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'''''Mukti Bahini''''' ({{lang-bn|মুক্তি বাহিনী}}<ref name= "Jahan 1973">{{cite journal|last=Jahan|first=Rounaq|title=Bangladesh in 1972: Nation Building in a New State|journal=Asian Survey|date=1 February 1973|volume=13|issue=2|pages=31|doi=10.2307/2642736|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2642736}}</ref> Freedom fighters or Liberation |
'''''Mukti Bahini''''' ({{lang-bn|মুক্তি বাহিনী}}<ref name= "Jahan 1973">{{cite journal|last=Jahan|first=Rounaq|title=Bangladesh in 1972: Nation Building in a New State|journal=Asian Survey|date=1 February 1973|volume=13|issue=2|pages=31|doi=10.2307/2642736|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2642736}}</ref> '''Freedom fighters''' or '''Liberation Arm'''<ref name="Benvenisti2012">{{cite book|author=Eyal Benvenisti|title=The International Law of Occupation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f19hVb54_s8C&pg=PA189|accessdate=20 December 2012|date=23 February 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-163957-9|pages=189–}}</ref> were [[Bengali]] resistance force from erstwhile East Pakistan, who fought for the independence of [[Bangladesh]] (former East Pakistan) from [[Pakistan]] (former West Pakistan) and they have struggled against the [[Pakistan Army|West Pakistan army]] in [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] (1971).<ref name=jacob-1>{{cite news|title=Mukti Bahini must be given due credit for liberating Bangladesh: Gen Jacob|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/mukti-bahini-must-given-due-credit-liberating-bangladesh-112253521.html|accessdate=30 March 2013|newspaper=[[Yahoo News]]|date=19 Octaber, 2012}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Army]] launched [[Operation Searchlight|military operations]] against Bengali civilians, students, [[intelligentsia]], and armed personnel after sundown on the 25th of March. In response, the [[Bangladeshi declaration of independence|declaration of Bangladesh's independence]] was proclaimed and Bengali military and paramilitary personnel, as well as civilians, started spontaneous resistance against the aggression giving rise to the Mukti Bahini. Later in April, [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] was formed formally with Col. [[M. A. G. Osmani]] as the commander-in-chief. The armed forces as well as the paramilitary and civilian forces who fought alongside them for the liberation of [[Bangladesh]] are referred to as the Mukti Bahini. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}} |
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}} |
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The Mukti Bahini consisted of Bengali members of Pakistan armed forces and civilians from East Pakistan, in response to the [[Operation Searchlight]] on March 25, 1971, a violent military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement through selective genocide of Bengali people. |
The Mukti Bahini consisted of Bengali members of Pakistan armed forces and civilians from East Pakistan, in response to the [[Operation Searchlight]] on March 25, 1971, a violent military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement through selective genocide of Bengali people. |
||
The force used [[Guerrilla warfare]] tactics to fight against the Pakistan Army. India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini, leading West Pakistan to launch Operation Chengiz Khan, a preemptive attack on the western border of India which started the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.The operation also precipitated the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] and caused roughly 10 million refugees to flee to India as well as the death of 1 - 3 million civilians. Essentially Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus were targeted for the harshest treatment, with significant indiscriminate killing taking place. These systematic killings enraged the Bengalis, who declared independence from Pakistan, to achieve the new state of Bangladesh. |
The force used [[Guerrilla warfare]] tactics to fight against the Pakistan Army. India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini, leading West Pakistan to launch Operation Chengiz Khan, a preemptive attack on the western border of India which started the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.The operation also precipitated the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] and caused roughly 10 million refugees to flee to India as well as the death of 1 - 3 million civilians. Essentially Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus were targeted for the harshest treatment, with significant indiscriminate killing taking place. These systematic killings enraged the Bengalis, who declared independence from Pakistan, to achieve the new state of Bangladesh. |
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== |
==Formation== |
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== |
==List of Sectors and Subsectors== |
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{{main|List of sectors in Bangladesh Liberation War}} |
