GanjDareh4 (talk | contribs) No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
GanjDareh4 (talk | contribs) No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
||
Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
Another 2021 paper analyzed 611 Mongolian individuals from China, Mongolia, Russia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and other countries in East Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and America. The geographically different Mongolian populations were found to be bound together by a common genetic heritage. Modern Mongolians also show high affinity to ancient and medival Mongol samples, suggesting genetic continuity with ancient Mongol samples.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Mengge|last2=He|first2=Guanglin|last3=Gao|first3=Shuang|last4=Jia|first4=Fuquan|last5=Zou|first5=Xing|last6=Liu|first6=Jing|last7=Wang|first7=Shouyu|last8=Ye|first8=Ziwei|last9=Hou|first9=Yiping|last10=Wang|first10=Zheng|date=2021-07-01|title=Molecular genetic survey and forensic characterization of Chinese Mongolians via the 47 autosomal insertion/deletion marker|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088875432100183X|journal=Genomics|language=en|volume=113|issue=4|pages=2199–2210|doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.010|issn=0888-7543}}</ref> |
Another 2021 paper analyzed 611 Mongolian individuals from China, Mongolia, Russia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and other countries in East Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and America. The geographically different Mongolian populations were found to be bound together by a common genetic heritage. Modern Mongolians also show high affinity to ancient and medival Mongol samples, suggesting genetic continuity with ancient Mongol samples.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Mengge|last2=He|first2=Guanglin|last3=Gao|first3=Shuang|last4=Jia|first4=Fuquan|last5=Zou|first5=Xing|last6=Liu|first6=Jing|last7=Wang|first7=Shouyu|last8=Ye|first8=Ziwei|last9=Hou|first9=Yiping|last10=Wang|first10=Zheng|date=2021-07-01|title=Molecular genetic survey and forensic characterization of Chinese Mongolians via the 47 autosomal insertion/deletion marker|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088875432100183X|journal=Genomics|language=en|volume=113|issue=4|pages=2199–2210|doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.010|issn=0888-7543}}</ref> |
||
A 2014 paper investigated Mongolian geneflow into populations of Europe and South Asia, which can be mostly traced back to the time of the Mongol empire. The study analyzed the genome of a Mongolian individual from Inner Mongolia, China, and compared the sample with worldwide populations. The Mongolian individual showed expected high affinity to other East Asian and Native American populations. The highest affinity of the Mongolian sample was to Oroqen in Russia. A relative large amount of ancestral alleles shared with Native Americans (Maya) most likely have resulted from the Mongolians’ ancestors contribution to the peopling of the Americas. Europeans had a low, but relative higher allele sharing with Mongolians and other East Asians, than Middle Easterners, suggesting greater impact of Mongolian geneflow towards Europeans during the Mongol empire. Indians also show evidence of minor geneflow from Mongolians, associated with the Mughal dynasty, but like Middle Easterners at a lower percentage than Europeans. The authors concluded that Mongolian-specific ancestry is found in most populations which were under the control of the Mongol empire at low frequency, suggesting a lasting impact of Mongolians onto Eurasian populations, with the relative strongest impact of Mongolian-specific ancestry among Europeans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bai|first=Haihua|last2=Guo|first2=Xiaosen|last3=Zhang|first3=Dong|last4=Narisu|first4=Narisu|last5=Bu|first5=Junjie|last6=Jirimutu|first6=Jirimutu|last7=Liang|first7=Fan|last8=Zhao|first8=Xiang|last9=Xing|first9=Yanping|last10=Wang|first10=Dingzhu|last11=Li|first11=Tongda|date=2014-12-01|title=The Genome of a Mongolian Individual Reveals the Genetic Imprints of Mongolians on Modern Human Populations|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu242|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=6|issue=12|pages=3122–3136|doi=10.1093/gbe/evu242|issn=1759-6653}}</ref> |
|||
== Notes == |
== Notes == |
Revision as of 23:27, 8 February 2022
The Mongolic peoples are a collection of East Asian originated ethnic groups, who speak Mongolic languages. Their ancestors are referred to as Proto-Mongols. The largest contemporary Mongolic ethnic group is the Mongols.[1][2] Mongolic-speaking people, althought distributed in a wide geographical area, show a high genetic affinity to each other.[3]
