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[[Hominoidea]] ([[Cladistics|Cladistically]] included but traditionally excluded) |
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There are two major types of monkey: [[New World monkey]]s (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys ([[Catarrhini|catarrhines]] of the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. [[Ape|Hominoid apes]] (consisting of [[gibbon]]s, [[orangutan]]s, [[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, and [[human]]s), which all lack tails, are also catarrhines but are not considered monkeys{{Citation needed|reason=''Previous citation hardly scientific, did not give reason why Hominoidea should not be included in monkeys.|date=September 2017}}, although often they or their ancestors are (which [[Cladistics|cladistically]] automatically implies homonoids are as well.)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C&lpg=PA547&ots=D9YjmZuesP&dq=parapithecids%20monkey&pg=PA547#v=onepage&q=parapithecids%20monkey&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition|last=Delson|first=Eric|last2=Tattersall|first2=Ian|last3=Couvering|first3=John Van|last4=Brooks|first4=Alison S.|date=2004-11-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135582289|language=en}}</ref> (Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus the tailless [[Barbary macaque]] is sometimes called the "Barbary ape".) [[Simian]]s ("monkeys") and [[tarsier]]s emerged within [[Haplorhini|haplorrhines]] some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys and [[catarrhine]] monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 millions years ago. Old World monkeys and [[Hominoidea]] emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 millions years ago. Extinct basal simians such as [[Aegyptopithecus]] or ''[[Parapithecus]]'' [35-32 million years ago] are also considered monkeys by primatologists. |
There are two major types of monkey: [[New World monkey]]s (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys ([[Catarrhini|catarrhines]] of the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. [[Ape|Hominoid apes]] (consisting of [[gibbon]]s, [[orangutan]]s, [[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, and [[human]]s), which all lack tails, are also catarrhines but are not considered monkeys{{Citation needed|reason=''Previous citation hardly scientific, did not give reason why Hominoidea should not be included in monkeys.|date=September 2017}}, although often they or their ancestors are (which [[Cladistics|cladistically]] automatically implies homonoids are as well.)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C&lpg=PA547&ots=D9YjmZuesP&dq=parapithecids%20monkey&pg=PA547#v=onepage&q=parapithecids%20monkey&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition|last=Delson|first=Eric|last2=Tattersall|first2=Ian|last3=Couvering|first3=John Van|last4=Brooks|first4=Alison S.|date=2004-11-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135582289|language=en}}</ref> (Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus the tailless [[Barbary macaque]] is sometimes called the "Barbary ape".) [[Simian]]s ("monkeys") and [[tarsier]]s emerged within [[Haplorhini|haplorrhines]] some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys and [[catarrhine]] monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 millions years ago. Old World monkeys and [[Hominoidea]] emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 millions years ago. Extinct basal simians such as [[Aegyptopithecus]] or ''[[Parapithecus]]'' [35-32 million years ago] are also considered monkeys by primatologists. |
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[[Lemur]]s, [[Lorisidae|lorises]], and [[galago]]s are not monkeys; instead they are [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] primates. Like monkeys, [[tarsier]]s are haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys. |
[[Lemur]]s, [[Lorisidae|lorises]], and [[galago]]s are not monkeys; instead they are [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] primates. Like monkeys, [[tarsier]]s are haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys. |
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[[Ape]]s emerged within the [[Catarrhini|catarrhines]] with the [[Old World monkey]]s as a sister group, so [[cladistically]] they are monkeys as well. However, traditionally apes are not considered monkeys, rendering this grouping [[paraphyletic]]. The equivalent monophyletic clade are the [[simian]]s. |
[[Ape]]s emerged within the [[Catarrhini|catarrhines]] with the [[Old World monkey]]s as a sister group, so [[cladistically]] they are monkeys as well. However, traditionally apes are not considered monkeys, rendering this grouping [[paraphyletic]]. The equivalent monophyletic clade are the [[simian]]s. |
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==Historical and modern terminology== |
==Historical and modern terminology== |
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[[File:Monkey grooming 01.JPG|left|thumb|upright|Monkeys often [[Social grooming|groom socially]].]] |
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According to the [[Online Etymology Dictionary]], the word "monkey" may originate in a [[German language|German]] version of the ''[[Reynard|Reynard the Fox]]'' fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape.<ref name="Harper">{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=monkey | title = Monkey | last = Harper | first = D. | year = 2004 | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | accessdate = 2013-04-10}}</ref> In English, no very clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1910 [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] entry for "ape" notes that it is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate.<ref name=EB11Ape>{{Cite encyclopedia | year = 1911 | title = Ape | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | location = New York | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri02chisrich#page/160/mode/2up | accessdate = 2011-07-10 | edition = 11th | volume = XIX | page = 160}}</ref> Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably.<ref name="Webster">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monkey</ref> Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the [[Barbary macaque|Barbary ape]]. |
