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{{about|China's national library|the Beijing subway station|National Library Station}} |
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{{Infobox library |
{{Infobox library |
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| library_name = National Library of China |
| library_name = National Library of China |
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| library_logo = |
| library_logo = |
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| image = National Library Beijing China.jpg |
| image = National Library Beijing China.jpg |
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| image_size = 250px |
| image_size = 250px |
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| caption = The old buildings of the library, now (since 1987) the branch of the National Library of China that houses historical and ancient books, documents and manuscripts |
| caption = The old buildings of the library, now (since 1987) the branch of the National Library of China that houses historical and ancient books, documents and manuscripts |
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| location = Beijing, China |
| location = [[Beijing]], [[China]] |
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| established = 1909 |
| established = 1909 |
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| num_branches = |
| num_branches = |
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| collection_size = |
| collection_size = 31,195,121 volumes (Dec 2012)<ref name="collectionsize">{{cite web | url=http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/newVisitUs/nlcrs/ | title=Overview of Library Collections | publisher=National Library of China | accessdate=June 18, 2014}}</ref> |
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| annual_circulation = library does not publicly circulate |
| annual_circulation = library does not publicly circulate |
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| pop_served = members of the public |
| pop_served = members of the public |
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| budget = |
| budget = |
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| director = [[Han Yongjin]] {{lang|zh-Hans|韩永进}}<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=About Us – Leadership|publisher=National Library of China|url=http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/au/|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref> |
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| director = [[Zhou Heping]] |
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| num_employees = |
| num_employees = |
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| website = http://www.nlc.gov.cn/ |
| website = http://www.nlc.gov.cn/ |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''National Library of China''' ({{zh|s=中国国家图书馆|t=中國國家圖書館|p=Zhōngguó Guójiā Túshūguǎn}}) or '''NLC''' in [[Beijing]] is the |
The '''National Library of China''' ({{zh|s=中国国家图书馆|t=中國國家圖書館|p=Zhōngguó Guójiā Túshūguǎn}}) or '''NLC''' in [[Beijing]] is the [[national library]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. With a collection of over 31.1 million items,<ref name ="collectionsize"/> it is the largest [[library]] in Asia and one of the [[List of largest libraries|largest in the world]]. It holds the largest and diverse collections of [[Chinese literature]] and historical documents in the world.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110605120132/http://www.nla.gov.au/lap/98china.html|title=The National Library of China (NLC) Advancing Towards the Twenty-first Century|publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]}}</ref> |
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The forerunner of the National Library of China, the |
The forerunner of the National Library of China, the '''Metropolitan Library''' ({{lang|zh-Hans|京师图书馆}}; ''Jīngshī Túshūguǎn''), was founded on September 9, 1909 by the government of the [[Qing dynasty]]. It was first formally opened after the [[Xinhai Revolution]], in 1912. In 1916, the library received [[depository library]] status.<ref name="ref1"/> In July 1928, its name was changed to '''National Peiping Library''' and was later changed to the National Library. |
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==History== |
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===Background=== |
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Early references to public libraries were by [[Lin Zexu]] in the ''Sizhou Zhi'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|四洲志}}; 1839) and [[Wei Yuan]] in the ''[[Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms]]'' (first ed., 1843), both of which were translations from Western books.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=4}} |