List of ethnic groups
Contemporary ethnic groups
In addition, Mongolized Soyots live in Buryatia. Their population is 3600 people. A number of orientalists (Nanzatov, Baldaev and others) traditionally consider modern Soyots as a sub-ethnos within the Buryat people.[4][5] The Hazara people of Afghanistan (Hazarajat) derive much of their ancestry from historical Mongolian and Turco-Mongolian tribes, now speaking the Hazaragi dialect of the Persian language.[6]
Historical ethnic groups
- Donghu
- Xianbei — founders, in the 1st century CE, of the first Mongolic empire, namely Xianbei state
- Wuhuan
- Rouran
- Duan
- Yuwen
- Kumo Xi
- Murong
- Tuyuhun
- Tuoba
- Qifu
- Tufa
- Shiwei
- Didouyu
- Khitan
- Zubu
General characteristics
Languages
Languages of the Mongolic peoples belong to the Mongolic language family.[7]
The Mongolic ethnicities possibly related to the Turkic and Tungusic peoples whom languages together would include into the hypothetical Altaic language family.[8]
Religions
The Mongolic peoples are predominantly followers of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1576 the Gelug Tibetan school which was founded by the half-Mongol Je Tsongkhapa became the state religion of the Mongolia. Some groups such as Dongxiangs and Bonan people adopted Sunni Islam, as did Moghols in Afghanistan and Mughals in India. Among a part of the population, the ethnic religion, namely Tengrism (Mongolian shamanism) is preserved. A small number of Christians emerged under the influence of the Russian Church and Western missionaries.
Genetics
Mongols and other Mongolic-speaking groups, show high genetic affinity to each other, as well as to other East Asian populations. The analysis of 175 Mongolic samples, representing 6 ethnic groups, incorporating results of the 1000 Genomes Project panel, revealed genetic homogenity between different Mongolic groups, and strong affinity between North, East, and Southeast Asian populations. Furthermore, derived allele sharing between Finns and Mongolians/Siberians, suggest substantial gene flow from East Asian-related groups westwards into a population ancestral to modern Finns.[9]
A 2021 paper analyzed several Mongolic sub-populations and found that all Mongolic groups have dominant East-Eurasian (East Asian-related) ancestry, specifically a Northeast Asian hunter-gatherer component (ANA, represented by DevilsCave_N or Mongolia/Baikal_N_North), and a Yellow River millet farmers component (YR_LN). Low proportion of West-Eurasian-related ancestry, related to Western Steppe Herders (WSH), contributed to the gene pool of modern Mongolians ranging from 5.6% to 11.6%. The admixture event was estimated in the period ranging from Tang dynasty to Yuan dynasty.[10]
Another 2021 paper analyzed 611 Mongolian individuals from China, Mongolia, Russia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and other countries in East Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and America. The geographically different Mongolian populations were found to be bound together by a common genetic heritage. Modern Mongolians also show high affinity to ancient and medival Mongol samples, suggesting genetic continuity with ancient Mongol samples.[11]
A 2014 paper investigated Mongolian geneflow into populations of Europe and South Asia, which can be mostly traced back to the time of the Mongol empire. The study analyzed the genome of a Mongolian individual from Inner Mongolia, China, and compared the sample with worldwide populations. The Mongolian individual showed expected high affinity to other East Asian and Native American populations. The highest affinity of the Mongolian sample was to Oroqen in Russia. A relative large amount of ancestral alleles shared with Native Americans (Maya) most likely have resulted from the Mongolians’ ancestors contribution to the peopling of the Americas. Europeans had a low, but relative higher allele sharing with Mongolians and other East Asians, than Middle Easterners, suggesting greater impact of Mongolian geneflow towards Europeans during the Mongol empire. Indians also show evidence of minor geneflow from Mongolians, associated with the Mughal dynasty, but like Middle Easterners at a lower percentage than Europeans. The authors concluded that Mongolian-specific ancestry is found in most populations which were under the control of the Mongol empire at low frequency, suggesting a lasting impact of Mongolians onto Eurasian populations, with the relative strongest impact of Mongolian-specific ancestry among Europeans.[12]
Notes
- ^ Such subgroups of the Mongols as the Buryats and the Kalmyks are recognized in Russia as distinct ethnolinguistic groups (see 2010 Census and other).