{{main|List of sectors in Bangladesh Liberation War}} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="background:none" |
{| class="wikitable" style="background:none" |
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| '''1''' |
| '''1''' |
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|width="200pt"|[[Chittagong District]], [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], and the entire eastern area of the [[Noakhali District]] on the banks of the river [[Muhuri river|Muhuri]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Harina. |
|width="200pt"|[[Chittagong District]], [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], and the entire eastern area of the [[Noakhali District]] on the banks of the river [[Muhuri river|Muhuri]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Harina. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major [[Zillur Rahman]] (April 10, 1971 |
|width="120pt"|• Major [[Zillur Rahman]] (April 10, 1971 – June 25, 1971)<br> • Captain Rafiqul Islam (June 28, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
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| |
| |
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#Rishimukh (Captain Shamsul Islam); |
#Rishimukh (Captain Shamsul Islam); |
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| '''2''' |
| '''2''' |
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|width="200pt"|Districts of [[Dhaka District|Dhaka]], [[Comilla District|Comilla]], and [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], and part of [[Noakhali District]]. |
|width="200pt"|Districts of [[Dhaka District|Dhaka]], [[Comilla District|Comilla]], and [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], and part of [[Noakhali District]]. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major [[Khaled Mosharraf]] (April 10, 1971 |
|width="120pt"|• Major [[Khaled Mosharraf]] (April 10, 1971 – September 22, 1971)<br> • Major [[ATM Haider]] (Sector Commander September 22, 1971 – December 18, 1972) |
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#Gangasagar, Akhaura and Kasba (Mahbub, Lieutenant Farooq, and Lieutenant Humayun Kabir); |
#Gangasagar, Akhaura and Kasba (Mahbub, Lieutenant Farooq, and Lieutenant Humayun Kabir); |
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| '''3''' |
| '''3''' |
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|width="200pt"|Area between Churaman Kathi (near Sreemangal) and [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]] in the north and Singerbil of [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]] in the south. |
|width="200pt"|Area between Churaman Kathi (near Sreemangal) and [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]] in the north and Singerbil of [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]] in the south. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major K. M. Shafiullah (April 10, 1971 |
|width="120pt"|• Major K. M. Shafiullah (April 10, 1971 – July 21, 1971)<br> • Captain [[ANM Nuruzzaman]] (July 23, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
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| |
| |
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#Asrambari (Captain Aziz, Captain Ejaz); |
#Asrambari (Captain Aziz, Captain Ejaz); |
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| '''4''' |
| '''4''' |
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|width="200pt"|Area from [[Habiganj District]] on the north to Kanaighat Police Station on the south along the 100 mile long border with [[India]]. The headquarters of the sector was initially at Karimganj and later at Masimpur. |
|width="200pt"|Area from [[Habiganj District]] on the north to Kanaighat Police Station on the south along the 100 mile long border with [[India]]. The headquarters of the sector was initially at Karimganj and later at Masimpur. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major [[Chittarajan Datta]] (April 10, 1971 |
|width="120pt"|• Major [[Chittarajan Datta]] (April 10, 1971 – February 14, 1972)<br> • Captain A Rab |
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#Jalalpur (Mahbubur Rob Sadi); |
#Jalalpur (Mahbubur Rob Sadi); |
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| '''5''' |
| '''5''' |
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|width="200pt"|Area from Durgapur to Dawki (Tamabil) of [[Sylhet District]] and the entire area up to the eastern borders of the [[Sylhet District|district]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Banshtala. |
|width="200pt"|Area from Durgapur to Dawki (Tamabil) of [[Sylhet District]] and the entire area up to the eastern borders of the [[Sylhet District|district]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Banshtala. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major [[Mir Shawkat Ali]] (April 10, 1971 |
|width="120pt"|• Major [[Mir Shawkat Ali]] (April 10, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
