m RV |
Intangible (talk | contribs) per klemens |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Neo-Fascism}} |
{{Neo-Fascism}} |
||
{{Unreferenced}} |
|||
[[Image:National bolshevik.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Flag of the National Bolsheviks.]] |
[[Image:National bolshevik.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Flag of the National Bolsheviks.]] |
||
'''National Bolshevism''' is a |
'''National Bolshevism''' is a political movement that attempts to combine elements of [[nationalism]] (historically though of on the extreme 'Right') and [[Bolshevism]] (historically thought of on the extreme 'Left') <ref>{{cite journal | author=Von Klemperer, Klemens | title=Towards a Fourth Reich? The History of National Bolshevism in Germany | journal=Review of Politics | year=1951 | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages= 191–210}}</ref>. Influenced heavily by the idea of [[geopolitics]], National Bolshevism seeks a merger between [[Russia]] and the rest of [[Europe]] in a union to be known as [[Eurasia]]. The ideology claims a direct link to [[Hegel]], whom it presents as the father of [[idealism]]. In addition, it is fiercely [[anti-American]] in tone. It is also highly [[traditionalist]] in the mould of [[Julius Evola]]. Economically the National Bolsheviks seek to marry the [[New Economic Policy]] of [[Vladimir Lenin]] to the [[Corporatism]] of [[Benito Mussolini]]. This marriage of Fascist [[mixed economy]] with the "soft" [[market economy]] portions of Lenin's theory have caused many communists to reject this as a Fascistic [[ideology]]. Its leading advocate is the [[National Bolshevik Party]] in [[Russia]]. |
||
National Bolshevism claims to have its roots in [[World War I]] [[Germany]], where [[nationalist]] writers such as [[Ernst Niekisch]] and [[Ernst Jünger]] were prepared to tolerate the spread of [[communism]] as long as it took on the clothes of [[nationalism]] and abandoned its world-wide mission (an idea which seemed abhorent to the communists themselves). There was also a current in the [[German Communist Party]] based around [[Heinrich Laufenberg]] and [[Fritz Wolffheim|Friedrich Wolfheim]] that, in [[1919]], argued for collaboration between workers organisations and the bosses to drive the [[French army]] of occupation from the [[Ruhr]]. [[Paul Eltzbacher]] and [[Karl Haushofer]] theorised about an alliance between nationalist forces in Germany and Russian communists and [[Karl Radek]] claimed to be sympathetic to this position in [[1919]]. |
National Bolshevism claims to have its roots in [[World War I]] [[Germany]], where [[nationalist]] writers such as [[Ernst Niekisch]] and [[Ernst Jünger]] were prepared to tolerate the spread of [[communism]] as long as it took on the clothes of [[nationalism]] and abandoned its world-wide mission (an idea which seemed abhorent to the communists themselves). There was also a current in the [[German Communist Party]] based around [[Heinrich Laufenberg]] and [[Fritz Wolffheim|Friedrich Wolfheim]] that, in [[1919]], argued for collaboration between workers organisations and the bosses to drive the [[French army]] of occupation from the [[Ruhr]]. [[Paul Eltzbacher]] and [[Karl Haushofer]] theorised about an alliance between nationalist forces in Germany and Russian communists and [[Karl Radek]] claimed to be sympathetic to this position in [[1919]]. |
||
Line 13: | Line 14: | ||
In fiction, an apparently successful National Bolshevist movement is featured in [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[1984 (novel)|1984]]'' as, ironically, "Eurasia", one of the two rivals of [[Oceania (fiction)|Oceania]]. |
In fiction, an apparently successful National Bolshevist movement is featured in [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[1984 (novel)|1984]]'' as, ironically, "Eurasia", one of the two rivals of [[Oceania (fiction)|Oceania]]. |
||
==References== |
|||
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> |
|||
<references/> |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 17:00, 4 June 2006
Part of a series on |
Neo-fascism |
---|
Politics portal |
National Bolshevism is a political movement that attempts to combine elements of nationalism (historically though of on the extreme 'Right') and Bolshevism (historically thought of on the extreme 'Left') [1]. Influenced heavily by the idea of geopolitics, National Bolshevism seeks a merger between Russia and the rest of Europe in a union to be known as Eurasia. The ideology claims a direct link to Hegel, whom it presents as the father of idealism. In addition, it is fiercely anti-American in tone. It is also highly traditionalist in the mould of Julius Evola. Economically the National Bolsheviks seek to marry the New Economic Policy of Vladimir Lenin to the Corporatism of Benito Mussolini. This marriage of Fascist mixed economy with the "soft" market economy portions of Lenin's theory have caused many communists to reject this as a Fascistic ideology. Its leading advocate is the National Bolshevik Party in Russia.
National Bolshevism claims to have its roots in World War I Germany, where nationalist writers such as Ernst Niekisch and Ernst Jünger were prepared to tolerate the spread of communism as long as it took on the clothes of nationalism and abandoned its world-wide mission (an idea which seemed abhorent to the communists themselves). There was also a current in the German Communist Party based around Heinrich Laufenberg and Friedrich Wolfheim that, in 1919, argued for collaboration between workers organisations and the bosses to drive the French army of occupation from the Ruhr. Paul Eltzbacher and Karl Haushofer theorised about an alliance between nationalist forces in Germany and Russian communists and Karl Radek claimed to be sympathetic to this position in 1919.
Meanwhile, in Russia, as the civil war dragged on, a number of prominent "Whites" switched to the Bolshevik side because they saw it as the only hope for restoring greatness to Russia. Amongst these was Professor Nikolai Ustrialov, initially an anti-communist, who came to believe that Bolshevism could be modified to serve nationalistic purposes. His followers, the Smenavekhites (named after a series of articles he published in 1921 Smena vekh (Russian: volte-face), came to regard themselves as National Bolsheviks, borrowing the term from Niekisch. Stalin's idea of "socialism in one country" was interpreted as a victory by the National Bolsheviks.
In Western parlance, the term "National Bolshevism" has, on occasion, been applied to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and his brand of anti-communism. However, strictly speaking, Solzhenitsyn cannot be labeled a National Bolshevik since, whilst he was not anti-authoritarian, he wished a revival of Russian culture that would see a greater role for the Russian Orthodox Church and a withdrawal of Russia from its role overseas into a state of international isolationism. Solzhenitsyn and the vozrozhdentsy (or "revivalists" as his followers became known) thus differed from the National Bolsheviks who were not religious in tone (although not completely hostile either) and who felt that involvement overseas was important for the prestige and power of Russia. In fact there is open hostility between Solzhenitsyn and Eduard Limonov, the head of Russia's unregistered National Bolshevik Party. Solzhenitsyn has described Limonov as "a little insect who writes pornography", while Limonov described Solzhenitsyn as a traitor to his homeland who contributed to the downfall of the USSR. [1]
Amongst the leading practitioners and theorists of National Bolshevism are Thomas Sutter, Aleksandr Dugin and Eduard Limonov, who leads the unregistered[2] National Bolshevik Party in Russia. Amongst other influences claimed by the movement are Georges Sorel, Otto Strasser and José Ortega y Gasset (although this last influence is largely because of his rejection of left and right labels which is also a feature of National Bolshevism).
In fiction, an apparently successful National Bolshevist movement is featured in George Orwell's 1984 as, ironically, "Eurasia", one of the two rivals of Oceania.
References
- ^ Von Klemperer, Klemens (1951). "Towards a Fourth Reich? The History of National Bolshevism in Germany". Review of Politics. 13 (2): 191–210.