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The '''Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast'''<ref>{{lang-ru|link=no|Нагорно-Карабахская автономная область, НКАО}}; [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Дағлыг Гарабағ Мухтар Вилајәти, ДГМВ / ''Dağlıq Qarabağ Muxtar Vilayəti'', ''DQMV''; {{lang-hy|Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Ինքնավար Մարզ, ԼՂԻՄ}} / ''Lernayin Ġarabaġi Inknavar Marz'', ''LĠIM''</ref> was an [[Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union|autonomous oblast]] within the borders of the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], mostly inhabited by ethnic Armenians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ardillier-Carras|first=Françoise |date=2006|title=Sud-Caucase : conflit du Karabagh et nettoyage ethnique|trans-title=South Caucasus: Nagorny Karabagh conflict and ethnic cleansing|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf_0004-5322_2006_num_83_4_2527|location= |publisher=|language=fr|pages=409–432 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/publications/refugeemag/3b5583fd4/unhcr-publication-cis-conference-displacement-cis-conflicts-caucasus.html |title=UNHCR publication for CIS Conference (Displacement in the CIS) – Conflicts in the Caucasus |last= |first= |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|language=en|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yamskov|first=A. N.|author-link=|title=Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh |periodical=Theory and Society|volume= 20|number=5|date=1991|page=659 | language=en |isbn=}}</ref> |
The '''Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast'''<ref>{{lang-ru|link=no|Нагорно-Карабахская автономная область, НКАО}}; [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Дағлыг Гарабағ Мухтар Вилајәти, ДГМВ / ''Dağlıq Qarabağ Muxtar Vilayəti'', ''DQMV''; {{lang-hy|Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Ինքնավար Մարզ, ԼՂԻՄ}} / ''Lernayin Ġarabaġi Inknavar Marz'', ''LĠIM''</ref> was an [[Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union|autonomous oblast]] within the borders of the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], mostly inhabited by ethnic Armenians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ardillier-Carras|first=Françoise |date=2006|title=Sud-Caucase : conflit du Karabagh et nettoyage ethnique|trans-title=South Caucasus: Nagorny Karabagh conflict and ethnic cleansing|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf_0004-5322_2006_num_83_4_2527|location= |publisher=|language=fr|pages=409–432 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/publications/refugeemag/3b5583fd4/unhcr-publication-cis-conference-displacement-cis-conflicts-caucasus.html |title=UNHCR publication for CIS Conference (Displacement in the CIS) – Conflicts in the Caucasus |last= |first= |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|language=en|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yamskov|first=A. N.|author-link=|title=Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh |periodical=Theory and Society|volume= 20|number=5|date=1991|page=659 | language=en |isbn=}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Nagorno Karabakh03.png|thumb|left|250px|Principal cities of the Oblast.]] |
[[File:Nagorno Karabakh03.png|thumb|left|250px|Principal cities of the Oblast.]] |
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⚫ | The area was disputed between [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]] during their short-lived independence from 1918 and 1920. After the [[Sovietization]] of Armenia and Azerbaijan, [[Kavbiuro]] decided to keep Karabakh within [[Azerbaijan SSR]] with broad regional autonomy, with the administrative center in the city of [[Shusha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armenian.usc.edu/qa-with-arsene-saparov-no-evidence-that-stalin-gave-karabakh-to-azerbaijan/ |title=Q&A with Arsène Saparov: No Evidence that Stalin “Gave” Karabakh to Azerbaijan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=10 December 2018 |website=armenian.usc.edu |publisher= |access-date= |quote=Of all the documents I have seen, there is no direct evidence of Stalin doing or saying something in those 12 days in the summer of 1921 that [resulted in this decision on Karabakh]. A lot of people just assume that since Stalin was an evil person, it would be typical of someone evil to take a decision like that.}}</ref><ref>[https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/710567602661097564/733706215992852530/Screenshot_20200420-212610.jpg Document about creation of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (in Russian)]</ref> |
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On July 7, 1923, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was created and the capital was moved to [[Khankendi]] (later known as Stepanakert).<ref name="Atlas">{{cite book |author= |date=1928 |title=Атлас Союза Советских Социалистических Республик |trans-title=Atlas of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |url= |language= |location= |publisher=Moscow: Central Executive Committee of the USSR |isbn= |quote=The Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is part of the SSR of Azerbaijan, was formed by the decree of the AzCEC 7 / VI 1923 from Armenian parts of the former Jevanshir, Shulgan, Karyaginsky, and Kubatly uyezds. |
