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{{short description|1944 bomber aircraft family by Nakajima}} |
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{|{{Infobox |
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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|name=G8N ''Renzan'' |
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|image=Nakajima G8N1.jpg |
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}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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|caption= |
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|type=[[Heavy bomber]] |
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}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type |
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|national origin=Japan |
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|type= [[Heavy bomber]] |
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|manufacturer=[[Nakajima Aircraft Company]] |
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|designer= |
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|first flight=23 October 1944 |
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|introduced=1945 |
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|retired=August 1945 |
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|status=retired |
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|primary user=[[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] |
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|number built=4 |
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|more users= |
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|produced=4 |
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|number built= |
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|unit cost= |
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|variants with their own articles= |
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}} |
}} |
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|} |
|} |
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The '''Nakajima G8N ''Renzan''''' (連山, "Mountain Range") was a four- |
The '''Nakajima G8N ''Renzan''''' (連山, "Mountain Range") was a four-engined long-range [[bomber]] designed for use by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. The Navy designation was "'''Type 18 land-based attack aircraft'''" (十八試陸上攻撃機); the Allied code name was "'''Rita'''". |
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==Design and development== |
==Design and development== |
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In February 1943 the Imperial Navy staff asked [[Nakajima Aircraft Company]] to design a four-engined bomber, capable of meeting an earlier specification set for a long-range land-based attack plane. The final specification, issued on 14 September 1943, called for a plane with a maximum speed of {{convert|320|kn|km/h mph}} able to carry a {{convert|4000|kg|abbr=on}} bomb-load {{convert|2000|nmi|abbr=on}} or a reduced bomb-load {{convert|4000|nmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Francillon1979p440>{{Harvnb|Francillon|p=440.}}</ref> |
In February 1943 the Imperial Navy staff asked [[Nakajima Aircraft Company]] to design a four-engined bomber, capable of meeting an earlier specification set for a long-range land-based attack plane. The final specification, issued on 14 September 1943, called for a plane with a maximum speed of {{convert|320|kn|km/h mph}} able to carry a {{convert|4000|kg|abbr=on}} bomb-load {{convert|2000|nmi|abbr=on}} or a reduced bomb-load {{convert|4000|nmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Francillon1979p440>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|p=440.}}</ref> |
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Nakajima's design featured a mid-mounted wing of small area and high aspect ratio, a tricycle landing gear and a large single-fin rudder. Power came from four 2,000 hp [[Nakajima Homare|Nakajima NK9K-L "Homare" 24]] radial engines with Hitachi 92 [[Turbocharger|turbosupercharger]]s |
Nakajima's design featured a mid-mounted wing of small area and high aspect ratio, a tricycle landing gear and a large single-fin rudder. Power came from four 2,000 hp [[Nakajima Homare|Nakajima NK9K-L "Homare" 24]] radial engines with Hitachi 92 [[Turbocharger|turbosupercharger]]s driving four-bladed propellers. The engines were cooled by counter-rotating fans positioned just inside the engine cowlings.<ref name=Francillon1979p440/> Defensive armament included power-operated nose, dorsal, ventral and tail turrets along with two free-swiveling machine guns at the beam positions.<ref name=Francillon1979p441>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|p=441.}}</ref> |
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==Operational history== |
==Operational history== |
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[[File:Nakajima G8N war booty.jpg|thumb|right|A captured G8N with a [[Beechcraft Model 18|C-45]] and [[North American T-6 Texan|T-6]]]] |
[[File:Nakajima G8N war booty.jpg|thumb|right|A captured G8N painted in United States Army Air Forces markings with a [[Beechcraft Model 18|C-45]] and [[North American T-6 Texan|T-6]]]] |
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The initial [[prototype]] was completed in October 1944 and delivered to the Navy for testing in January 1945, a year after the Navy ordered development to start. Three further examples were completed by June 1945, with the third prototype being destroyed on the ground by US carrier aircraft.<ref name=Francillon1979p441/> |
The initial [[prototype]] was completed in October 1944 and delivered to the Navy for testing in January 1945, a year after the Navy ordered development to start. Three further examples were completed by June 1945, with the third prototype being destroyed on the ground by US carrier aircraft.<ref name=Francillon1979p441/> |
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==Variants== |
==Variants== |
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* '''G8N1''' : Four-engine [[heavy bomber]]. Production version. |
* '''G8N1''' : Four-engine [[heavy bomber]]. Production version. |
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* '''G8N2''' : Modified to carry [[Ohka]] Type 33 Special Attack Bomber. Four Mitsubishi MK9A radial engines. |
* '''G8N2''' : Modified to carry [[Ohka]] Type 33 Special Attack Bomber. Four [[Mitsubishi Ha-43|Mitsubishi MK9A]] radial engines. |
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* '''G8N3''' : All-steel airframe. |
* '''G8N3''' : All-steel airframe. |
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;{{JPN}} |
;{{JPN}} |
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* [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] |
* [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] |
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** [[Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal|Naval Air Technical Arsenal]] (and after february 1945, reorganised to 1st Naval Technical Arsenal) |
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==Specifications (G8N1)== |
==Specifications (G8N1)== |
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[[File:Nakajima G8N1 Renzan - 3D drawing.svg| |
[[File:Nakajima G8N1 Renzan - 3D drawing.svg|thumb]] |
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{{Aircraft specs |
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{{aircraft specifications |
