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There are hundreds of '''monarchies in Africa'''; that is: either actually or nominally [[Self-governance|self-governing]] states, territories, or nations on the continent of [[Africa]] where supreme power resides with an individual, who is recognised as the [[head of state]].<ref>http://twistedsifter.com/2012/07/kings-of-africa-portraits-by-daniel-laine/</ref> All are similar in that the sovereign inherits his or her office and usually keeps it until death or [[abdication]]. However, only five are sovereign, while the remaining are sub-national monarchies. Of the former, four are [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]], wherein the sovereign is bound by laws and customs in the exercise of his or her powers, and one is an [[absolute monarchy]], wherein the sovereign rules without bounds; three of these monarchies are independent states, while the remaining two are [[dependent territory|dependencies]] of European monarchies. Those monarchies that are [[List of current constituent monarchs|sub-national]] in nature are not sovereign, and exist within larger political associations. |
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There are hundreds of '''monarchies in Africa''', defined as either actually or nominally [[Self-governance|self-governing]] states, territories, or nations on the continent of [[Africa]] where supreme power resides with an individual who is recognized as the [[head of state]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twistedsifter.com/2012/07/kings-of-africa-portraits-by-daniel-laine/|title=The Kings of Africa: 18 Portraits by Daniel Laine|author=|date=|work=TwistedSifter|accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref> All are similar in that the [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] inherits their office and typically keeps it until their death or until their [[abdication]]. However, only three are currently sovereign, while the remaining are sub-national [[Monarchy|monarchies]].<ref name="5 kings">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/06/03/the-5-richest-kings-in-africa/|title=The 5 Richest Kings In Africa - page 1|author=Mfonobong Nsehe|date=|work=Forbes|accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="5 kings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/06/03/the-5-richest-kings-in-africa/2/|title=The 5 Richest Kings In Africa - page 2|author=Mfonobong Nsehe|date=|work=Forbes|accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref> The former are [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]] ([[Morocco]], [[Swaziland]] and [[Lesotho]]), wherein the sovereign is bound by laws and customs in the exercise of his or her powers, and one is an [[absolute monarchy]], wherein the sovereign rules without bounds; three of these monarchies are independent states, while the remaining two are [[dependent territory|dependencies]] of European monarchies. Those monarchies that are [[List of current constituent monarchs|sub-national]] in nature are not sovereign, and exist within larger political associations. |
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==Some current monarchies== |
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== History == |
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{| class="wikitable"; border="1" width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px #B03060 solid; border-collapse:collapse;" |
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[[File:Queen Mothers with their regalia at a durbar.jpg|right|thumb|Regalia of Queen Mother in Africa]] |
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The need for an identity prompted the pre-kingdom nomadic settlements of West Africa to form a state as they had the capacity, in view the trans-Saharan trade, to support a defense establishment. Thus, a strong leadership with authority ensued as head of the community. This is stated to be the reason for emergence of the [[Mali Empire|Monarchy of Mali]] around 1200 AD which was established by [[Sundjata Keita]]. [[Takrur|Kingdoms of Takrur]] in Senegal and [[Kanem]] on the banks of the [[Lake Chad]] were founded. Following this indigenous development of Kingdoms of Africa, more monarchies came to established but with foreign interventions. One such intervention was by [[Rome]] in [[North Africa]]. The [[Kingdom of Numidia]] (in present-day Algeria) came to be established around 200 BC with [[Masinissa]] as the first King; he was one of the many pirates who headed a large indigenous community in the North African coastal belt who had exploited the trans-Saharan trade route for their sustenance. Rome with their tacit strategic support ensured that Masinissa took control of all the nomadic communities and they crowned him as a king.<ref name="Middleton2015">{{cite book|author=John Middleton|title=World Monarchies and Dynasties|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_azACQAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|date=1 June 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-45157-0|pages=108–}}</ref> |
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! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | State !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Dependency !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Succession !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Monarch !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Reign since !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Heir apparent |
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To exercise rights as a King or Queen in some cases, the Monarchy in Africa created superiority myths through rituals and symbolism, as the mediators between the Gods and the ancestors. They placed themselves in a privileged position above the common man and brought about a feeling among people that they represented peoples' interests and are above favoritism and prejudices.<ref name="Middleton2015"/> |