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The territory of the Region is 4.161 sq. km. According to the administrative division on 1 / I of 1927, it is divided into 5 sections or parishes. Its administrative and political center is mountains. Stepanakert (formerly the village of Khankendy). Another city of the Region is Shusha. }}</ref> At the time of its formation, its area was 4,161 km².<ref name="Atlas" /> According to the 1926 census, the population of the region was 125.2 thousand people, among whom the Armenians accounted for 89.2%. However, by 1989, the share of Armenians dropped to 76.9% of the population of the autonomous region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php?reg=2304 |title=All-Union Population Census of 1926. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of the republics of the USSR |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1926 |website=demoscope.ru |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> |
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== Military conflict== |
== Military conflict== |
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[[File:Ani Location Artsakh en.gif|thumb| |
[[File:Ani Location Artsakh en.gif|thumb|right|Location of the Oblast within the area claimed by the Republic of Artsakh.]] |
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⚫ | The conflict between the Armenians in the oblast and the government of the Azerbaijan SSR broke out in 1987. The fighting escalated into the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]] by the end of 1991. On November 26, 1991, the parliament of the Azerbaijan SSR abolished the autonomous status of the oblast. Its internal administrative divisions were also abolished, and its territory was split up and redistributed amongst the neighboring administrative raions of Khojavend, Tartar, Goranboy, Shusha, and Kalbajar.<ref>Svante Cornell, ''[http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/tfopol.pdf Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610030840/http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/tfopol.pdf |date=June 10, 2007 }}'', in ''Middle Eastern Studies Journal'' Vol 34, No. 1 (London: Frank Cass Publications, January 1998), pp. 51–72</ref> In response, the majority Armenian population of the oblast [[1991 Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum|declared their independence]] as the [[Republic of Artsakh|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] which was supported by [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oskanian|first=Kevork|date=29 September 2020|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: are Armenia and Azerbaijan sliding towards all-out war?|url=http://theconversation.com/nagorno-karabakh-are-armenia-and-azerbaijan-sliding-towards-all-out-war-147066|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Minasyan|first=Karen|date=2 October 2020|title=Why Nagorno-Karabakh? The history (both ancient and modern) that fuels the deadly conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2020/10/01/why-nagorno-karabakh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-19|website=meduza.io}}</ref> Today, most of the territory of the former oblast is under the control of the self-proclaimed [[Artsakh Defense Army]]. |
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⚫ | The conflict between the Armenians in the oblast and the government of the Azerbaijan SSR broke out in 1987. The fighting escalated into the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]] by the end of 1991. On November 26, 1991, the parliament of the Azerbaijan SSR abolished the autonomous status of the oblast. Its internal administrative divisions were also abolished, and its territory was split up and redistributed amongst the neighboring administrative raions of Khojavend, Tartar, Goranboy, Shusha, and Kalbajar.<ref>Svante Cornell, ''[http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/tfopol.pdf Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610030840/http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/tfopol.pdf |date=June 10, 2007 }}'', in ''Middle Eastern Studies Journal'' Vol 34, No. 1 (London: Frank Cass Publications, January 1998), pp. 51–72</ref> In response, the majority Armenian population of the oblast [[1991 Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum|declared their independence]] as the [[Republic of Artsakh|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] which was supported by [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oskanian|first=Kevork|date=29 September 2020|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: are Armenia and Azerbaijan sliding towards all-out war?|url=http://theconversation.com/nagorno-karabakh-are-armenia-and-azerbaijan-sliding-towards-all-out-war-147066|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Minasyan|first=Karen|date=2 October 2020|title=Why Nagorno-Karabakh? The history (both ancient and modern) that fuels the deadly conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2020/10/01/why-nagorno-karabakh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-19|website=meduza.io}}</ref> Today, most of the territory of the former oblast is under the control of the [[Artsakh Defense Army]]. |
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== Current status == |
== Current status == |
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Today, the area of the former NKAO is under [[de facto]] control of the |