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#Muktapur (Captain Qazi Faruq Ahmed, Subsector Commander, 16 June 1971 till 1 February 1972; Subedar Mujibur Rahman, Second in Command; Nayeb Subedar Nazir Hussain, Admin in charge(non-combatant)) |
#Muktapur (Captain Qazi Faruq Ahmed, Subsector Commander, 16 June 1971 till 1 February 1972; Subedar Mujibur Rahman, Second in Command; Nayeb Subedar Nazir Hussain, Admin in charge(non-combatant)) |
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| '''6''' |
| '''6''' |
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|width="200pt"|[[Rangpur District]] and part of [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur District]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Burimari near Patgram. |
|width="200pt"|[[Rangpur District]] and part of [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur District]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Burimari near Patgram. |
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|width="120pt"|• Wing Commander [[M Khademul Bashar]] (April 1971 |
|width="120pt"|• Wing Commander [[M Khademul Bashar]] (April 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
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#Bhajanpur (Captain Nazrul, Flight Lieutenant Sadruddin and Captain Shahriyar); |
#Bhajanpur (Captain Nazrul, Flight Lieutenant Sadruddin and Captain Shahriyar); |
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| ''7''' |
| ''7''' |
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|width="200pt"|[[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]], [[Pabna District|Pabna]], [[Bogra District|Bogra]] and part of [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur District]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Taranngapur. |
|width="200pt"|[[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]], [[Pabna District|Pabna]], [[Bogra District|Bogra]] and part of [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur District]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Taranngapur. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major [[Nazmul Huq]] (April 10 |
|width="120pt"|• Major [[Nazmul Huq]] (April 10 – September 27, 1971)<br> • Major [[Quazi nooruzzaman]] (September 28 – February 14, 1972)<br> • Subedar Major A Rab |
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| |
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#Malan (initially divided between junior commissioned officers and later taken hold by Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir); |
#Malan (initially divided between junior commissioned officers and later taken hold by Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir); |
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| '''8''' |
| '''8''' |
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|width="200pt"|In April 1971, the operational area of the sector comprised the districts of [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Barisal District|Barisal]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] and [[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]]. At the end of May the sector was reconstituted and comprised the districts of Kuhstia, Jessore, Khulna, [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] and the northern part of Faridpur district. The headquarters of the sector was at [[Benapole]]. |
|width="200pt"|In April 1971, the operational area of the sector comprised the districts of [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Barisal District|Barisal]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] and [[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]]. At the end of May the sector was reconstituted and comprised the districts of Kuhstia, Jessore, Khulna, [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] and the northern part of Faridpur district. The headquarters of the sector was at [[Benapole]]. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major [[Abu Osman Chowdhury]] (April 10 |
|width="120pt"|• Major [[Abu Osman Chowdhury]] (April 10 – July 17, 1971)<br> • Major [[Abul Manzoor]] (August 14, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
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| |
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#Boyra (Captain Khondakar Nazmul Huda); |
#Boyra (Captain Khondakar Nazmul Huda); |
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| '''9''' |
| '''9''' |
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|width="200pt"|[[Barisal District|Barisal]], [[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]], and parts of the district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]. |
|width="200pt"|[[Barisal District|Barisal]], [[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]], and parts of the district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major Ashiq Adnan<br> • Major [[M A Jalil]] (July 17 |
|width="120pt"|• Major Ashiq Adnan<br> • Major [[M A Jalil]] (July 17 – December 24, 1971)<br> • Major MA Manzur<br> • Major Joynal Abedin |
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| |
| |
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#Taki; |