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In the late nineteenth century, in response to several military defeats against western powers, the government of the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1912) sent several missions abroad to study western culture and institutions. Several members of the first Chinese diplomatic mission, which traveled to the United States, England, France, and other countries from 1868 to 1870, recorded their views of western libraries, noting that they attracted a large number of readers.{{sfn|Li|2009|pp=2–3}} Journalist [[Liang Qichao]] (1873–1929), who became a prominent exiled intellectual after the failure of the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898, wrote about the [[Boston Public Library]] and the [[University of Chicago Library]], praising their openness to the public and the virtue of readers who did not steal the books that had been lent to them.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=3}} {{ill|zh|Dai Hongci}}, a member of another Qing mission sent abroad to study modern constitutions, noted the efficacy of book borrowing at the Library of Congress.{{sfn|Li|2009|pp=3–4}} |
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===Foundation=== |
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In 1906, the governor of Hunan province {{ill|zh|Pang Hongshu|庞鸿书}} [[memorial to the throne|memorialized to the throne]] to announce he had completed preparations for the creation of a provincial library in [[Changsha]].{{sfn|Li|2009|p=6}} In 1908 and 1909, high officials from the provinces of [[Liaoning Province|Fengtian]], [[Shandong]], [[Shanxi]], [[Zhejiang]] and [[Yunnan]] petitioned the court asking for permission to establish public libraries in their respective jurisdictions.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=6}} In response, on 2 May 1909, the Qing Ministry of Education (Xuebu {{lang|zh-Hans|学部}}) announced plans to open libraries in every province of the empire.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=6. The date in the [[Chinese calendar]] is the 13th day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of [[Xuantong Emperor|Xuantong]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|宣统元年三月十三日}}), converted to a date in the [[Gregorian calendar]] on [http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw this site]}} |
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On 9{{nbsp}}September 1909 [[Zhang Zhidong]], a long-time leader of the [[Self-Strengthening movement]] who had been [[viceroy of Huguang]] and was now serving on the powerful [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Council]], memorialized to request the foundation of a library in China's capital.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=8}} Foundation of the library was approved by imperial edict that same day.{{sfnm|Li|2009|1p=8|Lin|1998|2p=57}} The institution was originally called the Metropolitan Library or Capital Library ({{lang|zh-Hans|京师图书馆}}; ''Jīngshī Túshūguǎn''). |
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[[Philology|Philologist]] and [[bibliographer]] {{ill|zh|Miao Quansun|繆荃蓀}} (1844–1919), who had overseen the founding of [[Jiangnan Library]] in [[Nanjing]] two years earlier, was called in to administer the new establishment. As in Jiangnan, his assistant Chen Qingnian took charge of most of the management.{{sfn|Keenan|1994|p=115}} |
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A private proposal made by [[Luo Zhenyu]] in the early 1900s stated that the library should be located in a place protected from both fire and floods, and at some distance from noisy markets. Following these recommendations, the Ministry of Education first chose the [[Deshengmen]] neighborhood inside the northern [[Beijing city wall|city wall]], a quiet area with lakes. But this plan would have required purchasing several buildings. For lack of funds, Guanghua Temple ({{lang|zh-Hans|广化寺}}) was chosen as the library's first site. Guanghua Temple was a complex of [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist]] halls and shrines located near the northern bank of the [[Shishahai]], but inconveniently located for readers, and too damp for long-term book storage. The Metropolitan Library would remain there until 1917.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=9}} |
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===Opening and history to 1949=== |
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The Metropolitan Library opened to the public on August 27, 1912, a few months after the abdication of [[Puyi]] (r. 1908–12), the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.{{sfn|Lin|1998|p=57}} From then on, it was managed by the Ministry of Education of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)]].{{sfn|Lin|1998|p=57}} The day before the library's opening, its new chief librarian Jiang Han (江瀚: 1853–1935) in which he argued the Metropolitan Library was a [[research library]] and recommended the opening of a new library with magazines and new publications that could attract a more popular readership.{{sfn|Li|2009|pp=17–18}} In June 1913, such a Branch Library was opened outside [[Xuanwumen (Beijing)|Xuanwu Gate]], and more than 2,000 books were transferred there from the main library.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=18}} On October 29, 1913, because Guanghua Temple proved too small and inaccessible, the main library itself was closed, pending the choice of a new site.{{sfnm|Lin|1998|1p=57|Li|2009|2p=18}} |
