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| coat of arms = |
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| country = [[ |
| country = [[Zabid]] |
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| titles = |
| titles = [[Emir]] |
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| founder = |
| founder = Najah Nasiru ed-Din |
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| final ruler = al-Fatiq III |
| final ruler = al-Fatiq III |
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| current head = |
| current head = |
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| founding year = 1021 |
| founding year = 1021 or 1047 |
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| dissolution = 1158 |
| dissolution = 1158 |
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| cadet branches = |
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'''Najahid dynasty''' ({{lang-ar|بنو نجاح}}; Banū Najāḥ) was a Muslim dynasty based in [[Zabid]]. It was established in [[Tihama]] (low lands) by a former slave of Abyssinian origin named [[Najah Nasiru ed-Din]] around 1022 or 1047 according to different sources.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=237 |language=Arabic}}</ref> The rise of the [[Sulayhid dynasty]] in the highlands reduced their history to a series of intrigues. |
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'''Najahid dynasty''' ({{lang-ar|بنو نجاح}}; Banū Najāḥ) was a [[Mamluk]] dynasty that governed the [[Tihama]] region in western [[Yemen]] including [[Zabid]] from 1021 to 1158.<ref name="Stone">{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Francine|title=Studies on the Tihāmah: the report of the Tihāmah Expedition 1982 and related papers|date=1985|publisher=Longman|isbn=0582783879|page=32|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=QU4rAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref><ref>G. Rex Smith "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion", p. 138.</ref> The rulers were former slaves from the Jazali group of [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="Casiet">{{cite book|last=Tamrat|first=Taddesse|title=Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527|date=1972|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=86|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ZNyAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> |
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==Dynastic establishment== |
==Dynastic establishment== |
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Najah, was a slave belonging to an [[Abyssinian]] group called "Jazal".<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=240|language=Arabic}}</ref> he was promoted to a [[Vizier]] rank under the [[Ziyadid dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=241 |language=Arabic}}</ref> The last Ziyadids sultan was too young to rule and was murdered by one of his slaves who immured him in a wall. Najah was able to triumph after years of fighting with his foster brother Nafis and could enter [[Zabid]] in 1052.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=241 |language=Arabic}}</ref> A diploma of official recognition was supposedly issued by the [[Abbasids|Abbasid]] [[caliph]] in [[Baghdad]]. In 1062, [[Ali al-Sulayhi]], founder of the [[Sulayhid dynasty]], conquered [[Zabid]] and killed Najah forcing his sons to flee to [[Dahlak Archipelago|Dahlak]].<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver ''The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3'' p. 119 Cambridge University Press,1977 ISBN 0521209811</ref> During their stay in Dahlak, they were plotting on avenging their father. Sa'id al-Ahwal, one of Najah's sons together with his brother Jayyash launched a surprise attack on [[Ali al-Sulayhi]] in 1084 on his way to [[Mecca]]. The inhabitants of Zabid once again recognized the Najahids as their rulers. [[Ali al-Sulayhi]]'s son Ahmed al-Mukaram led an army to [[Zabid]] after four months and killed 8,000 of its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=237 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Ahmed al-Mukaram killed Sa'id al-Ahwal in 1085.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=250 |language=Arabic}}</ref> His brother Jayyash fled to [[India]] but was able to return to [[Zabid]] in 1086 disguised as an Indian. Being a [[Sunni]], he enjoyed the support of [[Zabid]] inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=237 |language=Arabic}}</ref> He took advantage of a dispute between two Sulayhids [[Vizier]]s. Jayyash rallied the people of [[Zabid]] to revolt against the Sulayhid governor and expelled him from the city in 1087.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=237 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Jayyash enjoyed a period of relative peace in [[Zabid]] from 1089 until his demise in 1104, since The Sulayhids were preoccupied fighting the Zaydis in the northern highlands.