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| {{flag|Lesotho}} || [[Monarchy|Kingdom]]; [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional]] || [[Line of succession to the Lesothan throne|Elective]] || [[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]] || 12 November 1990 || To be determined by [[Senate of Lesotho]] when necessary |
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Monarchic privileges were established in the form of sovereign rights and prerogatives by way of regal costumes, ornamented crowns, jewelry, personal weaponry, and armaments, establishing special thrown or golden stools, and also building shrines for their ancestors, as was the case of Lozi of Zambia.<ref name="Middleton2015"/> |
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| {{flag|Morocco}} || Kingdom; constitutional || [[Line of succession to the Moroccan throne|Agnatic primogeniture]] || [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] || 23 July 1999 || [[Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco]] |
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== Sovereign states == |
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| {{flag|Swaziland}} || Kingdom; [[Absolute monarchy|absolute]] || Elective || [[Mswati III]] || 25 April 1986 || [[Korteny Daiquan Mosley, Crown Prince of Swaziland]] |
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=== Lesotho === |
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| [[Image:Flag of Ashanti.svg|22px]] [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]] || Kingdom; [[Absolute monarchy|absolute]] || Elective || [[Osei Tutu II]] || 26 April 1999 || To be determined by [[List of rulers of Asante#Elections and regents|Ashanti Council]] when necessary |
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[[File:Letsie III.jpg|thumbnail|King [[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]]]] |
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{{See also|List of kings of Lesotho}} |
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! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Territory !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Dependency !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Succession !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Monarch !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Reign since !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Heir apparent |
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[[Lesotho]], an enclave of [[South Africa]], is a constitutional elective monarchy.<ref name="The Commonwealth 1966">{{cite web | title=Lesotho : Constitution and politics | website=The Commonwealth | date=October 4, 1966 | url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/lesotho/constitution-politics | accessdate=January 10, 2016}}</ref> The current monarchy was established in 1824 when [[Moshoeshoe I]], a tribal chieftain, united warring tribes into the Basotho kingdom. After his death in 1870, the kingdom was placed under the nominal control of the neighboring [[British Cape Colony]], but the native tribes engaged in a revolt and full British control was not established until 1884 under the name [[Basutoland]].<ref name="lesothowbe">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Lesotho | encyclopedia=World Book Encyclopedia | publisher=Field Enterprises | accessdate=7 January 2016 | author=Maud, Sir John | year=1970 | volume=12 | location=Chicago | page=180b | authorlink=John Redcliffe-Maud, Baron Redcliffe-Maud}}</ref> While under British control, the monarchy continued under the title of Paramount Chief with a moderate degree of autonomy, particularly in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gov.ls/about/default.php | title=About Lesotho | publisher=Government of Lesotho | accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref> Formal independence was granted in 1966 and a constitutional monarchy was established. However, the democratically-elected government was overthrown in 1970 by the Prime Minister in a [[self-coup]]. The monarchy was sidelined from then on, including a military government between 1986 and 1993, when democracy was restored. The current monarch, King [[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]], ascended to the throne in 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/lesotho/history | title=Lesotho: History | publisher=Commonwealth of Nations | work=Commonwealth of Nations | date=2016 | accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref> |
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| {{flag|Canary Islands}} <br><small>([[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]])</small> || [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]] || [[Line of succession to the Spanish throne|Male-preference cognatic primogeniture]] || [[Felipe VI of Spain|Felipe VI]] || 19 June 2014 || [[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]] |
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Under the current constitution, passed in 1993, the King is a constitutional monarch and the head of state, with power being exercised by the [[Parliament of Lesotho|Parliament]]. While in practice hereditary, the King is officially appointed by the College of Chiefs using traditional practices. The College of Chiefs also appoints a regent if one is needed. The Prime Minister also has the power to declare the kingship vacant if the King either violates his oath of office or is deemed unfit to rule.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Lesotho_1998?lang=en | title=Constitution of Lesotho | publisher=Constitute Project | work=Constitute | accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref> |
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| {{flag|Ceuta}}<br><small>([[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]])</small> || Autonomous community || Male-preference cognatic primogeniture || Felipe VI || 19 June 2014 || Leonor, Princess of Asturias |
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=== Morocco === |
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| {{flag|Melilla}}<br><small>([[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]])</small> || Autonomous community || Male-preference cognatic primogeniture || Felipe VI || 19 June 2014 || Leonor, Princess of Asturias |