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The Library charged one copper coin as a reading fee, whereas the [[Tianjin]] Library charged twice as much and the Shandong public library charged three coins.{{sfn|Bailey|1990|p=222, note 155}} At first, readers could not borrow books, but sometime before 1918 borrowing became allowed.{{sfn|Bailey|1990|pp=205 (borrowing not permitted at first), 207 (some libraries newly allowed borrowing), and 222, note 161 (citing a 1918 source saying that borrowing was allowed by then at the Beijing library)}} |
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===1949–1987=== |
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After the [[People's Republic of China]] was officially established in October 1949 and Beijing became its capital, the National Beiping Library was renamed ''Beijing Tushuguan'' (lit., '''Beijing Library'''). In 1951, the [[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Culture]] declared that its official English name would now be '''National Library of Peking'''.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=157}} |
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===1987–present=== |
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In October 1987, the Library moved to a modern building located north of [[Zizhuyuan|Purple Bamboo Park]] in [[Haidian District]].{{sfn|Li|2009|pp=316–17}} In 1999, it was officially renamed the "National Library of China".{{sfn|Li|2009|p=324}} |
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==Collections== |
==Collections== |
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The National Library of China's collection inherited books and archives from the "Imperial Wenyuange Library" collection of the [[Qing Dynasty]] and that, in turn, included books and manuscripts from the library of the Southern [[Song Dynasty]].<ref name="br1">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing/232388/Museums-and-libraries#ref=ref794309&tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Beijing%20%3A%3A%20Museums%20and%20libraries%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia National Library of China.] [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online.</ref> |
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===Overview=== |
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The library also contains inscribed tortoise shells and bones, ancient manuscripts, and block-printed volumes.<ref name="br2"/> Among the most prized collections of the NLC are rare and precious documents and records from past dynasties in Chinese history, and it also houses official publications of the [[United Nations]] and foreign governments and a collection of literature and materials in over 115 languages.<ref name="ref1"/> |
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The National Library of China's collection is the largest in Asia.<ref name="ref1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displayarticle.pl?RC=13100|title=National Library of China to add its records to OCLC WorldCat|publisher=Library Technology Guides|date=2008-02-28}}</ref> Its holdings of more than 31.1 million items (by 2012) also make it one of the [[List of largest libraries|world's largest libraries]].<ref name="intro">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NLC Introduction – Broad and Extensive Collections|publisher=National Library of China|url=http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/newVisitUs/nlcIntroduction/index_1.htm|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110716021233/http://libraryconnect.elsevier.com/lcn/0403/lcn040302.html|title=From Tortoise Shells to Terabytes: The National Library of China's Digital Library Project|publisher=[[Library Connect]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.columbia.edu/content/libraryweb/news/libraries/2008/20081125_nlc.html|title=Columbia University Libraries and the National Library of China Sign Cooperative Agreement|publisher=[[Columbia University Library System|Columbia University Libraries]]|date=2008-11-25}}</ref> It houses official publications of the [[United Nations]] and foreign governments and a collection of literature and materials in over 115 languages.<ref name="ref1"/> The library contains [[oracle bones|inscribed tortoise shells and bones]], ancient manuscripts, and [[woodblock printing|block-printed]] volumes.<ref name="br2"/> Among the most prized collections of the National Library of China are rare and precious documents and records from past dynasties in [[History of China|Chinese history]]. |
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The original collection of the Metropolitan Library was assembled from several sources. In 1909 the imperial court gave the library the only surviving complete copy of the ''[[Siku Quanshu]]'' (''Complete Books of the Four Treasuries''), an enormous compilation completed in 1782 that had been made in only four copies. That copy had been held at the [[Wenjin Chamber|Wenjin Pavilion]] of the [[Imperial Summer Resort]] in [[Chengde]].{{sfn|Li|2009|p=8}} On orders from the Qing Ministry of Education, the ancient books, archives, and documents of the [[Grand Secretariat]] were also transferred to the new library. So was the collection of the [[Guozijian]] or Imperial University, an institution that had been dismantled in 1905 at the same time as the [[imperial examination system]].