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi |title=الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة |trans_title=political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States |year=1987 |publisher=University of Sana'a |isbn= |volume= |page=237 |language=Arabic}}</ref> After his demise, political conditions were unsettled. His second successor al-Mansur was installed as the vassal of the Sulayhids in 1111 but was poisoned by his own wazir Mann Allah in 1125. Mann Allah reduced the new Najahid incumbent to a figurehead and he himself was poisoned in 1130. The following decade saw a play of power between a succession of Mamluk strongmen and queen 'Arwa. The last Najahid ruler al-Fatiq III was attacked by a new and vigorous regime, the [[Mahdids]], in 1157. Ali ibn Mahdi besieged [[Zabid]] in 1157 forcing its inhabitant to request help from the [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi]] imam [[Al-Mutawakkil Ahmad bin Sulayman|al-Mutawakkil Ahmad]]. [[Al-Mutawakkil Ahmad bin Sulayman|al-Mutawakkil Ahmad]] agreed on the condtion that al-Fatiq must be killed first. al-Fatiq was killed in 1058 either by the imam or [[Zabid]] inhabitants.<ref>Robert W. Stookey, ''Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder'' 1978, p. 98; H.C. Kay, ''Yaman: Its early medieval history'', London 1892, pp. 128-9, 317.</ref> With this event, this Mamluk dynasty disappeared from History. |
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The dynasty was originally founded in 1021−22 by Najah, a Mamluk [[Vizier|wazir]] under the [[Ziyadid dynasty]]. The Ziyadids fell in 1018 and a power struggle broke out between Najah and his foster brother Nafis who had murdered the last Ziyadid ruler by immuring him in a wall. Najah was able to triumph after years of fighting and could enter the capital [[Zabid]]. The corpse of Nafis was built into the same wall where his victim had once been immured. The new ruler assumed royal titles, struck coins in his own name, and had his name mentioned after that of the [[caliph]] in the [[khutba]]. A diploma of official recognition was supposedly issued by the [[Abbasids|Abbasid]] [[caliph]] in [[Baghdad]].<ref name="Eoibo">''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Brill Online 2013, http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nadjahids-SIM_5717?s.num=2</ref> The Najahid dynasty consisted of former slaves from the Jazali group of Ethiopia, who served in the army.<ref name="Casiet"/> The Najahids soon came to dominate the Tihama lowlands, with local control routinely passing from the Najahid dynasty to [[Ali as-Sulayhi]]'s [[Sulayhid dynasty]] based in the [[San'a]] highlands. During the summer, the Najahids would tax Tihama's population, while the Sulayhids would do the same during the winter.<ref name="Stone"/> Hard-contested battles were fought between the two powers, which only ended when Najah was poisoned in 1060 in al-Kadrā and the Sulayhids occupied Zabid.<ref name="Eoibo"/> |
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==Struggles with Sulayhids and Zaydis== |
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Nevertheless, one of the sons of Najah, Sa'id, hid in Zabid and prepared for revenge. Together with his brother Jayyash he attacked and killed Ali as-Sulayhi in either 1067 or 1081 when the latter was on his way to [[Mecca]]. The inhabitants of Zabid once again recognized the Najahid Dynasty as their rulers. The following decades were marked by a life-and-death struggle with the Sulayhids. Sa'id was driven out of Zabid in 1083 and sought refuge on the [[Red Sea]] island [[Dahlak Archipelago|Dahlak]], but could come back again in 1086. Finally the Sulayhid queen [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]] arranged for the murder of Sa'id in 1088. His brother Jayyash fled to [[India]] but was able to return disguised as an Indian. He easily gained power in the Tihama in 1089.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Brill Online 2013, http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nadjahids-SIM_5717</ref> After his demise in 1105 or 1107, political conditions were unsettled. His second successor al-Mansur was installed as the vassal of the Sulayhids in 1111 but was poisoned by his own wazir Mann Allah in 1123. Mann Allah reduced the new Najahid incumbent to a figurehead and managed to defeat a [[Fatimids|Fatimid]] invasion from [[Egypt]]. Mann Allah himself was murdered in 1130 at the instigation of the widow queen 'Alam (d. 1150). The following decades saw a play of power between a succession of Mamluk strongmen and queen 'Arwa. The last Najahid ruler al-Fatiq III was attacked by a new and vigorous regime, the [[Mahdids]], in 1157. The [[Zaidiyyah]] imam [[Al-Mutawakkil Ahmad bin Sulayman|al-Mutawakkil Ahmad]] intervened on the behalf of the crestfallen regime and entered Zabid. However, al-Fatiq was soon killed, either by the imam or by his own slave soldiers.<ref>Robert W. Stookey, ''Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder'' 1978, p. 98; H.C. Kay, ''Yaman: Its early medieval history'', London 1892, pp. 128-9, 317.</ref> With this event, the Najahid dynasty's rule ended. |
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==List of rulers== |
==List of rulers== |
Revision as of 17:44, 12 February 2014
Najahid dynasty Banū Najāḥ بنو نجاح | |
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Country | Zabid |
Founded | 1021 or 1047 |
Founder | Najah Nasiru ed-Din |
Final ruler | al-Fatiq III |
Titles | Emir |
Dissolution | 1158 |
Najahid dynasty (Arabic: بنو نجاح; Banū Najāḥ) was a Muslim dynasty based in Zabid. It was established in Tihama (low lands) by a former slave of Abyssinian origin named Najah Nasiru ed-Din around 1022 or 1047 according to different sources.[1] The rise of the Sulayhid dynasty in the highlands reduced their history to a series of intrigues.