Today, the area of the former NKAO is mostly under [[de facto]] control of the self-proclaimed [[Republic of Artsakh]]. However, the republic is not recognized by any country and the former oblast is ''de jure'' part of that Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|title=1993 UN Security Council Resolutions on Nagorno-Karabakh|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm|access-date=2020-10-19|website=2001-2009.state.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]] dissolved the oblast as an entity of [[Azerbaijan]] on November 26, 1991 by the [[Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]]. |
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== Administrative divisions == |
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It was divided into five [[raion]]s or administrative divisions: |
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== Demography == |
== Demography == |
Revision as of 08:26, 28 October 2020
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Нагорно-Карабахская автономная область Дағлыг Гарабағ Мухтар Вилајәти Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի ինքնավար մարզ | |||||||||||
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Autonomous oblast of Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic | |||||||||||
1923–1991 | |||||||||||
Capital | Stepanakert | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• | 4,388 km2 (1,694 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• | 162,181 | ||||||||||
• Type | Autonomous Oblast | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Established | July 7 1923 | ||||||||||
• Abolished | November 26 1991 | ||||||||||
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Population source:[1] |
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast[2] was an autonomous oblast within the borders of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, mostly inhabited by ethnic Armenians.[3][4][5]
History
The area was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan during their short-lived independence from 1918 and 1920. After the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, Kavbiuro decided to keep Karabakh within Azerbaijan SSR with broad regional autonomy, with the administrative center in the city of Shusha.[6][7]
On July 7, 1923, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was created and the capital was moved to Khankendi (later known as Stepanakert).[8] At the time of its formation, its area was 4,161 km².[8] According to the 1926 census, the population of the region was 125.2 thousand people, among whom the Armenians accounted for 89.2%. However, by 1989, the share of Armenians dropped to 76.9% of the population of the autonomous region.[9]
Military conflict
The conflict between the Armenians in the oblast and the government of the Azerbaijan SSR broke out in 1987. The fighting escalated into the Nagorno-Karabakh War by the end of 1991. On November 26, 1991, the parliament of the Azerbaijan SSR abolished the autonomous status of the oblast. Its internal administrative divisions were also abolished, and its territory was split up and redistributed amongst the neighboring administrative raions of Khojavend, Tartar, Goranboy, Shusha, and Kalbajar.[10] In response, the majority Armenian population of the oblast declared their independence as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic which was supported by Armenia.[11][12] Today, most of the territory of the former oblast is under the control of the self-proclaimed Artsakh Defense Army.
Current status
Today, the area of the former NKAO is mostly under de facto control of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. However, the republic is not recognized by any country and the former oblast is de jure part of that Azerbaijan.[13] Azerbaijan dissolved the oblast as an entity of Azerbaijan on November 26, 1991 by the Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.
Administrative divisions
It was divided into five raions or administrative divisions:
- Mardakert District (NKAO)
- Martuni District (NKAO)
- Shusha District (NKAO)
- Askeran District (NKAO)
- Hadrut District (NKAO)
Demography
Dynamics of number and ethnic composition of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh according to the All-Union census 1926 - 1989 years
Nationalities | 1926[14] census |
% | 1939[15] census |
% | 1959[16] census |
% | 1970[17] census |
% | 1979[18] census |
% | 1989[19] census |
% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 125159 | 100,00% | 150837 | 100,00% | 130406 | 100,00% | 150313 | 100,00% | 162181 | 100,00% | 189085 | 100,00% |
Armenians | 111694 | 89,24% | 132800 | 88,04% | 110053 | 84,39% | 121068 | 80,54% | 123076 | 75,89% | 145450 | 76,92% |
Azerbaijanis[20] | 12592 | 10,06% | 14053 | 9,32% | 17995 | 13,80% | 27179 | 18,08% | 37264 | 22,98% | 40688 | 21,52% |
Russians | 596 | 0,48% | 3174 | 2,10% | 1790 | 1,37% | 1310 | 0,87% | 1265 | 0,78% | 1922 | 1,02% |
Ukrainians | 35 | 0,03% | 436 | 0,29% | 238 | 0,18% | 193 | 0,13% | 140 | 0,09% | 416 | 0,22% |
Belarussian | 12 | 0,01% | 11 | 0,01% | 32 | 0,02% | 35 | 0,02% | 37 | 0,02% | 79 | 0,04% |
Greeks | 68 | 0,05% | 74 | 0,05% | 67 | 0,05% | 33 | 0,02% | 56 | 0,03% | 72 | 0,04% |
Tatars | 6 | 0,00% | 29 | 0,02% | 36 | 0,03% | 25 | 0,02% | 41 | 0,03% | 64 | 0,03% |
Georgians | 5 | 0,00% | 25 | 0,02% | 16 | 0,01% | 22 | 0,01% | 17 | 0,01% | 57 | 0,03% |
Others | 151 | 0,12% | 235 | 0,16% | 179 | 0,14% | 448 | 0,30% | 285 | 0,18% | 337 | 0,18% |
See also
References
- ^ (in Russian) НАГОРНО-КАРАБАХСКАЯ АО (1979 г.)