{{sfn|Li|2009|p=10}} These imperial collections included books and manuscripts dating to the Southern Song (1127–1279).<ref name="br1">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing/232388/Museums-and-libraries#ref=ref794309&tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Beijing%20%3A%3A%20Museums%20and%20libraries%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia National Library of China.] [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online.</ref> The content of three private libraries from the Jiangnan area were donated under the supervision of [[Duanfang]], the [[viceroy of Liangjiang]], and the Ministry arranged for the transfer from [[Gansu]] of what remained of the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]]. Finally, the court made great efforts to obtain [[rubbing]]s of rare [[epigraphy|inscriptions]] on stone or bronze.{{sfn|Li|2009|p=10}} |
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===Notable collections and items=== |
===Notable collections and items=== |
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[[File:Zi zhi tong jian by sishmaguan.JPG|thumb|A page from the original draft of ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' (published in 1084) written by [[Sima Guang]]]] |
[[File:Zi zhi tong jian by sishmaguan.JPG|thumb|A page from the original draft of ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' (published in 1084) written by [[Sima Guang]]]] |
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[[File:CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - fragment of Xiping stone classics.jpg|thumb|A fragment of the Han |
[[File:CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - fragment of Xiping stone classics.jpg|thumb|A fragment of the Han dynasty [[Xiping Stone Classics]] by [[Cai Yong]] and associated scholars]] |
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*a collection of over 270,000 ancient and rare Chinese books, and over 1,640,000 traditional thread-bound Chinese books<ref name="ref1"/> |
* a collection of over 270,000 ancient and rare Chinese books, and over 1,640,000 traditional thread-bound Chinese books<ref name="ref1"/> |
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*over 35,000 inscriptions on [[oracle bone]]s and [[turtle shell|tortoise |
* over 35,000 inscriptions on [[oracle bone]]s and [[turtle shell|tortoise shells]] from the [[Shang dynasty]] (c. 16th–11th century BC)<ref name="ref1"/> |
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*surviving tablets of the [[Xiping Stone Classics]] created by [[Cai Yong]] ( |
* surviving tablets of the [[Xiping Stone Classics]] created by [[Cai Yong]] (132–192) of the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] (25–220 AD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3045/|title=The Xiping Stone Classics|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> |
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*more than 16,000 volumes of precious historical Chinese documents and manuscripts from the [[Mogao Caves]] in [[Dunhuang]]<ref name="ref1"/> |
* more than 16,000 volumes of precious historical Chinese [[Dunhuang manuscripts|documents and manuscripts]] from the [[Mogao Caves]] in [[Dunhuang]]<ref name="ref1"/> |
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*old maps, diagrams, and rubbings from ancient inscriptions on various materials<ref name="br1"/> |
* old maps, diagrams, and rubbings from ancient inscriptions on various materials<ref name="br1"/> |
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*copies of Buddhist [[sutra]]s dating to the 6th century<ref name="br1"/> |
* copies of Buddhist [[sutra]]s dating to the 6th century<ref name="br1"/> |
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*original draft of [[Sima Guang]]'s ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' |
* original draft of [[Sima Guang]]'s ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]''{{sfn|Zhou|Weitz|2002|p=278}} |
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*books and archives from imperial libraries of the |
* books and archives from imperial libraries of the [[Southern Song dynasty]] (1127–1279),<ref name="br2">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339421/library/62075/Other-national-collections#ref=ref&tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=library%20%3A%3A%20Other%20national%20collections%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia National Libraries.] [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online.</ref> including the works of [[Zhu Xi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3052/#search_page=1&institution=national-library-of-china&view_type=gallery|title=The Four Books in Chapter and Verse with Collected Commentaries|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> |
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*oldest extant printed edition of the ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'', |
* oldest extant printed edition of the ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'' (ca. 100 BC), from the [[Jurchen Jin|Jin dynasty]] (1115–1234)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3044/|title=The Su Wen of the Huangdi Neijing (Inner Classic of the Yellow Emperor)|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> |