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[[File:Mohammed VI.jpg|thumbnail|King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]]] |
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{{See also|List of rulers of Morocco}} |
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| {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}<br><small>([[United Kingdom]])</small> || [[British overseas territory]] || [[Succession to the British throne|Hereditry (Catholics banned)]]{{#tag:ref|Absolute primogeniture is being considered.|group=N|name=Prim}} || [[Elizabeth II]] || 6 February 1952 || [[Charles, Prince of Wales]]<ref name=CharlesName>{{cite news| last=Pierce| first=Andrew| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1958477,00.html| title=Call me George, suggests Charles| publisher=[[The Times]]| date=24 December 2005| accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref> |
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[[Morocco]], located in the northwestern corner of Africa, has a long and established history dating back to antiquity. Originally [[Carthaginians|Carthaginian]], the territory was controlled by the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Vandals]], and the [[Byzantine Empire]] before falling under Arab control in the seventh century. During that time, the inhabitants of Morocco were known as [[Moors]]. After the [[Reconquista]] in 1492, the Moroccan state underwent a long period of decline before falling under dual French and Spanish control in 1912. Independence was achieved in 1956, with Sultan Mohammed ben Youssef taking the title of King [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Morocco | encyclopedia=World Book Encyclopedia | publisher=Field Enterprises | accessdate=7 January 2016 | author=Mather, Keith G. | year=1970 | volume=13 | location=Chicago | pages=668–669}}</ref> The present King, [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]], ascended to the throne in 1999.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Morocco | encyclopedia=The World Factbook | publisher=Central Intelligence Agency | accessdate=7 January 2016 | year=2015 | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html}}</ref> |
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! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Nation{{#tag:ref|''Nation'' here refers to the more strict usage of the word, meaning a body of people or a community. The monarchies in this column are all [[list of subnational monarchs|sub-national monarchies]], and do not constitute [[sovereign state]]s.|group=N|name=Nation}} !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Type !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Succession !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Monarch !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Reign since !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3" | Heir apparent |
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| [[File:KwaZulu flag 1985.svg|22px]] [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]]<br><small>([[South Africa]])</small> || [[Monarchy|Sub-national monarchy]] || [[Primogeniture|Cognatic primogeniture]] || [[Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu]] || 17 September 1968 || [[Misuzulu Zulu]] |
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|[[Akyem Abuakwa|Okyeman]]<br><small>([[Ghana]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Hereditary and Elective || [[Osagyefo Nana Amoatia Ofori Panin II]] || 4 October 1999 || |
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| [[File:Flag of Barotseland.svg|22px]] [[Barotseland]]<br><small>([[Zambia]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Cognatic primogeniture || [[Lubosi II of Barotseland|Lubosi Imwiko II]] || October 2000 || |
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| [[Image:Flag of Buganda.svg|22px]] [[Buganda]]<br><small>([[Uganda]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Elective || [[Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda|Muwenda Mutebi II]] || 31 July 1993 || Unknown |
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| [[Image:Flag of Bunyoro, Uganda.svg|22px]] [[Bunyoro]]<br><small>([[Uganda]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || || [[Iguru I of Bunyoro|Iguru I]] || 1994 || |
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| [[Image:Flag of Busoga, Uganda.svg|22px]] [[Busoga]]<br><small>([[Uganda]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Elective || Edward Columbus Wambuzi Zibondo XIII ||31 October 2008 || Unknown |
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| [[File:Kano flag.svg|22px]] [[Kano]]<br><small>([[Nigeria]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Cognatic primogeniture || [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi II]] || 8 June 2014 || |
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| [[File:Flag of Katanga.svg|22px]] [[Kanongesha-Lunda people|Kanongesha-Lunda]]<br><small>([[Angola]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], and [[Zambia]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Cognatic primogeniture || [[Mbumb II Muteb of Kanongesha-Lunda|Mbumb II Muteb]] || 1997 || |
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| [[File:Flag of Toro, Uganda.svg|22px]] [[Toro Kingdom]]<br><small>([[Uganda]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Cognatic primogeniture || [[Rukidi IV of Toro|Rukidi IV]] || 5 September 1995 || TBA |
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| [[File:Rwenzururu flag.png|22px]] [[Rwenzururu]]<br><small>([[Uganda]])</small> || Sub-national monarchy || Cognatic primogeniture || [[Charles Mumbere]] ||2009|| |
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|} |