- ^ Russian: Нагорно-Карабахская автономная область, НКАО; Azerbaijani: Дағлыг Гарабағ Мухтар Вилајәти, ДГМВ / Dağlıq Qarabağ Muxtar Vilayəti, DQMV; Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Ինքնավար Մարզ, ԼՂԻՄ / Lernayin Ġarabaġi Inknavar Marz, LĠIM
- ^ Ardillier-Carras, Françoise (2006). Sud-Caucase : conflit du Karabagh et nettoyage ethnique [South Caucasus: Nagorny Karabagh conflict and ethnic cleansing] (in French). pp. 409–432.
- ^ "UNHCR publication for CIS Conference (Displacement in the CIS) – Conflicts in the Caucasus". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- ^ Yamskov, A. N. (1991). Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh. Vol. 20. p. 659.
{{cite book}}
:|periodical=
ignored (help) - ^ "Q&A with Arsène Saparov: No Evidence that Stalin "Gave" Karabakh to Azerbaijan". armenian.usc.edu. December 10, 2018.
Of all the documents I have seen, there is no direct evidence of Stalin doing or saying something in those 12 days in the summer of 1921 that [resulted in this decision on Karabakh]. A lot of people just assume that since Stalin was an evil person, it would be typical of someone evil to take a decision like that.
- ^ Document about creation of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (in Russian)
- ^ a b Атлас Союза Советских Социалистических Республик [Atlas of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]. Moscow: Central Executive Committee of the USSR. 1928.
The Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is part of the SSR of Azerbaijan, was formed by the decree of the AzCEC 7 / VI 1923 from Armenian parts of the former Jevanshir, Shulgan, Karyaginsky, and Kubatly uyezds. The territory of the Region is 4.161 sq. km. According to the administrative division on 1 / I of 1927, it is divided into 5 sections or parishes. Its administrative and political center is mountains. Stepanakert (formerly the village of Khankendy). Another city of the Region is Shusha.
{{cite book}}
: line feed character in|quote=
at position 220 (help) - ^ "All-Union Population Census of 1926. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of the republics of the USSR". demoscope.ru. 1926.
- ^ Svante Cornell, Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance Archived June 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, in Middle Eastern Studies Journal Vol 34, No. 1 (London: Frank Cass Publications, January 1998), pp. 51–72
- ^ Oskanian, Kevork (September 29, 2020). "Nagorno-Karabakh: are Armenia and Azerbaijan sliding towards all-out war?". The Conversation. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Minasyan, Karen (October 2, 2020). "Why Nagorno-Karabakh? The history (both ancient and modern) that fuels the deadly conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan". meduza.io. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "1993 UN Security Council Resolutions on Nagorno-Karabakh". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам республик СССР Демоскоп
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей союзных республик по национальности и полу Демоскоп
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности Демоскоп
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности Демоскоп
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности Демоскоп
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года.Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности Демоскоп
- ^ according to the 1926 census were designated as "Turkic people"