#Taki; |
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| '''11''' |
| '''11''' |
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|width="200pt"|[[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] and [[Tangail District|Tangail]] along with parts of [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] - [[Gaibandha District|Gaibandha]], [[Ulipur Upazila|Ulipur]], Kamalpur and [[Chilmari Upazila|Chilmari]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Teldhala until October 10, then transferred to Mahendraganj. |
|width="200pt"|[[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] and [[Tangail District|Tangail]] along with parts of [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] - [[Gaibandha District|Gaibandha]], [[Ulipur Upazila|Ulipur]], Kamalpur and [[Chilmari Upazila|Chilmari]]. The headquarters of the sector was at Teldhala until October 10, then transferred to Mahendraganj. |
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|width="120pt"|• Major [[Ziaur Rahman]] (June 26, 1971 |
|width="120pt"|• Major [[Ziaur Rahman]] (June 26, 1971 – October 10, 1971;<br> • Major [[Abu Taher]] (October 10, 1971 – November 2, 1971;<br> • Squadron Leader [[M. Hamidullah Khan]]) (November 2, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
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From October 10 until November 2, 1971, Major Abu Taher was temporarily appointed to this Sector as Major Zia was abruptly ordered to move with his Brigade to Sylhet Region. Due to accidental injury he suffered in his leg, he was transferred to Pune, India for treatment) |
From October 10 until November 2, 1971, Major Abu Taher was temporarily appointed to this Sector as Major Zia was abruptly ordered to move with his Brigade to Sylhet Region. Due to accidental injury he suffered in his leg, he was transferred to Pune, India for treatment) |
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== |
==Involvement in War == |
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[[Image:BD Sectors.svg|thumb|240px|Map showing Bangladesh liberation war sectors of Mukti Bahini operation]] |
[[Image:BD Sectors.svg|thumb|240px|Map showing Bangladesh liberation war sectors of Mukti Bahini operation]] |
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Mukti Bahini fought against Pakistan army in various battlegrounds throughout the country and also performed guerrilla operations in different army camps and establishments. Toward the end of the war they rescued thousands of rape victims who were forcefully kept as slaves at Pakistan Army camps. <ref>[http://anushayspoint.com/2012/07/17/i-am-the-war-heroine-speaking-a-special-series-on-women-bangladeshs-war-of-independence/ The War Heroine Speaks: A Special Series on Women & Bangladesh’s Independence War | ANUSHAY'S POINT<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
Mukti Bahini fought against Pakistan army in various battlegrounds throughout the country and also performed guerrilla operations in different army camps and establishments. Toward the end of the war they rescued thousands of rape victims who were forcefully kept as slaves at Pakistan Army camps. <ref>[http://anushayspoint.com/2012/07/17/i-am-the-war-heroine-speaking-a-special-series-on-women-bangladeshs-war-of-independence/ The War Heroine Speaks: A Special Series on Women & Bangladesh’s Independence War | ANUSHAY'S POINT<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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=== War Crimes === |
=== War Crimes allegation by Pakistani authorities === |
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There have been allegations of war crimes and 'insurgencies' against Mukti Bahini posed by the Pakistani authorities, which were used mostly for [[propaganda]] purposes. According to [[R.J. Rummel]], the number of killed Bihari is estimated at a minimum of 50,000<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTM Statistics Of Pakistan's Democide]</ref> However, as the country was under Pakistan army occupation for the entire duration of the war, these allegations are highly questionable. |
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Mukti Bahini ran various torture camps throughout the [[East Pakistan]], where non-Bengali people, mainly [[West Pakistanis]] and [[Bihari people]] were kidnapped and tortured to death, often skinned alive, burnt and physically tormented.<ref name="Congress1971">{{cite book|author=United States. Congress|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XqFgXk3vxFQC|accessdate=30 March 2013|year=1971|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref><ref name="Gerlach2010"/> Thousands of Pakistani females regardless of age were brutally raped and murdered.<ref name="Bihari Refugees">{{cite journal |quotes=|last=Sen |first=Sumit |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1999 |month= |title=Stateless Refugees and the Right to Return: the Bihari Refugees of South Asia, Part 1 |journal=International Journal of Refugee Law |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=625–645 |id= |url=http://ijrl.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/11/4/625.pdf |accessdate=October 20, 2006|doi=10.1093/ijrl/11.4.625|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