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Under the current [[Constitution of Morocco|constitution]], passed in 2011, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy though the King maintains a fair amount of power. He is the chair of the Superior Council of the [[Ulema]], charged with maintaining Moroccan Islam, as well as Morocco's Supreme Court. The King is also an active member of the cabinet of Morocco, having the power to dismiss ministers as well as set the government agenda. He also chairs the Security Council, which oversees the military.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011?lang=en | title=Constitution of Morocco | publisher=Constitute Project | work=Constitute | accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref> |
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<center> |
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<gallery align=center widths="100px" heights="145px" perrow="4" caption="African monarchs"> |
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<!-- deleted from Wikimedia Commons 15 October 2013 File:King Letsie III of Lesotho.jpg|[[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]]<br>[[List of Kings of Lesotho|King of Lesotho]] --> |
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File:Letsie III.jpg|[[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]]<br>[[List of Kings of Lesotho|King of Lesotho]] |
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File:Mohammed VI of Morocco.jpg|[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]<br>[[List of rulers of Morocco|King of Morocco]] |
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File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|[[Mswati III of Swaziland|Mswati III]]<br>[[List of Kings of Swaziland|King of Swaziland]] |
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File:King Asantehene Osei Tutu II of Ashanti (Ashanti region) Asanteman.png|[[Osei Tutu II]]<br>[[List of rulers of Asante|King of Ashanti]] |
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File:Felipe, Prince of Asturias.jpg|[[Felipe VI of Spain|Felipe VI]]<br>[[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] |
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Image:Elizabeth II greets NASA GSFC employees, May 8, 2007 edit.jpg|[[Elizabeth II]]<br>[[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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=== Swaziland === |
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Queen Nyayecu ( I ) of Kingdom of Canaan, United Afro States. 2012, Greater Upper Nile. |
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[[File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|thumbnail|King [[Mswati III of Swaziland|Mswati III]]]] |
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{{See also|List of Kings of Swaziland}} |
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[[Swaziland]], in the southeastern corner of Africa, originated, like Lesotho, as a confederation of African tribes. However, it pre-dates Lesotho by approximately seventy-five years to the mid-eighteenth century. During that time period, chief [[Ngwane III]] of the [[Swazi people]] moved his tribe to their present location and united with other African tribes. Beginning in the 1830s, British traders and the [[Boers]], Dutch settlers, interacted with the Swazi tribe. Eventually, the illiterate Swazi were duped into signing treaties which ceded their land to the [[Boer Republics]], who assumed control in 1894. In 1902, after the [[Boer War]], the British assumed control of Swaziland. It was not until 1967 that the Swazi regained control of internal affairs. Independence was granted the following year.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Swaziland | encyclopedia=World Book Encyclopedia | publisher=Field Enterprises | accessdate=8 January 2016 | author=Kuper, Hilda | year=1970 | volume=17 | location=Chicago | page=815 | author-link=Hilda Kuper}}</ref> For most of the colonial period, the Swazi were ruled by [[Sobhuza II]], who became King upon independence. In 1973, Sobhuza abolished the democratic constitution put in place at the time of independence and declared himself the absolute ruler. Upon his death in 1982, Sobhuza had reigned for eighty-two years, the longest verified reign of any monarch.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/23/obituaries/king-sobhuza-of-swaziland-dies-reigned-82-years.html | title=KING SOBHUZA OF SWAZILAND DIES; REIGNED 82 YEARS | work=The New York Times | date=23 August 1982 | accessdate=8 January 2016 | author=Saxon, Wolfgang}}</ref> The present ruler, King [[Mswati III of Swaziland|Mswati III]], became monarch in 1986. A new constitution was established in 1998 which allowed for some degree of democratic rule, but, in practice, Swaziland remains an absolute monarchy and the ability of citizens to participate in the political process is limited.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/swaziland/history | title=Swaziland: History | publisher=Commonwealth of Nations | work=Commonwealth of Nations | date=2016 | accessdate=8 January 2016}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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== Dependencies of other sovereign states == |
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===Canary Islands=== |
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[[File:King of Spain 2015 (cropped).JPG|thumbnail|King [[Felipe VI of Spain]]]] |
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{{Main|Canary Islands}} |
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The Canary Islands are an archipelago of thirteen islands located off the coast of Morocco. The islands were originally inhabited by the [[Guanches|Guanche people]], but were colonized by Queen [[Catherine of Lancaster|Catherine of Castile]]. During the fifteenth century, they were controlled by Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] of Portugal, but Spain regained control in 1479.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Canary Islands | encyclopedia=World Book Encyclopedia | publisher=Field Enterprises | accessdate=8 January 2016 | author=Martin, R.C. | year=1970 | volume=3 | pages=133-134}}</ref> Spain completed its conquest of the islands in 1496 and used them as a port of western exploration. Due to their importance to Spanish trade, they were frequently attacked by pirates and privateers such as Sir [[Francis Drake]] in 1595. The islands were granted autonomy in 1982.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Canary Islands | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Encyclopedia.com | accessdate=8 January 2016 | year=2015 | edition=6th | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-CanaryIs.html}}</ref> |