Dynastic establishment
Najah, was a slave belonging to an Abyssinian group called "Jazal".[2] he was promoted to a Vizier rank under the Ziyadid dynasty.[3] The last Ziyadids sultan was too young to rule and was murdered by one of his slaves who immured him in a wall. Najah was able to triumph after years of fighting with his foster brother Nafis and could enter Zabid in 1052.[4] A diploma of official recognition was supposedly issued by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. In 1062, Ali al-Sulayhi, founder of the Sulayhid dynasty, conquered Zabid and killed Najah forcing his sons to flee to Dahlak.[5] During their stay in Dahlak, they were plotting on avenging their father. Sa'id al-Ahwal, one of Najah's sons together with his brother Jayyash launched a surprise attack on Ali al-Sulayhi in 1084 on his way to Mecca. The inhabitants of Zabid once again recognized the Najahids as their rulers. Ali al-Sulayhi's son Ahmed al-Mukaram led an army to Zabid after four months and killed 8,000 of its inhabitants.[6] Ahmed al-Mukaram killed Sa'id al-Ahwal in 1085.[7] His brother Jayyash fled to India but was able to return to Zabid in 1086 disguised as an Indian. Being a Sunni, he enjoyed the support of Zabid inhabitants.[8] He took advantage of a dispute between two Sulayhids Viziers. Jayyash rallied the people of Zabid to revolt against the Sulayhid governor and expelled him from the city in 1087.[9] Jayyash enjoyed a period of relative peace in Zabid from 1089 until his demise in 1104, since The Sulayhids were preoccupied fighting the Zaydis in the northern highlands.[10] After his demise, political conditions were unsettled. His second successor al-Mansur was installed as the vassal of the Sulayhids in 1111 but was poisoned by his own wazir Mann Allah in 1125. Mann Allah reduced the new Najahid incumbent to a figurehead and he himself was poisoned in 1130. The following decade saw a play of power between a succession of Mamluk strongmen and queen 'Arwa. The last Najahid ruler al-Fatiq III was attacked by a new and vigorous regime, the Mahdids, in 1157. Ali ibn Mahdi besieged Zabid in 1157 forcing its inhabitant to request help from the Zaydi imam al-Mutawakkil Ahmad. al-Mutawakkil Ahmad agreed on the condtion that al-Fatiq must be killed first. al-Fatiq was killed in 1058 either by the imam or Zabid inhabitants.[11] With this event, this Mamluk dynasty disappeared from History.
List of rulers
- al-Mu'ayyad Najah 1021−1060
- Sa'id al-Ahwal 1067/1081−1088 (son)
- Abu't-Tami Jayyash 1089−1105/1107 (brother)
- al-Fatiq I 1105/1107−1109 (son)
- al-Mansur 1111−1123 (son)
- al-Fatiq II 1123−1137 (son)
- al-Fatiq III 1137−1158 (first cousin)
External links
References
- ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 240.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 241.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 241.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 p. 119 Cambridge University Press,1977 ISBN 0521209811
- ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 250.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Robert W. Stookey, Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder 1978, p. 98; H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 128-9, 317.
Literature
- G. Rex Smith "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion", in Werner Daum Jemen, Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main, ISBN 3-7016-2251-5, pp. 136-154.