Various estimates put the figures of Bihari and Urdu-Speaking Killings. Pakistani authorities estimate a minimum of 100,000<ref name="Gerlach2010">{{cite book|author=Christian Gerlach|title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148|accessdate=30 March 2013|date=14 October 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49351-2|pages=148–}}</ref> to 1 million non-Bengali killings.<ref name="Gerlach2010"/><ref>[http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/2011/04/11/when-the-indian-sponsored-mukti-bahni-murdered-1-million-biharis/#.UVK5ERdmiSo When The Indian Sponsored Mukti Bahni Murdered 1 Million Biharis | PKKH.tv]</ref> Wheras the Bengali sources claim the deaths of non-Bengalis from "a few thousand"<ref name="Gerlach2010"/> to 40,000<ref name="Gerlach2010"/> killed. According to ''The Minorities at Risk Project'' the number of killed Bihari is about 1000.<ref name=MAR-1>{{cite web|title=Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103|work=The Minorities at Risk (MAR) Project|accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref> According to [[R.J. Rummel]], the number of killed Biharis is estimated to be between 50,000 to 500,000 killed<ref name="Democide">[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTM Statistics Of Pakistan's Democide]</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
On 16 December 1971, the allied forces of the Mukti Bahini and the Indian army defeated the [[Pakistan Army]] deployed in the East. The resulting surrender was the largest in number of prisoners of war since World War II. Mukti Bahini was succeeded by the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]. |
On 16 December 1971, the allied forces of the Mukti Bahini and the Indian army defeated the [[Pakistan Army]] deployed in the East. The resulting surrender was the largest in number of prisoners of war since World War II. Mukti Bahini was succeeded by the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]. |
Revision as of 11:36, 30 March 2013
Mukti Bahini (Bengali: মুক্তি বাহিনী[1] Freedom fighters or Liberation Arm[2] were Bengali resistance force from erstwhile East Pakistan, who fought for the independence of Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) from Pakistan (former West Pakistan) and they have struggled against the West Pakistan army in Bangladesh Liberation War (1971).[3] The Pakistan Army launched military operations against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel after sundown on the 25th of March. In response, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence was proclaimed and Bengali military and paramilitary personnel, as well as civilians, started spontaneous resistance against the aggression giving rise to the Mukti Bahini. Later in April, Bangladesh Armed Forces was formed formally with Col. M. A. G. Osmani as the commander-in-chief. The armed forces as well as the paramilitary and civilian forces who fought alongside them for the liberation of Bangladesh are referred to as the Mukti Bahini.
Background
The Mukti Bahini consisted of Bengali members of Pakistan armed forces and civilians from East Pakistan, in response to the Operation Searchlight on March 25, 1971, a violent military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement through selective genocide of Bengali people.
The force used Guerrilla warfare tactics to fight against the Pakistan Army. India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini, leading West Pakistan to launch Operation Chengiz Khan, a preemptive attack on the western border of India which started the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.The operation also precipitated the 1971 Bangladesh genocide and caused roughly 10 million refugees to flee to India as well as the death of 1 - 3 million civilians. Essentially Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus were targeted for the harshest treatment, with significant indiscriminate killing taking place. These systematic killings enraged the Bengalis, who declared independence from Pakistan, to achieve the new state of Bangladesh.
Formation
List of Sectors and Subsectors
Sectors of Bangladesh Liberation War[4][5][6] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sector | Area | Sector Commander | Sub Sectors (Commanders) |
1 | Chittagong District, Chittagong Hill Tracts, and the entire eastern area of the Noakhali District on the banks of the river Muhuri. The headquarters of the sector was at Harina. | • Major Zillur Rahman (April 10, 1971 – June 25, 1971) • Captain Rafiqul Islam (June 28, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
|
2 | Districts of Dhaka, Comilla, and Faridpur, and part of Noakhali District. | • Major Khaled Mosharraf (April 10, 1971 – September 22, 1971) • Major ATM Haider (Sector Commander September 22, 1971 – December 18, 1972) |
|
