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[[Image:Paris.montparnasse.500pix.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Montparnasse Tower]], which at 209m was the tallest building in Western Europe when it was built.]] |
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'''Montparnasse''' is an area of [[Paris]], [[France]], on the [[Left Bank|left bank]] of the river [[Seine]], centered on the intersection of the [[Boulevard de Montparnasse]] and the [[Boulevard Raspail]]. Montparnasse was absorbed into the [[14ème arrondissement, Paris|14ème arrondissement]] in 1860. |
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The area also gives its name to: |
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*[[Gare Montparnasse]] - trains to [[Brittany]], [[TGV]] to [[Tours]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Le Mans]]; rebuilt as a modern TGV station; |
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*The large [[Montparnasse - Bienvenüe (Paris Metro)|Montparnasse - Bienvenüe]] ''[[Paris Métro|métro]]'' station; |
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*[[Cimetière du Montparnasse]] - the Montparnasse Cemetery, where [[Charles Baudelaire]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], and [[Samuel Beckett]] are buried |
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*[[Tour Montparnasse]], a lone [[skyscraper]]. |
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The [[Pasteur Institute]] is located in the area. Beneath the ground are tunnels of the [[Catacombs of Paris]]. |
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There are a number of [[Brittany|Breton]] restaurants specializing in ''[[crêpe]]s'' (thin pancakes) in the heart of Montparnasse, a few blocks from the Gare Montparnasse, originally oriented to serving Bretons who arrived here from Brittany. |
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The name Montparnasse stems from the nickname "[[Mount Parnassus]]" (''In [[Greek mythology]], home to the nine Greek goddesses — the [[Muses]] — of the arts and sciences'') given to the hilly neighborhood in the 17th century by students who came there to recite poetry. |
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The hill was levelled to construct the Boulevard Montparnasse in the 18th century. |
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During the [[French Revolution]] many dance halls and [[cabaret]]s opened their doors. |
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==Artistic Montparnasse== |
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Like its counterpart, [[Montmartre]], the neighborhood of Montparnasse became famous at the beginning of the 20th century, referred to as the ''Années Folles'' (the Crazy Years), when it was the heart of intellectual and artistic life in Paris. Between 1921 and 1924, the number of Americans in Paris swelled from 6,000 to 30,000. In the years between 1910 and 1940, Paris' artistic circles gradually moved from Montmartre to Montparnasse. |
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Virtually penniless [[painter]]s, [[sculpture|sculptors]], [[writer]]s, [[poet]]s and [[composers]] came from around the world to thrive in the creative atmosphere and for the cheap rent at artist communes such as [[La Ruche]]. Living without running water, in damp, unheated "studios" often as not overrun by rats, many sold their works for a few francs just to buy food. [[Jean Cocteau]] once said that poverty was a luxury in Montparnasse. First promoted by art dealers such as [[Henry Kahnweiler]], today works by those artists sell in the millions of dollars. |
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They came to Montparnasse from all over the globe, from across [[Europe]], including [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]], from the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], and from as far away as [[Japan]]. [[Manuel Ortiz de Zárate]], [[Camilo Mori]] and others made their way from [[Chile]] where the profound innovations in art spawned the formation of the [[Grupo Montparnasse]] in [[Santiago de Chile |Santiago]]. A few of the other artists who gathered in Montparnasse were [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], [[Ossip Zadkine]], [[Moise Kisling]], [[Marc Chagall]], [[Nina Hamnett]], [[Fernand Leger]], [[Jacques Lipchitz]], [[Max Jacob]], [[Blaise Cendrars]], [[Chaim Soutine]], [[Michel Kikoine]], [[Pinchus Kremegne]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]], [[Ford Madox Ford]], [[Ezra Pound]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Suzanne Duchamp|Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti]], [[Constantin Brancusi]], [[Paul Fort]], [[Juan Gris]], [[Diego Rivera]], [[Marie Vorobieff|Marevna]], [[Tsuguharu Foujita]], [[Marie Vassilieff]], [[Léon-Paul Fargue]], [[Alberto Giacometti]], [[Andre Breton]], [[Pascin]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Henry Miller]], [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Joan Miró]] and, in his declining years, [[Edgar Degas]]. |
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[[Image:PicassoandFriends.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Montparnasse friends. |