According to the [[Online Etymology Dictionary]], the word "monkey" may originate in a [[German language|German]] version of the ''[[Reynard|Reynard the Fox]]'' fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape.<ref name="Harper">{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=monkey | title = Monkey | last = Harper | first = D. | year = 2004 | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | accessdate = 2013-04-10}}</ref> In English, no very clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1910 [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] entry for "ape" notes that it is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate.<ref name=EB11Ape>{{Cite encyclopedia | year = 1911 | title = Ape | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | location = New York | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri02chisrich#page/160/mode/2up | accessdate = 2011-07-10 | edition = 11th | volume = XIX | page = 160}}</ref> Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably.<ref name="Webster">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monkey</ref> Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the [[Barbary macaque|Barbary ape]]. |
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Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans.<ref name=Dixson1981p13>{{Cite book | last = Dixson | first = A. F. | year = 1981 | title = The Natural History of the Gorilla | location = London | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicholson | pages = 13 | isbn = 978-0-297-77895-0}}</ref> Monkeys thus constituted a "[[grade (biology)|grade]]" on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes". |
Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans.<ref name=Dixson1981p13>{{Cite book | last = Dixson | first = A. F. | year = 1981 | title = The Natural History of the Gorilla | location = London | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicholson | pages = 13 | isbn = 978-0-297-77895-0}}</ref> Monkeys thus constituted a "[[grade (biology)|grade]]" on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes". |
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Scientific classifications are now more often based on [[monophyly|monophyletic]] groups, that is groups consisting of ''all'' the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination is not, since it excludes hominoids (apes and humans). Thus the term "monkey" no longer refers to a recognized scientific [[taxon]]. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder [[Simian|Simiiformes]], or simians. However this also contains the hominoids (apes and humans), so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids.<ref name="ew.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20483133_20488693_20945431,00.html#20945426 |accessdate=February 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064050/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20483133_20488693_20945431,00.html |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/if-apes-evolved-from-monkeys-why-are-there-still-monkeys|title=If Apes Evolved From Monkeys, Why Are There Still Monkeys?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://paoloviscardi.com/2011/04/21/apes-are-monkeys-deal-with-it/ |title=Apes are monkeys, deal with it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2012/03/are-humans-apes-monkeys-primates-or-hominims/ |title=Are Humans Apes, Monkeys, Primates, or Hominims?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://blog.michael-lawrence-wilson.com/2011/08/10/rehabilitating-monkey/ |title=Rehabilitating "Monkey"}}</ref> |
Scientific classifications are now more often based on [[monophyly|monophyletic]] groups, that is groups consisting of ''all'' the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination is not, since it excludes hominoids (apes and humans). Thus the term "monkey" no longer refers to a recognized scientific [[taxon]]. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder [[Simian|Simiiformes]], or simians. However this also contains the hominoids (apes and humans), so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids.<ref name="ew.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20483133_20488693_20945431,00.html#20945426 |accessdate=February 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064050/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20483133_20488693_20945431,00.html |archivedate=February 22, 2014 |title=10 Best Monkeys at the Movies|last=Susman|first=Gary}}</ref> In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/if-apes-evolved-from-monkeys-why-are-there-still-monkeys|title=If Apes Evolved From Monkeys, Why Are There Still Monkeys?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://paoloviscardi.com/2011/04/21/apes-are-monkeys-deal-with-it/ |title=Apes are monkeys, deal with it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2012/03/are-humans-apes-monkeys-primates-or-hominims/ |title=Are Humans Apes, Monkeys, Primates, or Hominims?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://blog.michael-lawrence-wilson.com/2011/08/10/rehabilitating-monkey/ |title=Rehabilitating "Monkey"}}</ref> |
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A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as a tribe or a troop.<ref name="AskOxford-M">{{Cite web | url = http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/collective/m/ | title = AskOxford: M | accessdate = 2013-04-10 | work = Collective Terms for Groups of Animals | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, United Kingdom |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020120740/http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/collective/m/ | archivedate = 2008-10-20}}</ref> |