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|plane or copter?= plane |
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|jet or prop?= prop |
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|ref=''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War''<ref name=Francillon1979p441/> |
|ref=''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War''<ref name=Francillon1979p441/> |
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|prime units?=met |
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|crew= ten |
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<!-- |
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|capacity= |
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General characteristics |
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|payload main= |
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--> |
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|payload alt= |
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|crew=10 |
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|length main= 22.94 m |
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|length |
|length m=22.935 |
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|length note= |
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|span main= 32.54 m |
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|span |
|span m=32.54 |
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|span note= |
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|height main= 7.20 m |
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|height |
|height m=7.2 |
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|height note= |
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|area main= 112 m² |
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|area |
|wing area sqm=112 |
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|wing area note= |
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|airfoil= |
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|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|empty weight main= 17,400 kg |
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|airfoil='''root:''' K251; '''tip:''' K159<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |
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|empty weight alt= 38,400 lb |
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|empty weight kg=17400 |
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|empty weight note= |
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|gross weight kg=26800 |
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|useful load main= |
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|gross weight note= |
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|useful load alt= |
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|max takeoff weight |
|max takeoff weight kg=32150 |
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|max takeoff weight |
|max takeoff weight note= |
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|fuel capacity= |
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|more general= |
|more general= |
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<!-- |
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|engine (prop)= [[Nakajima Homare|Nakajima NK9K-L Homare 24]] |
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Powerplant |
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|type of prop= 18-cylinder radial engines |
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--> |
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|number of props= 4 |
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|eng1 number=4 |
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|power main= 1,491 kW |
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|eng1 name= [[Nakajima NK9K-L Homare 24]] |
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|power alt= 2,000 hp |
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|eng1 type=18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines |
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|power original= |
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|eng1 hp=2000 |
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|max speed main= 576 km/h |
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|eng1 note=for take-off |
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|max speed alt= 358 mph |
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::::{{cvt|1850|hp|order=flip|0}} at {{cvt|8000|m}} |
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|cruise speed main= |
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|cruise speed alt= |
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|prop blade number=4 |
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|stall speed main= |
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|prop name=constant-speed metal propellers |
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|stall speed alt= |
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|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|never exceed speed main= |
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|prop dia note= |
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|never exceed speed alt= |
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<!-- |
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|range main= 7,250 km |
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Performance |
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|range alt= 4,500 miles |
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--> |
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|ceiling main= 10,200 m |
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|max speed kmh=593 |
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|ceiling alt= 33,500 ft |
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|max speed note= at {{cvt|8000|m}} |
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|climb rate main= 457 m/min |
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|cruise speed kmh=370 |
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|climb rate alt= 1,500 ft/min |
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|cruise speed note= at {{cvt|4000|m}} |
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|loading main= 239 kg/m² |
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|stall speed kmh= |
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|loading alt= 49 lb/ft² |
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|stall speed note= |
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|thrust/weight= |
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|never exceed speed kmh= |
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|power/mass main= 0.22 kW/kg |
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|never exceed speed note= |
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|power/mass alt= 0.14 hp/lb |
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|minimum control speed kmh= |
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|minimum control speed note= |
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|range km=3945 |
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|range note= |
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|combat range km= |
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|combat range note= |
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|ferry range km=7464 |
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|ferry range note= |