References
Footnotes
- ^ Zhukovskaia 2007, p. 354.
- ^ Nimaev 2011.
- ^ Bai, Haihua; Guo, Xiaosen; Narisu, Narisu; Lan, Tianming; Wu, Qizhu; Xing, Yanping; Zhang, Yong; Bond, Stephen R.; Pei, Zhili; Zhang, Yanru; Zhang, Dandan (2018-12). "Whole-genome sequencing of 175 Mongolians uncovers population-specific genetic architecture and gene flow throughout North and East Asia". Nature Genetics. 50 (12): 1696–1704. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0250-5. ISSN 1546-1718.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Нанзатов Б. З. (2003). "Племенной состав бурят в XIX веке" (in Russian) (Народы и культуры Сибири. Взаимодействие как фактор формирования и модернизации ed.): 15–27.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Балдаев С. П. (1970). Родословные легенды и предания бурят. Ч. 1. Улан-Удэ. p. 166.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Mousavi, S. A. (October 24, 2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge.
- ^ Janhunen 2003.
- ^ Starostin, George (2016-04-05). "Altaic Languages". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.35.
- ^ Bai, Haihua; Guo, Xiaosen; Narisu, Narisu; Lan, Tianming; Wu, Qizhu; Xing, Yanping; Zhang, Yong; Bond, Stephen R.; Pei, Zhili; Zhang, Yanru; Zhang, Dandan (2018-12). "Whole-genome sequencing of 175 Mongolians uncovers population-specific genetic architecture and gene flow throughout North and East Asia". Nature Genetics. 50 (12): 1696–1704. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0250-5. ISSN 1546-1718.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Yang, Xiaomin; Sarengaowa; He, Guanglin; Guo, Jianxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Ma, Hao; Zhao, Jing; Yang, Meiqing; Chen, Jing; Zhang, Xianpeng; Tao, Le (2021). "Genomic Insights Into the Genetic Structure and Natural Selection of Mongolians". Frontiers in Genetics. 12. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.735786/full. ISSN 1664-8021.
The gene flow from Western Eurasian was preliminarily detected in Mongol population of TreeMix-based phylogenetic tree; the ancestral source was finally identified in qpAdm, ranging from 5.6 to 11.6% in those Mongolian subgroups; ALDER and GLOBETROTTER supported that the west-east admixture event was recently estimated in the period ranging from Tang Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wang, Mengge; He, Guanglin; Gao, Shuang; Jia, Fuquan; Zou, Xing; Liu, Jing; Wang, Shouyu; Ye, Ziwei; Hou, Yiping; Wang, Zheng (2021-07-01). "Molecular genetic survey and forensic characterization of Chinese Mongolians via the 47 autosomal insertion/deletion marker". Genomics. 113 (4): 2199–2210. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.010. ISSN 0888-7543.
- ^ Bai, Haihua; Guo, Xiaosen; Zhang, Dong; Narisu, Narisu; Bu, Junjie; Jirimutu, Jirimutu; Liang, Fan; Zhao, Xiang; Xing, Yanping; Wang, Dingzhu; Li, Tongda (2014-12-01). "The Genome of a Mongolian Individual Reveals the Genetic Imprints of Mongolians on Modern Human Populations". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (12): 3122–3136. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu242. ISSN 1759-6653.
Bibliograohy
- Janhunen, Juha, ed. (2003). The Mongolic languages. Routledge Language Family Series. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1133-8.
- Nimaev, Daba (2011). Монгольские народы: Этническая история и современные этнокультурные процессы [The Mongolic Peoples: Ethnic History and Contemporary Ethnocultural Processes] (in Russian). Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3843324403.
- Zhukovskaia, Natalia L. (2007) [1998]. "Монгольские народы" [Mongolic peoples]. In L.M. Mints (ed.). Народы мира: Энциклопедия [Peoples of the World: an Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA Media Group. pp. 354–356. ISBN 978-5-373-01057-3.