A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as a tribe or a troop.<ref name="AskOxford-M">{{Cite web | url = http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/collective/m/ | title = AskOxford: M | accessdate = 2013-04-10 | work = Collective Terms for Groups of Animals | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, United Kingdom |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020120740/http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/collective/m/ | archivedate = 2008-10-20}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Monkeys range in size from the [[pygmy marmoset]], which can be as small as {{Convert|117|mm|in}} with a {{Convert|172|mm|in|adj=on}} tail and just over {{Convert|100|g|oz}} in weight,<ref name="Nowak1999">{{Cite book | last = Nowak | first = R. M. | year = 1999 | title = Walker's Mammals of the World | edition = 6th | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore and London | isbn = 978-0801857898}}</ref> to the male [[mandrill]], almost {{convert|1|m|ft}} long and weighing up to {{convert|36|kg|lb}}.<ref name="ARKive_Mandrill">{{Cite web | title = Mandrill | publisher = ARKive | year = 2005 | url = http://www.arkive.org/mandrill/mandrillus-sphinx/factsheet | accessdate = 2013-04-10}}</ref> Some are [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] (living in trees) while others live on the [[savanna]]; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders).<ref name="Fleagle1998">{{Cite book | last = Fleagle | first = J. G. | publisher = Academic Press | title = Primate Adaptation and Evolution | edition = 2nd | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-12-260341-9 | pages = 25–26}}</ref> |
Monkeys range in size from the [[pygmy marmoset]], which can be as small as {{Convert|117|mm|in}} with a {{Convert|172|mm|in|adj=on}} tail and just over {{Convert|100|g|oz}} in weight,<ref name="Nowak1999">{{Cite book | last = Nowak | first = R. M. | year = 1999 | title = Walker's Mammals of the World | edition = 6th | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore and London | isbn = 978-0801857898}}</ref> to the male [[mandrill]], almost {{convert|1|m|ft}} long and weighing up to {{convert|36|kg|lb}}.<ref name="ARKive_Mandrill">{{Cite web | title = Mandrill | publisher = ARKive | year = 2005 | url = http://www.arkive.org/mandrill/mandrillus-sphinx/factsheet | accessdate = 2013-04-10}}</ref> Some are [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] (living in trees) while others live on the [[savanna]]; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders).<ref name="Fleagle1998">{{Cite book | last = Fleagle | first = J. G. | publisher = Academic Press | title = Primate Adaptation and Evolution | edition = 2nd | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-12-260341-9 | pages = 25–26}}</ref> |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates. |
The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates. |
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* ORDER [[primate|PRIMATES]] |
* ORDER [[primate|PRIMATES]] |
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***** '''Family [[Cebidae]]''': [[capuchin monkey|capuchins]] and [[squirrel monkey]]s (14 species) |
***** '''Family [[Cebidae]]''': [[capuchin monkey|capuchins]] and [[squirrel monkey]]s (14 species) |
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***** '''Family [[night monkey|Aotidae]]''': [[night monkey]]s (11 species) |
***** '''Family [[night monkey|Aotidae]]''': [[night monkey]]s (11 species) |
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***** '''Family [[Pitheciidae]]''': [[titi]]s, [[Saki monkey| |
***** '''Family [[Pitheciidae]]''': [[titi]]s, [[Saki monkey|sakis]], and [[uakari]]s (41 species) |
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***** '''Family [[Atelidae]]''': [[howler monkey|howler]], [[spider monkey|spider]], and [[woolly monkey]]s (24 species) |
***** '''Family [[Atelidae]]''': [[howler monkey|howler]], [[spider monkey|spider]], and [[woolly monkey]]s (24 species) |
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**** Parvorder [[Catarrhini]] |
**** Parvorder [[Catarrhini]] |
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}} |
}} |
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|label2='''[[Simian|Crown]]''' |
|label2='''[[Simian|Crown]]''' |
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|sublabel2='''[[Simian |
|sublabel2='''[[Simian]]s (37)''' |
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|2={{Clade |
|2={{Clade |
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|label1='''[[Platyrrhini]] (30)''' |
|label1='''[[Platyrrhini]] (30)''' |
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}}|label1='''[[Haplorhini]] (64)'''|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%}} |
}}|label1='''[[Haplorhini]] (64)'''|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%}} |
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==Gallery== |
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{{Anchor|In culture}} |
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<!-- Hopefully a temporary section until a better solution for dealing with all these images is found --> |
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{{Gallery |
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|title=Various species of monkey |
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|width=160 | height=170 |
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<!--Files--> |
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|[[Bonnet macaque]] (''Macaca radiata'') |
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|File:Callimico goeldii in Venezuela.jpg |
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|alt2=Callimico goeldii |