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*the most complete surviving [[Ming |
* the most complete surviving [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) copies of the ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'' ("Great Canon of the [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle Era]]")<ref name="br1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/18/china.book/|title=China mega-book gets new life|publisher=CNN|date=2002-04-18}}</ref> |
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*a copy of the ''[[Siku Quanshu]]'' ("Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature") |
* a copy of the ''[[Siku Quanshu]]'' ("Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature"), completed in 1782 under the Qing dynasty<ref name="br1"/> |
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*essential literary and books collection from |
* essential literary and books collection from the Qing imperial colleges and renowned private collectors<ref name="br2"/> |
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==Services and facilities== |
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The North Area of the main library is open from 9am to 9pm on weekdays, and from 9am to 5pm on week-ends. The South Area has been closed for renovation since May 2011. The Children's Library and the Ancient Books Library are and closed on week-ends, and open from 9am to 5pm on weekdays.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Opening Hours|publisher=National Library of China|url=http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/newVisitUs/oghs/|accessdate=June 20, 2014}}</ref> |
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==Transportation== |
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The Main Library, located on [[Zhongguancun]] South Road in Beijing's [[Haidian District]], can be accessed by bus or subway.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NLC Home – Contact Us|publisher=National Library of China|url=http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/cu/|accessdate=June 17, 2014}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! Service !! Station/Stop !! Lines/Routes served |
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| [[Beijing Bus]] || National Library || * Regular: 86, 92, 319, 320, 332, 563, 588, 608, 689, 695, 697, 717<br>* Special ([[Double decker bus|double-decker]]): 4, 6 <br>* Yuntong (运通): 105, 106, 205 |
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| [[Beijing Subway]] || [[National Library Station|National Library]] || {{China line|style=fullbox|BJS-4}}<br>{{China line|style=fullbox|BJS-9}} |
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|} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Library and information science|China}} |
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*[[Libraries in the People's Republic of China]] |
* [[Libraries in the People's Republic of China]] |
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:*[[Shanghai Library]] |
:*[[Shanghai Library]] |
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:*[[Nanjing Library]] |
:*[[Nanjing Library]] |
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* [[List of libraries]] |
* [[List of libraries]] |
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* [[List of national libraries]] |
* [[List of national libraries]] |
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*[[Chinese Library Classification]] (CLC) |
* [[Chinese Library Classification]] (CLC) |
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*[[Archives in the People's Republic of China]] |
* [[Archives in the People's Republic of China]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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⚫ | |||
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===Notes=== |
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⚫ | |||
* {{cite book |title=International Dictionary of Library Histories |editor=David H. Stam |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |year= 2001 |ISBN=1579582443 }} |
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===Works cited=== |
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* {{citation|last=Bailey|first=Paul J.|year=1990|title=Reform the People: Changing Attitudes Towards Popular Education in Early Twentieth-Century China|others={{Subscription required |via=[[Questia]]}}|url=http://www.questia.com/read/25497722|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|isbn=0-7486-0218-6|postscript=.}} |
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* {{citation|last=Keenan|first=Barry C.|year=1994|title=Imperial China's Last Classical Academies: Social Change in the Lower Yangzi, 1864–1911|url=http://www.questia.com/read/121844102|others={{Subscription required |via=[[Questia]]}}|publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, UC Berkeley|location=Berkeley (CA)|isbn=1-55729-041-5|postscript=.}} |
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* {{zh icon}} {{citation|last=Li|first=Zhizhong 李致忠 (chief editor)|year=2009|title=Zhongguo guojia tushuguan guanshi ''中国国家图书馆馆史''|trans-title=History of the National Library of China|publisher=NLC Press (国家图书馆出版社)|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5013-4070-5|postscript=.}} |
