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{{Short description|Subculture of people with multiple personalities}}{{About|the online subculture|the mental disorder|Dissociative Identity Disorder|the psychological concept|Multiplicity (psychology)}} |
{{Short description|Subculture of people with multiple personalities}}{{About|the online subculture|the mental disorder|Dissociative Identity Disorder|the psychological concept|Multiplicity (psychology)}} |
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'''Multiplicity''', also called '''plurality''', is an [[Online community|online subculture]] of people having or using multiple [[Subpersonality|personalities]].<ref name="Ribáry">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribáry |first1=Gergő |last2=Lajtai |first2=László |last3=Demetrovics |first3=Zsolt |last4=Maraz |first4=Aniko |date=2017-06-13 |title=Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=938 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00938 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=5468408 |pmid=28659840 |doi-access=free}}</ref |
'''Multiplicity''', also called '''plurality''', is an [[Online community|online subculture]] of people having or using multiple [[Subpersonality|personalities]].<ref name="Ribáry">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribáry |first1=Gergő |last2=Lajtai |first2=László |last3=Demetrovics |first3=Zsolt |last4=Maraz |first4=Aniko |date=2017-06-13 |title=Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=938 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00938 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=5468408 |pmid=28659840 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Vice">{{Cite web |last=Telfer |first=Tori |date=2015-05-11 |title=Are Multiple Personalities Always a Disorder? |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vdxgw9/when-multiple-personalities-are-not-a-disorder-400 |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Definition == |
== Definition == |
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The multiplicity subculture defines multiplicity to include:<ref name="Vice" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Schechter |first=Elizabeth |title=What we can learn about respect and identity from 'plurals' |url=https://aeon.co/ideas/what-we-can-learn-about-respect-and-identity-from-plurals |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Aeon |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> |
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* Spiritual, cultural, [[paranormal]], or [[Role-playing|roleplay]] practices. |
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Others are more exclusive to people that have dissociative disorders.<ref name="Ribáry" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Tulpa|Tulpamancy]] |
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==Origins== |
==Origins== |
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{{Main|Tulpa#Tulpamancers}} |
{{Main|Tulpa#Tulpamancers}} |
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''Vice Magazine'' suggests that the [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]] practice of [[tulpamancy]] is a predecessor of present-day multiplicity communities.<ref name="Vice" /> Nowadays, a dedicated tulpamancy subculture also exists, where practitioners willfully create and entertain ''tulpas'', a form of [[imaginary friend]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mikles |first=Natasha L.|last2 = Laycock | first2 = Joseph P. |date=2015 |title=Tracking the Tulpa: Exploring the “Tibetan” Origins of a Contemporary Paranormal Idea |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article/19/1/87/70982/Tracking-th|issue=1 |pages=87- |doi=10.1525/nr.2015.19.1.87 |access-date=}}</ref> According to a member of the community interviewed by ''Vice,'' the multiplicity community and related vocabulary like " |
''Vice Magazine'' suggests that the [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]] practice of [[tulpamancy]] is a predecessor of present-day multiplicity communities.<ref name="Vice" /> Nowadays, a dedicated tulpamancy subculture also exists, where practitioners willfully create and entertain ''tulpas'', a form of [[imaginary friend]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mikles |first=Natasha L.|last2 = Laycock | first2 = Joseph P. |date=2015 |title=Tracking the Tulpa: Exploring the “Tibetan” Origins of a Contemporary Paranormal Idea |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article/19/1/87/70982/Tracking-th|issue=1 |pages=87- |doi=10.1525/nr.2015.19.1.87 |access-date=}}</ref> According to a member of the community interviewed by ''Vice,'' the multiplicity community and related vocabulary like "system''",''"multiple "and" fronting" originated in [[mailing lists]] of the 1980s.<ref name="Vice" /> |
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== Characteristics == |
== Characteristics == |
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Multiplicity communities exist online through social media blogging sites like [[LiveJournal]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Riesman |first=Abraham |date=2019-03-29 |title=The Best Cartoonist You’ve Never Read Is Eight Different People |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/lb-lee-dissociative-identity-disorder-comics.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Vulture |language=en-us |