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In the 1915 photograph in front of ''La Rotonde'' seen here, is (left to right): [[Manuel Ortiz de Zárate]], [[Henri-Pierre Roché]] (in uniform), [[Marie Vassilieff]], [[Max Jacob]] and [[Pablo Picasso]]]] |
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[[Image:LaRotondeAtNight.jpg|thumb|left|250px|La Rotonde at night 2002]] |
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Montparnasse was a community where creativity was embraced with all its oddities, each new arrival welcomed unreservedly by its existing members. When [[Tsuguharu Foujita]] arrived from [[Japan]] in 1913 not knowing a soul, he met [[Chaim Soutine|Soutine]], [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]], [[Pascin]] and [[Fernand Leger|Leger]] virtually the same night and within a week became friends with [[Juan Gris]], [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Henri Matisse]]. In 1914, when the [[England|English]] painter [[Nina Hamnett]] arrived in Montparnasse, on her first evening the smiling man at the next table at ''La Rotonde'' graciously introduced himself as "Modigliani, painter and jew". They became good friends, Hamnett later recounting how she once borrowed a jersey and corduroy trousers from [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]], then went to ''La Rotonde'' and danced in the street all night. |
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While most of the artistic community gathered in Montparnasse were struggling to eke out an existence, well-heeled [[United States|American]] socialites such as [[Peggy Guggenheim]], and [[Edith Wharton]] from [[New York, New York|New York City]], [[Harry Crosby]] from [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] and [[Beatrice Wood]] from [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] were caught in the fever of creativity. [[Robert McAlmon]], and [[Maria Jolas|Maria]] and [[Eugene Jolas]] came to Paris and published their literary magazine [[Transition (literary journal)|''transition'']]. Harry Crosby and his wife [[Caresse Crosby|Caresse]] would establish the [[Mary Phelps Jacob|Black Sun Press]] in Paris in 1927, publishing works by such future luminaries as [[D. H. Lawrence]], [[Archibald MacLeish]], [[James Joyce]], [[Kay Boyle]], [[Hart Crane]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[John Dos Passos]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Dorothy Parker]] and others. As well, [[Bill Bird]] published through his ''Three Mountains Press'' then British heiress [[Nancy Cunard]] took it over. |
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[[Image:LaCloseriedesLilas.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cafés rented tables to poor artists for hours at a stretch. Several, including La Closerie des Lilas, remain in business today.]] |
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[[Image:LeDomeAtNight.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Le Dôme at night 2002]] |
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The cafés and bars of Montparnasse were a meeting place where ideas were hatched and mulled over. The cafés at the centre of Montparnasse's night-life were in the Carrefour Vavin, now renamed Place Pablo-Picasso. In Montparnasse's heyday (from 1910 to 1920), the cafés ''Le Dôme'', ''La Closerie des Lilas'', ''La Rotonde'', ''Le Select'', and ''La Coupole''—all of which are still in business— were the places where starving artists could occupy a table all evening for a few ''centimes''. If they fell asleep, the waiters were instructed not to wake them. Arguments were common, some fueled by intellect, others by alcohol, and if there were fights, and there often were, the police were never summoned. If you couldn't pay your bill, people such as La Rotonde's proprietor, [[Victor Libion]], would often accept a drawing, holding it until the artist could pay. As such, there were times when the café's walls were littered with a collection of artworks, that today would make the curators of the world's greatest museums drool with envy. |
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There were many areas where the great artists congregated, one of them being near Le Dôme at no. 10 rue Delambre called the Dingo Bar. It was the hang-out of artists and expatriate Americans and the place where Canadian writer [[Morley Callaghan]] came with his friend [[Ernest Hemingway]], both still unpublished writers, and met the already established [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]. When [[Man Ray|Man Ray's]] friend and [[Dadaism|Dadaist]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], left for [[New York, New York|New York]], Man Ray set up his first studio at l'Hôtel des Ecoles at no. 15 rue Delambre. This is where his career as a [[photographer]] began, and where [[James Joyce]], [[Gertrude Stein]], [[Jean Cocteau]] and the others filed in and posed in black and white. |
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The ''rue de la Gaité'' in Montparnasse was the site of many of the great [[music-hall]] theatres, in particular the famous "Bobino." |
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[[Image:ClubBobino.jpg|left|frame|Great artists performed at the Bobino Nightclub.]] |