3 | Area between Churaman Kathi (near Sreemangal) and Sylhet in the north and Singerbil of Brahmanbaria in the south. | • Major K. M. Shafiullah (April 10, 1971 – July 21, 1971) • Captain ANM Nuruzzaman (July 23, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
|
4 | Area from Habiganj District on the north to Kanaighat Police Station on the south along the 100 mile long border with India. The headquarters of the sector was initially at Karimganj and later at Masimpur. | • Major Chittarajan Datta (April 10, 1971 – February 14, 1972) • Captain A Rab |
|
5 | Area from Durgapur to Dawki (Tamabil) of Sylhet District and the entire area up to the eastern borders of the district. The headquarters of the sector was at Banshtala. | • Major Mir Shawkat Ali (April 10, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
|
6 | Rangpur District and part of Dinajpur District. The headquarters of the sector was at Burimari near Patgram. | • Wing Commander M Khademul Bashar (April 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
|
7' | Rajshahi, Pabna, Bogra and part of Dinajpur District. The headquarters of the sector was at Taranngapur. | • Major Nazmul Huq (April 10 – September 27, 1971) • Major Quazi nooruzzaman (September 28 – February 14, 1972) • Subedar Major A Rab |
|
8 | In April 1971, the operational area of the sector comprised the districts of Kushtia, Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, Faridpur and Patuakhali. At the end of May the sector was reconstituted and comprised the districts of Kuhstia, Jessore, Khulna, Satkhira and the northern part of Faridpur district. The headquarters of the sector was at Benapole. | • Major Abu Osman Chowdhury (April 10 – July 17, 1971) • Major Abul Manzoor (August 14, 1971 – February 14, 1972) |
|
9 | Barisal, Patuakhali, and parts of the district of Khulna and Faridpur. | • Major Ashiq Adnan • Major M A Jalil (July 17 – December 24, 1971) • Major MA Manzur • Major Joynal Abedin |
|
10 | This sector was constituted with the naval commandos. | • Commander HQ BD Forces (December 3–16, 1971) | None. |
11 | Mymensingh and Tangail along with parts of Rangpur - Gaibandha, Ulipur, Kamalpur and Chilmari. The headquarters of the sector was at Teldhala until October 10, then transferred to Mahendraganj. | • Major Ziaur Rahman (June 26, 1971 – October 10, 1971; • Major Abu Taher (October 10, 1971 – November 2, 1971; • Squadron Leader M. Hamidullah Khan) (November 2, 1971 – February 14, 1972) From October 10 until November 2, 1971, Major Abu Taher was temporarily appointed to this Sector as Major Zia was abruptly ordered to move with his Brigade to Sylhet Region. Due to accidental injury he suffered in his leg, he was transferred to Pune, India for treatment) |
|
Involvement in War
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg/240px-Sectors_of_Bangladesh_Liberation_War.svg.png)
Mukti Bahini fought against Pakistan army in various battlegrounds throughout the country and also performed guerrilla operations in different army camps and establishments. Toward the end of the war they rescued thousands of rape victims who were forcefully kept as slaves at Pakistan Army camps. [7]
War Crimes allegation by Pakistani authorities
There have been allegations of war crimes and 'insurgencies' against Mukti Bahini posed by the Pakistani authorities, which were used mostly for propaganda purposes. According to R.J. Rummel, the number of killed Bihari is estimated at a minimum of 50,000[8] However, as the country was under Pakistan army occupation for the entire duration of the war, these allegations are highly questionable.
Dissolution
On 16 December 1971, the allied forces of the Mukti Bahini and the Indian army defeated the Pakistan Army deployed in the East. The resulting surrender was the largest in number of prisoners of war since World War II. Mukti Bahini was succeeded by the Bangladesh Armed Forces.
References
- ^ Jahan, Rounaq (1 February 1973). "Bangladesh in 1972: Nation Building in a New State". Asian Survey. 13 (2): 31. doi:10.2307/2642736.
- ^ Eyal Benvenisti (23 February 2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-19-163957-9. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ^ "Mukti Bahini must be given due credit for liberating Bangladesh: Gen Jacob". Yahoo News. 19 Octaber, 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ List of Liberation War Sectors and Sector Commanders of Bangladesh (Gazette Notification No.8/25/D-1/72-1378). Ministry of Defence, Government of Bangladesh. December 15, 1973.
- ^ Documents of the War of Independence (Vol 01–16). Goverment of Bangladesh.
- ^ M. Hamidullah Khan. Bangladesh, Ekatture Uttar Ronangaon (1971 Northern Front), - Factual War Accounts (in Bangla). Sector Commander 11, War of Independence: Barnatoru. ISBN 984-626-47-2.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: length (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ The War Heroine Speaks: A Special Series on Women & Bangladesh’s Independence War | ANUSHAY'S POINT
- ^ Statistics Of Pakistan's Democide
See also
- Helal Uddin Ahmed. "Mukti Bahini". In Sirajul Islam (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.