Multiplicity communities exist online through social media blogging sites like [[LiveJournal]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Riesman |first=Abraham |date=2019-03-29 |title=The Best Cartoonist You’ve Never Read Is Eight Different People |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/lb-lee-dissociative-identity-disorder-comics.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> They are composed of individuals who identify as "systems" of multiple distinct personalities, often called"alters","systemmembers","headmates","muses","daemons","tulpas","imaginary friends" and "personas" which can have different names, ages, genders, sexualities, personalities from one another.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Parry |first1=Sarah |last2=Eve |first2=Zarah |last3=Myers |first3=Gemma |date=2022-07-21 |title=Exploring the Utility and Personal Relevance of Co-Produced Multiplicity Resources with Young People |journal=Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=427–439 |doi=10.1007/s40653-021-00377-7 |issn=1936-1521 |pmc=9120276 |pmid=35600531 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/psych-unseen/202302/enacted-identities-multiplicity-plurality-and-tulpamancy |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Other common terms within multiplicity communities include: |
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* "Fronting |
* "Fronting".<ref name="Vice" /> |
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* " |
* "Headspace" or "inner world", the subjective realm were system members interact when they're not fronting.<ref name="Vice" /> |
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* "Headspace" or "inner world", the concept of a mental space in which alters interact together.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vice" /> |
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* "Singlet", referring to a person that does not experience plurality.<ref name="Ribáry" /><ref name="Vice" /><ref name=":2" /> |
* "Singlet", referring to a person that does not experience plurality.<ref name="Ribáry" /><ref name="Vice" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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* "Endogenic", of plurality that has [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|non-traumagenic]] roots.<ref name=":5" /> |
* "Endogenic", of plurality that has [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|non-traumagenic]] roots.<ref name=":5" /> |
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== Role as a support community == |
== Role as a support community == |
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In their 2017 study on online multiplicity communities, Ribáry et al. found that for participants, "the common identity of 'being multiple' aids in the process of coping with the alterations of the personality" and that for them, "the discovery of the concept of multiplicity and the possibility of communicating with others was helpful and therapeutic".<ref name="Ribáry" /> |
In their 2017 study on online multiplicity communities, Ribáry et al. found that for participants, "the common identity of 'being multiple' aids in the process of coping with the alterations of the personality" and that for them, "the discovery of the concept of multiplicity and the possibility of communicating with others was helpful and therapeutic".<ref name="Ribáry" /> |
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== Role towards [[iatrogenesis]] == |
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Multiplicity [[influencers]] have received criticism for portraying dissociative identity disorders lightheartedly, subject to community response encouraging such content. About the "DID TikTok" community, the online magazine ''Input'' writes:<ref name=":3" /> |
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{{Quote|text=On DID TikTok, the disorder often comes across like a lighthearted state of being, in stark contrast to the way it is spoken about by clinicians and other people who live with it: Each system presents a cast of colorful characters, often squabbling over the body that they share. On occasion, systems let down their guard and post about the emotional turmoil that comes with DID — but these videos are often not as popular.}} |
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Psychologist Naomi Torres-Mackie, head of research at The Mental Health Coalition, claims that multiplicity-related social media content caused an increase in [[self-diagnosis]] of related disorders. She states: "All of a sudden, all of my adolescent patients think that they have this, and they don't ... Folks start attaching clinical meaning and feeling like, 'I should be diagnosed with this. I need medication for this', when actually a lot of these experiences are normative and don't need to be pathologized or treated."<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Teens are using ''TikTok'' to diagnose themselves with dissociative identity disorder |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/dissociative-identity-disorder-on-tiktok |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Teen Vogue}}</ref> |
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In their 2017 study on online multiplicity communities, Ribáry et al. wrote about a [[Reinforcement theory|reinforcing effect]] in the online multiplicity subculture:<ref name="Ribáry" /> |