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On their stages, using then-popular single name [[pseudonym]]s or one birth name only, [[Marie-Louise Damien|Damia]], [[Alice Prin|Kiki]], [[Félix Mayol|Mayol]] and [[Georges Guibourg|Georgius]], sang and performed to packed houses. And here too, [[Les Six]] was formed, creating music based on the ideas of [[Erik Satie]] and [[Jean Cocteau]]. |
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The poet [[Max Jacob]] said he came to Montparnasse to "sin disgracefully," but [[Marc Chagall]] summed it up more elegantly when he explained why he had gone to Montparnasse: "I aspired to see with my own eyes what I had heard of from so far away: this revolution of the eye, this rotation of colors, which spontaneously and astutely merge with one another in a flow of conceived lines. That could not be seen in my town. The sun of Art then shone only on Paris." |
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While the area attracted people who came to live and work in the creative and/or [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] environment, it also became home for political exiles such as [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Porfirio Diaz]], and [[Simon Petlyura]]. But, [[World War II]] forced the dispersal of the artistic society and after the war Montparnasse never regained its splendour. Wealthy socialites like [[Peggy Guggenheim]] (1898-1979), who married artist [[Max Ernst]], lived in the elegant section of Paris but frequented the studios of Montparnasse, acquiring what would become masterpieces that today hang in the [[Peggy Guggenheim Collection|Peggy Guggenheim Museum]] in [[Venice, Italy]]. |
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The [[Musée du Montparnasse]] opened in 1998 at 21 Avenue du Maine. Although operating with a tiny city grant, the museum is a non-profit operation. |
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==Further reading== |
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*Shari Benstock, ''Women of the Left Bank: Paris 1900-1940'' (1986) |
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*Morrill Cody & Hugh Ford, ''Women of Montparnasse'' (1984) |
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*Morrill Cody et al, ''This Must Be the Place: Memoirs of Montparnasse by Jimmie 'the Barman' Charters, As Told to Morrill Cody'' (1989) |
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*[[Jean-Paul Crespelle]], ''La vie quotidienne à Montparnasse à la grande époque 1905-1930'' (author-historian who specialized in the artistic life of Montmartre and Montparnasse) |
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*Noel Riley Fitch, ''Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties'' (1983) |
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*Dan Franck & Cynthia Liebow, ''Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art'' (2002) |
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*Herbert R. Lottman, ''Man Ray's Montparnasse'' (2001) |
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*[[Marie Vorobieff|Marevna]], ''Life in Two Worlds: A True Chronicle of the Origins of Montparnasse'' (London 1962) |
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*Kenneth Wayne, ''Modigliani & the Artists of Montparnasse'' (2002) |
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*John Glassco, ''Memoirs of Montparnasse'' (1963) |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.terasz.hu/premier/main.php?id=premier&page=cikk&cikk_id=5185 ''La Rotonde Terasza'', Paris (1917)], by [[Marie Vorobieff]]-Stebelska ([[Marevna]]) (scroll down to 5th painting). |
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*[http://www.rusmuseum.ru/eng/exhibitions/?id=140&i=4&year=2003&pic=4 ''Homage to Friends from Montparnasse''] by [[Marie Vorobieff]]-Stebelska ([[Marevna]]), c.1962, oil/canvas, top left to right: [[Diego Rivera]], [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], [[Chaim Soutine]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]], his wife [[Jeanne Hébuterne]], [[Max Jacob]], galerie owner Leopold Zborowski[http://www.imageartsetc.com/stock-images/detail.asp?pid=1406][http://www.imageartsetc.com/stock-images/detail.asp?pid=1428]; bottom left to right: Marevna, her and Diego Rivera's daughter Marika, (Amedeo Modigliani), [[Moise Kisling]]. |
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[[Category:Districts of Paris]] |
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[[Category:Art of France]] |
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[[Category:Modern art]] |
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[[de:Montparnasse]] |
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[[eo:Montparnasse]] |
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[[fr:Quartier du Montparnasse]] |
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[[nl:Montparnasse]] |
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[[no:Montparnasse]] |
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[[pl:Montparnasse]] |
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[[fi:Montparnasse]] |
Revision as of 05:42, 4 January 2006
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