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|alt3=Common squirrel monkey |
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|[[Common squirrel monkey]] (''Saimiri sciureus'') |
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|alt4=Crab-eating macaque |
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|[[Crab-eating macaque]] (''Macaca fascicularis'') |
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|File:Jigokudani hotspring in Nagano Japan 001.jpg |
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|alt5=Japanese macaque |
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|[[Japanese macaque]] (''Macaca fuscata'') |
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==Relationship with humans== |
=={{Anchor|In culture}}Relationship with humans== |
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The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are [[Pet monkey|kept as pets]], others used as [[model organism]]s in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in [[monkey drive]]s (when they threaten agriculture) or used as [[service animal]]s for the disabled. |
The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are [[Pet monkey|kept as pets]], others used as [[model organism]]s in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in [[monkey drive]]s (when they threaten agriculture) or used as [[service animal]]s for the disabled. |
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===In experiments=== |
===In experiments=== |
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{{main|Animal testing on non-human primates}} |
{{main|Animal testing on non-human primates}} |
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[[File:AnimaltestingMonkeyCovance2.jpg|left|thumb|upright|The use of monkeys in laboratories is controversial.]] |
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The most common monkey species found in animal research are the [[grivet]], the [[rhesus macaque]], and the [[crab-eating macaque]], which are either wild-caught or purpose-bred.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-the-supply-and-use-of-primates-in-the-eu_17.htm | title = The supply and use of primates in the EU | year = 1996 | publisher = European Biomedical Research Association | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120117061036/http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-the-supply-and-use-of-primates-in-the-eu_17.htm | archivedate = 2012-01-17}}</ref><ref name="Carlsson2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carlsson | first1 = H. E. | last2 = Schapiro | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Farah | first3 = I. | last4 = Hau | first4 = J. | title = Use of primates in research: A global overview | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20054 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 225–237 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15300710| pmc = }}</ref> They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes) and their psychological and physical similarity to [[human]]s. Worldwide, it is thought that between 100,000 and 200,000 non-human primates are used in research each year,<ref name="Carlsson2004" /> 64.7% of which are Old World monkeys, |
The most common monkey species found in animal research are the [[grivet]], the [[rhesus macaque]], and the [[crab-eating macaque]], which are either wild-caught or purpose-bred.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-the-supply-and-use-of-primates-in-the-eu_17.htm | title = The supply and use of primates in the EU | year = 1996 | publisher = European Biomedical Research Association | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120117061036/http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-the-supply-and-use-of-primates-in-the-eu_17.htm | archivedate = 2012-01-17}}</ref><ref name="Carlsson2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Carlsson | first1 = H. E. | last2 = Schapiro | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Farah | first3 = I. | last4 = Hau | first4 = J. | title = Use of primates in research: A global overview | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20054 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 225–237 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15300710| pmc = }}</ref> They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes) and their psychological and physical similarity to [[human]]s. Worldwide, it is thought that between 100,000 and 200,000 non-human primates are used in research each year,<ref name="Carlsson2004" /> 64.7% of which are Old World monkeys, |
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and 5.5% New World monkeys.<ref name="Weatherall_etal2006">{{Cite report | author = Weatherall, D., et al., (The Weatherall Committee) | year = 2006 | title = The use of non-human primates in research | location = London, UK | publisher = Academy of Medical Sciences | url = http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/images/project/nhpdownl.pdf}}</ref> This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in research.<ref name="Carlsson2004" /> Between 1994 and 2004 the United States has used an average of 54,000 non-human primates, while around 10,000 non-human primates were used in the [[European Union]] in 2002.<ref name="Weatherall_etal2006" /> |
and 5.5% New World monkeys.<ref name="Weatherall_etal2006">{{Cite report | author = Weatherall, D., et al., (The Weatherall Committee) | year = 2006 | title = The use of non-human primates in research | location = London, UK | publisher = Academy of Medical Sciences | url = http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/images/project/nhpdownl.pdf}}</ref> This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in research.<ref name="Carlsson2004" /> Between 1994 and 2004 the United States has used an average of 54,000 non-human primates, while around 10,000 non-human primates were used in the [[European Union]] in 2002.<ref name="Weatherall_etal2006" /> |