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{{Quote|text=On the one hand, the online community may prevent members seeking professional help, and on the other hand, individuals with disturbed but not dissociated identity problems also may internalize the group's beliefs and rules, further increasing the severity of their fragmentedness.}} |
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=== ''Faking'' and ''fakeclaiming'' === |
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The magazines ''[[Psychology Today]] and [[Teen Vogue]]'' describe accusations of "faking" and "fakeclaiming" to be commonplace in online multiplicity communities. "Faking" refers to an individual intentionally attributing a false medical condition like [[dissociative identity disorder]] or [[Other specified dissociative disorder|OSDD]] to a willfully exaggerated presentation of multiple personalities. "Fakeclaiming" refers to an accusation of "Faking".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Heather Hall, a psychiatrist on the board of directors for the [[International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation]], argues that such back-and-forth "faking" and "fakeclaiming" accusations have a [[gaslighting]] impact on members suffering from dissociative disorders, causing them to doubt their diagnosis.<ref name=":4" /> A common topic of discourse in online multiplicity communities, especially ones centered around dissociative identity disorder, is whether or not a medical condition or a medical diagnosis is required to be considered a "system".<ref name="Vice" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 16:49, 30 June 2023
Multiplicity, also called plurality, is an online subculture of people having or using multiple personalities.[1][2]
Definition
The multiplicity subculture defines multiplicity to include:[2][3][4]
- Mental disorders like identity disturbance or dissociative identity disorder.
- Tulpamancy
Origins
Vice Magazine suggests that the Tibetan practice of tulpamancy is a predecessor of present-day multiplicity communities.[2] Nowadays, a dedicated tulpamancy subculture also exists, where practitioners willfully create and entertain tulpas, a form of imaginary friend.[5] According to a member of the community interviewed by Vice, the multiplicity community and related vocabulary like "system","multiple "and" fronting" originated in mailing lists of the 1980s.[2]
Characteristics
Multiplicity communities exist online through social media blogging sites like LiveJournal[6] They are composed of individuals who identify as "systems" of multiple distinct personalities, often called"alters","systemmembers","headmates","muses","daemons","tulpas","imaginary friends" and "personas" which can have different names, ages, genders, sexualities, personalities from one another.[6][7][4] Other common terms within multiplicity communities include:
- "Fronting".[2]
- "Headspace" or "inner world", the subjective realm were system members interact when they're not fronting.[2]
- "Singlet", referring to a person that does not experience plurality.[1][2][3]
- "Endogenic", of plurality that has non-traumagenic roots.[4]
Role as a support community
In their 2017 study on online multiplicity communities, Ribáry et al. found that for participants, "the common identity of 'being multiple' aids in the process of coping with the alterations of the personality" and that for them, "the discovery of the concept of multiplicity and the possibility of communicating with others was helpful and therapeutic".[1]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Ribáry, Gergő; Lajtai, László; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Maraz, Aniko (2017-06-13). "Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 938. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00938. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5468408. PMID 28659840.
- ^ a b c d e f g Telfer, Tori (2015-05-11). "Are Multiple Personalities Always a Disorder?". Vice. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ a b Schechter, Elizabeth. "What we can learn about respect and identity from 'plurals'". Aeon. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ a b c "Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ Mikles, Natasha L.; Laycock, Joseph P. (2015). "Tracking the Tulpa: Exploring the "Tibetan" Origins of a Contemporary Paranormal Idea" (1): 87-. doi:10.1525/nr.2015.19.1.87.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b Riesman, Abraham (2019-03-29). "The Best Cartoonist You've Never Read Is Eight Different People". Vulture. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ^ Parry, Sarah; Eve, Zarah; Myers, Gemma (2022-07-21). "Exploring the Utility and Personal Relevance of Co-Produced Multiplicity Resources with Young People". Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 15 (2): 427–439. doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00377-7. ISSN 1936-1521. PMC 9120276. PMID 35600531.
Further reading
- Ian Hacking (2000). What's Normal?: Narratives of Mental & Emotional Disorders. Kent State University Press. pp. 39–54. ISBN 9780873386531.
- Jennifer Radden (2011). "Multiple Selves". The Oxford Handbook of the Self. Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 547 et seq. ISBN 9780199548019.
External links
- MoreThanOne.info, an information page on plurality