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* {{citation|last=Lin|first=Sharon Chien|year=1998|title=Libraries and Librarianship in China|url=http://www.questia.com/read/101289242|publisher=Greenwood Press|others={{Subscription required |via=[[Questia]]}}|location=Westport (CT) and London|isbn=0-313-28937-9|postscript=.}} |
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* {{citation|last1=Zhou|first1=Mi|last2=Weitz|first2=Ankeney|title=Zhou Mi's Record of Clouds and Mist Passing Before One's Eyes: An Annotated Translation|location=Leiden|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2002|postscript=.|isbn=9789004126053}} |
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===Further reading=== |
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* {{citation|doi=|last=Cheng|first=Huan Wen|year=1991|title=The Impact of American Librarianship on Chinese Librarianship in Modern Times (1840–1949)|journal=Libraries & Culture|volume=26|issue=2|pages=372–87|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25542343|postscript=.|others={{subscription required|via=[[JSTOR]]}}|ref=none}} |
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* {{citation|doi=|last=Fung|first=Margaret C.|year=1984|title=Safekeeping of the National Peiping Library's Rare Chinese Books at the Library of Congress 1941-1965|journal=The Journal of Library History (1974–1987)|volume=19|issue=3|pages=359–72|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25541531|postscript=.|others={{subscription required|via=[[JSTOR]]}}|ref=none}} |
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* {{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hwa-Wei|date=June 30, 1996|title=American Contributions to Modern Library Development in China: A Historic Review|publisher=|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~felsing/ala/lee.html|others=Paper presented at the 1st China–United States Library Conference|accessdate=}} |
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* {{citation|last=Li|first=Guoqing [{{lang|zh-Hans|李国庆}}]|chapter=History of the National Library of China|pages=499–502|editor-last=Stam|editor-first=David H. (ed.)|title=International Dictionary of Library Histories |location=Chicago|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |year= 2001 |ISBN=1579582443 |postscript=.|ref=none}} |
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* {{citation|doi=|last=Lin|first=Sharon Chien|year=1983|title=Education for Librarianship in China after the Cultural Revolution|journal=Journal of Education for Librarianship|volume=24|issue=1|pages=17–29|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40322775|postscript=.|others={{subscription required|via=[[JSTOR]]}}|ref=none}} |
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* {{citation|doi=|last=Lin|first=Sharon Chien|year=1985|title=Historical Development of Library Education in China|journal=The Journal of Library History (1974–1987)|volume=20|issue=4|pages=368–86|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25541653|postscript=.|others={{subscription required|via=[[JSTOR]]}}|ref=none}} |
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* {{citation|doi=|last=Prentice|first=Susan|year=1986|title=The National Library of China – The View from Within|journal=The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs|volume=15|issue=|pages=103–12|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2158874|postscript=.|others={{subscription required|via=[[JSTOR]]}}|ref=none}} |
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* {{citation|doi=|last=Yu|first=Priscilla C.|year=2001|title=Leaning to One Side: The Impact of the Cold War on Chinese Library Collections|journal=Libraries & Culture|volume=36|issue=1|pages=253–66|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25548906|postscript=.|others={{subscription required|via=[[JSTOR]]}}|ref=none}} |
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* {{citation|doi=|last1=Yu|first1=Priscilla C.|last2=Davis|first2=Donald G., Jr.|year=1998|title=Arthur E. Bostwick and Chinese Library Development: A Chapter in International Cooperation|journal=Libraries & Culture|volume=33|issue=4|pages=389–406|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25548664|postscript=.|others={{subscription required|via=[[JSTOR]]}}|ref=none}} |
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* {{cite news|last=Zhu|first=Peter F.|date=October 13, 2009|title=Harvard College Library, China Form Pact - Harvard-Yenching Library collection to be digitized|newspaper=[[Harvard Crimson]]|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/10/13/library-collection-chinese-nlc/}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* |
* {{Commons category-inline|National Library of China}} |
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{{Commons category|National Library of China}} |
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{{Education of the People's Republic of China}} |
{{Education of the People's Republic of China}} |
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{{Buildings and Structures in Beijing}} |
{{Buildings and Structures in Beijing}} |