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|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |
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|ceiling m=10200 |
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|ceiling note= |
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|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|climb rate ms= |
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|climb rate note= |
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|time to altitude={{cvt|8000|m}} in 17 minutes 34 seconds |
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|wing loading kg/m2=239.3 |
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|wing loading note= |
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|fuel consumption kg/km= |
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|power/mass={{cvt|0.1333|hp/lb|kW/kg|order=flip}} |
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|more performance= |
|more performance= |
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<!-- |
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|armament= |
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Armament |
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* 2× 20 mm [[Type 99 cannon]] in each dorsal, ventral, and tail turrets |
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--> |
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* 2× 13 mm (.51 in) [[Type 2 machine gun]]s in nose turret |
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|guns=<br/> |
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* 2× 13 mm (.51 in) Type 2 machine gun in fuselage sides |
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** 6× 20 mm [[Type 99 cannon]] - 2 each in the dorsal, ventral, and tail turrets |
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* Up to 4,000 kg (8,818 lb) of bombs |
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** 2× 13 mm (.51 in) [[Type 2 machine gun]]s in nose turret |
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** 2× 13 mm (.51 in) Type 2 machine gun in fuselage sides |
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|bombs=<br/> |
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** 2x {{cvt|2000|kg|0}} bombs - maximum |
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** 4x {{cvt|250|kg|0}} bombs - normal |
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|avionics= |
|avionics= |
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}} |
}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Commons category|Nakajima G8N Renzan}} |
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{{aircontent| |
{{aircontent| |
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|related= |
|related= |
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|similar aircraft= |
|similar aircraft= |
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* [[Avro Lincoln]] |
* [[Avro Lincoln]] |
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* [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] |
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* [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]] |
* [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]] |
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* [[Consolidated B-32 Dominator]] |
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* [[Heinkel He 177#Further development-the Heinkel He 177B|Heinkel He 177B]] |
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* [[Focke-Wulf Fw 191#Failure and end of program|Focke-Wulf Fw 191C]] |
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* [[Heinkel He 274]] |
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* [[Heinkel He 177#Further development-the Heinkel He 177 B|Heinkel He 177B]] |
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* [[Junkers Ju 290]] |
* [[Junkers Ju 290]] |
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* [[Martin XB-33 Super Marauder#XB-33A|Martin XB-33A Super Marauder]] |
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* [[Junkers Ju 390]] |
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* [[Petlyakov Pe-8]] |
* [[Petlyakov Pe-8]] |
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|lists= |
|lists= |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Commons category|Nakajima G8N Renzan}} |
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;Notes |
;Notes |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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;Bibliography |
;Bibliography |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* Collier, Basil. ''Japanese Aircraft of World War II''. New York: Mayflower Books, 1979. ISBN |
* Collier, Basil. ''Japanese Aircraft of World War II''. New York: Mayflower Books, 1979. {{ISBN|0-8317-5137-1}}. |
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* Francillon |
* {{cite book |last=Francillon |first=René J. |title=Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War |location=London |publisher=Putnam & Company Ltd |edition=2nd |year=1979 |isbn=0-370-30251-6}} |
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* Thorpe |
* {{cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Donald W. |title=Japanese Naval Air Force Camouflage and Markings World War II |location=Fallbrook, California |publisher=Aero Publishers, Inc |year=1977 |isbn=0-8168-6583-3}} |
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* Unknown authors. ''Famous Airplanes of the World: Nakajima Shinzan / Renzan (Volume 11, no.146)''. Japan: Bunrin-Do, Nov. 1984. |
* Unknown authors. ''Famous Airplanes of the World: Nakajima Shinzan / Renzan (Volume 11, no.146)''. Japan: Bunrin-Do, Nov. 1984. |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{Nakajima aircraft}} |
{{Nakajima aircraft}} |
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{{Japanese Navy |
{{Japanese Navy short aircraft designations}} |
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{{Imperial Japanese Navy official aircraft names}} |
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{{Allied reporting names}} |
{{Allied reporting names}} |
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[[Category:Nakajima aircraft|G08N]] |
[[Category:Nakajima aircraft|G08N]] |
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[[Category:Japanese bomber aircraft |
[[Category:1940s Japanese bomber aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft]] |
[[Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Monoplanes]] |
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[[Category:World War II Japanese heavy bombers]] |
[[Category:World War II Japanese heavy bombers]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1944]] |
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[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Four-engined piston aircraft]] |
Latest revision as of 09:18, 25 April 2024
G8N Renzan | |
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Role | Heavy bomber |
National origin | Japan |
Manufacturer | Nakajima Aircraft Company |
First flight | 23 October 1944 |
Introduction | 1945 |
Retired | August 1945 |
Status | retired |
Primary user | Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service |
Number built | 4 |
The Nakajima G8N Renzan (連山, "Mountain Range") was a four-engined long-range bomber designed for use by the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Navy designation was "Type 18 land-based attack aircraft" (十八試陸上攻撃機); the Allied code name was "Rita".
