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{{Redirect|Names|other uses|Names (disambiguation)|and|Name (disambiguation)}} |
{{Redirect|Names|other uses|Names (disambiguation)|and|Name (disambiguation)}} |
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[[File:Balinese ground zero.JPG|thumb|Names of [[2002 Bali bombings]] victims in [[Indonesia]]]][[File:Ramesses II cartouches at Tanis.jpg|right|thumb|A [[cartouche]] indicates that the [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] enclosed are a [[pharaoh|royal]] name.]]A '''name''' is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its [[referent]]. A [[personal name]] identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a ''specific'' individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a [[proper name]] (although that term has a philosophical meaning |
[[File:Balinese ground zero.JPG|thumb|Names of [[2002 Bali bombings]] victims in [[Indonesia]]]][[File:Ramesses II cartouches at Tanis.jpg|right|thumb|A [[cartouche]] indicates that the [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] enclosed are a [[pharaoh|royal]] name.]]A '''name''' is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its [[referent]]. A [[personal name]] identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a ''specific'' individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a [[proper name]] (although that term has a philosophical meaning as well) and is, when consisting of only one word, a [[proper noun]]. Other nouns are sometimes called "'''common names'''" or ([[obsolete]]) "'''general names'''". A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name. |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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Major naming conventions include: |
Major naming conventions include: |
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* In [[astronomy]], [[planetary nomenclature]] |
* In [[astronomy]], [[planetary nomenclature]] |
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* In [[biology]], [[binomial nomenclature]] |
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* In [[chemistry]], [[chemical nomenclature]] |
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* In [[classics]], [[Roman naming conventions]] |
* In [[classics]], [[Roman naming conventions]] |
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* In [[computer programming]], [[identifier naming convention]]s |
* In [[computer programming]], [[identifier naming convention]]s |
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* In [[computer networking]], [[computer naming scheme]]s |
* In [[computer networking]], [[computer naming scheme]]s |
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* In |
* In [[science]]s generally, [[systematic name]]s for a variety of things |
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Products may follow a naming convention. [[Automobile]]s typically have a binomial name, a "make" (manufacturer) and a "model", in addition to a model year, such as a 2007 [[Chevrolet Corvette]]. Sometimes there is a name for the car's "decoration level" or "trim line" as well: e.g., [[Cadillac Escalade EXT]] ''[[Platinum]]'', after the precious metal. [[Computers]] often have increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation. |
Products may follow a naming convention. [[Automobile]]s typically have a binomial name, a "make" (manufacturer) and a "model", in addition to a model year, such as a 2007 [[Chevrolet Corvette]]. Sometimes there is a name for the car's "decoration level" or "trim line" as well: e.g., [[Cadillac Escalade EXT]] ''[[Platinum]]'', after the precious metal. [[Computers]] often have increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation. |
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== Personal name == |
== Personal name == |
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{{main|Personal name}} |
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A [[personal name]] is an identifying word or words by which an individual is intimately known or designated.<ref>{{cite web |title=personal name |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/personal%20name |website=Merriam-Webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> |
A [[personal name]] is an identifying word or words by which an individual is intimately known or designated.<ref>{{cite web |title=personal name |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/personal%20name |website=Merriam-Webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> In many countries, it is traditional for individuals to have a personal name (also called a [[given name]] or first name) and a [[surname]] (also called a last name or [[family name]] because it is shared by members of the same family).<ref name="general">{{cite web |title=General words for names, and types of name |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/general-words-for-names-and-types-of-name |website=macmillandictionary.com |publisher=Macmillan Dictionary |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Some people have two surnames, one inherited from each parent. In most of Europe and the Americas, the given name typically comes before the surname, whereas in parts of Asia and [[Hungary]] the surname comes before the given name. In some cultures it is traditional for a woman to take her husband's surname when she gets married. |
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A common practice in many countries is [[patronym]] which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one's father. A less common practice in countries is [[matronym]] which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one’s mother. |
A common practice in many countries is [[patronym]] which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one's father. A less common practice in countries is [[matronym]] which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one’s mother. In some [[East Asian culture]]s, it is traditional for given names to include a [[generation name]], a syllable shared between siblings and cousins of the same generation. |