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====In space==== |
====In space==== |
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{{main|Monkeys and apes in space}} |
{{main|Monkeys and apes in space}} |
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A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first monkey in space was [[Albert II (monkey)|Albert II]], who flew in the US-launched [[V-2|V-2 rocket]] on June 14, 1949.<ref name="NASA1958">{{cite web | url = https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm | title = The beginnings of research in space biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952 | year = 1958 | accessdate = 2013-04-10 | last = Bushnell | first = D. | work = History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics | publisher = [[NASA]] | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6Flr2A0VQ | archivedate = 2013-04-10 | deadurl = no}}</ref> |
A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first monkey in space was [[Albert II (monkey)|Albert II]], who flew in the US-launched [[V-2|V-2 rocket]] on June 14, 1949.<ref name="NASA1958">{{cite web | url = https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm | title = The beginnings of research in space biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952 | year = 1958 | accessdate = 2013-04-10 | last = Bushnell | first = D. | work = History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics | publisher = [[NASA]] | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6Flr2A0VQ | archivedate = 2013-04-10 | deadurl = no}}</ref> |
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Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The [[television program|television series]] [[Monkey (TV series)|''Monkey'']] and the literary characters [[Monsieur Eek]] and [[Curious George]] are all examples. |
Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The [[television program|television series]] [[Monkey (TV series)|''Monkey'']] and the literary characters [[Monsieur Eek]] and [[Curious George]] are all examples. |
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[[File:Tokyo monkey statue.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Simian statue at a [[buddhism|Buddhist]] shrine in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]]] |
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[[File:Jigokudani hotspring in Nagano Japan 001.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Japanese Macaques bathing in hot springs near Nagano, Japan.|Japanese macaques at [[Jigokudani Monkey Park|Jigokudani]] hotspring in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]] have become notable for their winter visits to the spa.]] |
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[[File:Jigokudani Monkey Park - hotsprings.ogv|(video) A few monkeys bathe in the hot springs.|thumb|left|[[Jigokudani Monkey Park|Jigokudani]]]] |
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Informally, the term "monkey" is often used more broadly than in scientific use and may be used to refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author [[Terry Pratchett]] alludes to this difference in usage in his ''[[Discworld]]'' novels, in which the [[Librarian (Discworld)|Librarian]] of the [[Unseen University]] is an [[orangutan]] who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of [[Simians (Chinese poetry)|Simians in Chinese poetry]]. |
Informally, the term "monkey" is often used more broadly than in scientific use and may be used to refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author [[Terry Pratchett]] alludes to this difference in usage in his ''[[Discworld]]'' novels, in which the [[Librarian (Discworld)|Librarian]] of the [[Unseen University]] is an [[orangutan]] who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of [[Simians (Chinese poetry)|Simians in Chinese poetry]]. |
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===Religion and worship=== |
===Religion and worship=== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Tokyo monkey statue.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Simian statue at a [[buddhism|Buddhist]] shrine in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]]] |
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[[File:Naukuchiatal-Hanuman.JPG|right|thumb|A statue of Hanuman]] |
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[[Hanuman]], a prominent divine entity in [[Hinduism]], is a human-like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or the god [[Rama]]. |
[[Hanuman]], a prominent divine entity in [[Hinduism]], is a human-like monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or the god [[Rama]]. |
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|0=This year is the year of the monkey |
|0=This year is the year of the monkey |
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|11=Next year will be the year of the monkey |
|11=Next year will be the year of the monkey |
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|The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year {{#expr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}}+6)/12round0)*12}}}}.<ref name="Lau2005">{{Cite book | first = T. | last = Lau | title = The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes | pages = 238–244 | publisher = Souvenir Press | location = New York | year = 2005 | edition = 5th | isbn = 978-0060777777}}</ref> |
|The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year {{#expr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}}+6)/12round0)*12}}}}.<ref name="Lau2005">{{Cite book | first = T. | last = Lau | title = The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes | pages = 238–244 | publisher = Souvenir Press | location = New York | year = 2005 | edition = 5th | isbn = 978-0060777777}}</ref>{{clear}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |