma
- Huron Potawatomi (Nottowaseppi) Michigan
- Illinois (Illiniwek) Illinois
- Iowa (Ioway) Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Kaw Oklahoma
- Kickapoo Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas
- Kiowa Oklahoma
- Lakota (Sioux) South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota
- Mandan North Dakota [Three Affiliated Tribes - Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara]
- Menominee Wisconsin
- Miami Indiana; Oklahoma
- Omaha Nebraska
- Ojibwe (Chippewa) Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin
- Osage Oklahoma
- Otoe-Missouria Oklahoma
- Ottawa Michigan; Oklahoma
- Pawnee Oklahoma
- Peoria Oklahoma
- Ponca Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Potawatomi Oklahoma, Wisconsin
- Quapaw Oklahoma
- Sauk (Sac and Fox) Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa
- Tonkawa Oklahoma
- Wichita Oklahoma [Affiliated Tribes - Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, Keechi]
- Wyandot Oklahoma, Kansas
- Eastern Woodlands
- Abenaki (Wabenaki) Vermont
- Accohannock Maryland
- Delaware Oklahoma [originally near Delaware]
- Iroquois New York
- Lenni-Lenape New Jersey
- Maliseet Maine
- Mashantucket Pequots Connecticut
- Micmac Maine
- Mingo Pennsylvania, Ohio
- Mohican (Mohegan) Connecticut
- Montaukett New York
- Narragansett Rhode Island
- Nipmuc Massachusetts
- Paugusset Connecticut
- Passamaquoddy Maine
- Penobscot Maine
- Poospatuck New York
- Powhatan New Jersey
- Ramapough Mountain Indians New Jersey
- Shawnee Ohio, Pennsylvania [most ended up in Oklahoma]
- Shinnecock New York
- Wampanoag Massachusetts
- Southeast
- Catawba South Carolina
- Cherokee North Carolina; Oklahoma
- Chickahominy Virginia
- Chitimacha Louisiana
- Choctaw Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama; Oklahoma
- Creek Alabama; Oklahoma
- Coushatta Louisiana
- Coharie North Carolina
- Haliwa-Saponi North Carolina
- Houma Louisiana
- Lumbee North Carolina
- Mattaponi Virginia
- Meherrin North Carolina
- Miccosukee Florida
- Monacan Virginia
- Nansemond Virginia
- Pamunkey Virginia
- Rappahannock Virginia
- Seminole Florida; Oklahoma
- Topachula Florida
- Tunica-Biloxi Louisiana
- Waccamaw North Carolina
Indians of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.
- Caribbean
- Mesoamerican
- Andean
- Sub-Andean
- Western Amazon
- Central Amazon
- Eastern and Southern Amazon
- Southern Cone
Since the Tribes list promises to get way too long, it might be good to gradually move individual tribes up to the regions list as I have placed the Creek.
Tribes
Languages
For a general discussion, see Language families and languages
- Algonquin
- Athabascan
- Mobilian
- Taino language (Arawak)
- Uto-Aztec
- Languages of the Pueblo: Keres, Towa, Tewa
- See http://users.cybercity.dk/~nmb3879/indian0.html
Military defeat, cultural pressure, confinement on reservations or reserves and especially slavery, have had deleterious effects on Native Americans' mental and ultimately physical health. Historically, diseases introduced by Europeans such as smallpox and measles decimated Indian populations with fatalities in excess of 80% in some cases. Contemporary problems include alcoholism and diabetes, see New World Syndrome
External Resources:
- http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/cultural/newworld/index.shtml
- http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/
- http://www.dickshovel.com/trbindex.html (List of North American Tribes)
- http://www.indianlife.org/reserves/ (Canadian reserves)
Further Reading
- Discover Indian Reservations USA: A Visitors' Welcome Guide, Edited by Veronica E. Tiller, Forward by Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Council Publications, Denver, Colorado, 1992, Trade Paperback, 402 pages, ISBN 0-9632580-0-1
- Arlene B. Hirschfelder, Mary Gloyne Byler, and Michael Dorris, Guide to research on North American Indians, American Library Association, 1983, (ISBN 0838903533)
- Indians in the United States & Canada, A Comparative History, Roger L. Nicholes, University of Nebraska Press, 1998, Trade Paperback, 393 pages, ISBN 0-8032-8377-6
See European colonization of the Americas, Indian Territory, The Indian Trade, Indian Massacres, and Indian Removal.
What is the best name for this group of people?
The term Native American was originated by anthropologists who prefer it to the former appelations of "Indian" or "American Indian", which they consider inaccurate, as these terms bear no relationship to the actual origins of aboriginal Americans, and were born of the misapprehension on the part of Christopher Columbus, arriving at islands off the east coast of the North American continent, that he had reached the Indies. Of course, "Indian" and "American Indian" continue to be widely used in North America, even by Native Americans themselves, many of whom are not offended by the terms.
One minority view has been that a more accurate term might be "Asiatic Americans" because of the popular theory that such peoples migrated to the Americas from Asia across an ice bridge covering the Bering Straits some 20,000 years ago. There is competent fossil evidence that this may have been the case. The strong tradition among archaeologists and anthropologists, however, is to indicate the geographic origins of a people as relating to the region where they (or their remains) were first encountered by researchers.
One difficulty with the term, however, as a substitute for "American Indian," is that there are several groups of people who certainly are indigenous to the Americas, but who are not properly considered American Indians, for example the Innu people of the Labrador/Quebec peninsula and the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples of the far north of the continent. Another difficulty is that many Native American groups migrated (or were displaced) to their current locations after the start of European colonization, and therefore it can be argued that they are no more native to their current locations than the Europeans.