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The practice of using [[middle name]]s dates back to ancient Rome, where it was common for members of the elite to have a ''[[praenomen]]'' (a personal name), a ''[[Roman naming conventions|nomen]]'' (a family name, not exactly used the way middle names are used today), and a ''[[cognomen]]'' (a name representing an individual attribute or the specific branch of a person's family).<ref name="middle">{{cite web |last1=Fabry |first1=Merrill |title=Now You Know: Why Do We Have Middle Names? |url=http://time.com/4451977/history-of-middle-names/ |website=Time.com |publisher=Time |access-date=18 June 2018 |language=en |format=web article |date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> Middle names eventually fell out of use, but regained popularity in Europe during the nineteenth century.<ref name="middle" /> |
[[Middle names]] are also used by many people as a third identifier, and can be chosen for personal reasons including signifying relationships, preserving pre-marital/maiden names (a popular practice in the United States), and to perpetuate family names. The practice of using [[middle name]]s dates back to ancient Rome, where it was common for members of the elite to have a ''[[praenomen]]'' (a personal name), a ''[[Roman naming conventions|nomen]]'' (a family name, not exactly used the way middle names are used today), and a ''[[cognomen]]'' (a name representing an individual attribute or the specific branch of a person's family).<ref name="middle">{{cite web |last1=Fabry |first1=Merrill |title=Now You Know: Why Do We Have Middle Names? |url=http://time.com/4451977/history-of-middle-names/ |website=Time.com |publisher=Time |access-date=18 June 2018 |language=en |format=web article |date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> Middle names eventually fell out of use, but regained popularity in Europe during the nineteenth century.<ref name="middle" /> |
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Besides first, middle, and last names, individuals may also have [[nicknames]], [[aliases]], or [[titles]]. Nicknames are informal names used by friends or family to refer to a person ("Chris" may be used as a short form of the personal name "Christopher"). A person may choose to use an alias, or a fake name, instead of their real name, possibly to protect or obscure their identity. People may also have titles designating their role in an institution or profession (members of royal families may use various terms such as [[King]], [[Queen (disambiguation)|Queen]], [[Duke]], or [[Duchess]] to signify their positions of authority or their relation to the throne).<ref name="general" /> |
Besides first, middle, and last names, individuals may also have [[nicknames]], [[aliases]], or [[titles]]. Nicknames are informal names used by friends or family to refer to a person ("Chris" may be used as a short form of the personal name "Christopher"). A person may choose to use an alias, or a fake name, instead of their real name, possibly to protect or obscure their identity. People may also have titles designating their role in an institution or profession (members of royal families may use various terms such as [[King]], [[Queen (disambiguation)|Queen]], [[Duke]], or [[Duchess]] to signify their positions of authority or their relation to the throne).<ref name="general" /> |
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== Religious names == |
== Religious names == |
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{{Globalize|section|date=October 2017}} |
{{Globalize|section|date=October 2017}} |
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{{See also|Religious name}} |
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[[Image:secret of secrets a.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Two charts from an Arabic copy of the ''Secretum Secretorum'' for determining whether a person will live or die based on the numerical value of the patient's name.]] |
[[Image:secret of secrets a.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Two charts from an Arabic copy of the ''Secretum Secretorum'' for determining whether a person will live or die based on the numerical value of the patient's name.]] |
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In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east ([[Israel]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Egypt]], [[Persia]]) names were thought to be extremely powerful and act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.<ref>"Egyptian Religion", E. A. Wallis Budge", Arkana 1987 edition, {{ISBN|0-14-019017-1}}</ref> This viewpoint is responsible both for the [[Names of God in Judaism|reluctance to use]] the [[YHWH|proper name]] of [[God]] in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] writing or speech, as well as the common understanding in ancient [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] name". By invoking a [[deity|god]] or [[spirit]] by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit's power for some kind of miracle or magic (see [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 9:49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out [[demons]] using the name of [[Jesus]]). This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for example the stipulation in [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] [[exorcism]] that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its name, at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away. |
In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east ([[Israel]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Egypt]], [[Persia]]) names were thought to be extremely powerful and act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.<ref>"Egyptian Religion", E. A. Wallis Budge", Arkana 1987 edition, {{ISBN|0-14-019017-1}}</ref> This viewpoint is responsible both for the [[Names of God in Judaism|reluctance to use]] the [[YHWH|proper name]] of [[God]] in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] writing or speech, as well as the common understanding in ancient [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] name". By invoking a [[deity|god]] or [[spirit]] by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit's power for some kind of miracle or magic (see [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 9:49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out [[demons]] using the name of [[Jesus]]). This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for example the stipulation in [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] [[exorcism]] that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its name, at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away. |