Design and development
In February 1943 the Imperial Navy staff asked Nakajima Aircraft Company to design a four-engined bomber, capable of meeting an earlier specification set for a long-range land-based attack plane. The final specification, issued on 14 September 1943, called for a plane with a maximum speed of 320 knots (590 km/h; 370 mph) able to carry a 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) bomb-load 2,000 nmi (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) or a reduced bomb-load 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi).[1]
Nakajima's design featured a mid-mounted wing of small area and high aspect ratio, a tricycle landing gear and a large single-fin rudder. Power came from four 2,000 hp Nakajima NK9K-L "Homare" 24 radial engines with Hitachi 92 turbosuperchargers driving four-bladed propellers. The engines were cooled by counter-rotating fans positioned just inside the engine cowlings.[1] Defensive armament included power-operated nose, dorsal, ventral and tail turrets along with two free-swiveling machine guns at the beam positions.[2]
Operational history
The initial prototype was completed in October 1944 and delivered to the Navy for testing in January 1945, a year after the Navy ordered development to start. Three further examples were completed by June 1945, with the third prototype being destroyed on the ground by US carrier aircraft.[2]
Other than minor problems with the turbosuperchargers, the Renzan performed satisfactorily and the Navy hoped to have a total of 16 prototypes and 48 production-version G8N1s assembled by September 1945. But the worsening war situation and a critical shortage of light aluminium alloys led to the project's cancellation in June.[2]
One proposed variant was the G8N2 Renzan-Kai Model 22, powered by four 2,200 hp Mitsubishi MK9A radial engines and modified to accept attachment of the air-launched Ohka Type 33 Special Attack Bomber.[2]
Just before Japan's surrender in August 1945 consideration was also briefly given to producing an all-steel version of the aircraft, to be designated G8N3 Renzan-Kai Model 23, but the cessation of hostilities precluded any further development.[2]
After the war, one prototype was taken to the United States[3][4] and scrapped after testing. None are in existence today.
Variants
- G8N1 : Four-engine heavy bomber. Production version.
- G8N2 : Modified to carry Ohka Type 33 Special Attack Bomber. Four Mitsubishi MK9A radial engines.
- G8N3 : All-steel airframe.
Operators
- Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
- Naval Air Technical Arsenal (and after february 1945, reorganised to 1st Naval Technical Arsenal)
Specifications (G8N1)
Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War[2]
General characteristics
- Crew: 10
- Length: 22.935 m (75 ft 3 in)
- Wingspan: 32.54 m (106 ft 9 in)
- Height: 7.2 m (23 ft 7 in)
- Wing area: 112 m2 (1,210 sq ft)
- Airfoil: root: K251; tip: K159[5]
- Empty weight: 17,400 kg (38,360 lb)
- Gross weight: 26,800 kg (59,084 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 32,150 kg (70,879 lb)
- Powerplant: 4 × Nakajima NK9K-L Homare 24 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,500 kW (2,000 hp) each for take-off
- 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) at 8,000 m (26,000 ft)
- Propellers: 4-bladed constant-speed metal propellers
Performance
- Maximum speed: 593 km/h (368 mph, 320 kn) at 8,000 m (26,000 ft)
- Cruise speed: 370 km/h (230 mph, 200 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
- Range: 3,945 km (2,451 mi, 2,130 nmi)
- Ferry range: 7,464 km (4,638 mi, 4,030 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 10,200 m (33,500 ft)
- Time to altitude: 8,000 m (26,000 ft) in 17 minutes 34 seconds
- Wing loading: 239.3 kg/m2 (49.0 lb/sq ft)
- Power/mass: 0.2191 kW/kg (0.1333 hp/lb)
Armament
- Guns:
- 6× 20 mm Type 99 cannon - 2 each in the dorsal, ventral, and tail turrets
- 2× 13 mm (.51 in) Type 2 machine guns in nose turret
- 2× 13 mm (.51 in) Type 2 machine gun in fuselage sides
- Bombs:
- 2x 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) bombs - maximum
- 4x 250 kg (551 lb) bombs - normal
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Avro Lincoln
- Boeing B-29 Superfortress
- Consolidated B-32 Dominator
- Focke-Wulf Fw 191C
- Heinkel He 177B
- Junkers Ju 290
- Martin XB-33A Super Marauder
- Petlyakov Pe-8
References
- Notes
- ^ a b Francillon 1979, p. 440.
- ^ a b c d e f Francillon 1979, p. 441.
- ^ Thorpe 1977, p. 27.
- ^ A G8N "Rita" in the USA via http://www.ww2incolor.com
- ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- Bibliography
- Collier, Basil. Japanese Aircraft of World War II. New York: Mayflower Books, 1979. ISBN 0-8317-5137-1.
- Francillon, René J. (1979). Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War (2nd ed.). London: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
- Thorpe, Donald W. (1977). Japanese Naval Air Force Camouflage and Markings World War II. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8168-6583-3.
- Unknown authors. Famous Airplanes of the World: Nakajima Shinzan / Renzan (Volume 11, no.146). Japan: Bunrin-Do, Nov. 1984.