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As an [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community of Spain]], the Canaries have a substantial degree of autonomy. The community government is organized as a parliamentary system with a President elected from amongst the members of Parliament. The community government has autonomy concerning a wide range of competencies, including over natural resources and tourism as well as a unique fiscal system. It shares power concerning agriculture and trade with the central government in Spain, and has the responsibility to oversee the implementation of actions taken by the central government in the competencies which the community government does not have autonomy. Each island also has a substantial degree of autonomy from the community government to control its own local affairs.<ref>{{cite act|title=Statute of Autonomy of the Canaries|type=Organic Law|number=10/1982|date=10 August 1982|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1982-20821&p=20100717&tn=0|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
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===Ceuta and Melilla=== |
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{{Main|Ceuta|Melilla}} |
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Ceuta and Melilla are two cities on the northwestern coast of Africa bordering [[Morocco]]. Both were originally founded by the [[Carthaginians]] and later fell under successive [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Vandals|Vandal]], and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] control before being conquered by the Arabs in the eighth century. Ceuta, in particular, served as the base for the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Moorish conquest of Spain]] during that time period. In 1415, Ceuta was conquered by the Portuguese, with Melilla falling to the Spanish in 1497. When the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal [[Iberian Union|united]] in 1580, Ceuta also came under Spanish control and has remained Spanish ever since. During the [[Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish-Moroccan War]], both cities gained additional territory to expand to the present boundaries. Autonomy was granted to both cities in 1995. Today, Morocco still claims that the two cities are part of Moroccan territory, which has created tension between the neighboring countries.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Ceuta | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa | publisher=Encyclopedia.com | accessdate=8 January 2016 | author=Pennell, C.R. | year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Melilla | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa | publisher=Encyclopedia.com | accessdate=8 January 2016 | author=Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce | year=2004}}</ref> |
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Both cities' governments are parliamentary in nature, with an additional mayor-council system acting as the executive power. The cities have a wide degree of autonomy, with responsibility vested in the central government only in areas concerning communication and trade affairs. They both have fiscal autonomy which allows them to tax residents in order to fund many of the city services such as police.<ref>{{cite act|title=Statute of Autonomy for the City of Ceuta|type=Organic Law|number=1/1995|date=14 March 1995|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-6358&p=19950314&tn=0|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite act|title=Statute of Autonomy for the City of Melilla|type=Organic Law|number=2/1995|date=14 March 1995|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-6359&p=19950314&tn=0|language=Spanish}}</ref> |
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===Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha=== |
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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II March 2015.jpg|thumbnail|Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]]]] |
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{{Main|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} |
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Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a [[British Overseas Territory]] consisting of the islands of [[Saint Helena]], [[Ascension Island]], and the archipelago of [[Tristan da Cunha]]. All three were discovered by the Portuguese during the first decade of the sixteenth century, and the [[British East India Company]] colonized Saint Helena in 1659, beginning their involvement in the area.<ref name="SHATDCconst">{{UK SI|year=2009|number=1751|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1751/made|title=The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009|made=8 July 2009|laid=15 July 2009}}</ref> After [[Napoleon]] was exiled to Saint Helena in 1815, the [[Royal Navy]] established garrisons on the other islands to prevent him from escaping. Both remained under the control of the Navy until 1922 with respect to Ascension Island and 1938 with respect to Tristan da Cunha, when they were merged with Saint Helena. Saint Helena itself came until the control of the British government in 1834, and autonomy was granted to the dependency in 1989.<ref name="SHATDCconst"/> Their importance decreased with the opening of the [[Suez Canal]], and they today mainly operate for scientific research and military purposes. However, the three inhabited islands contain a population of approximately 7,800.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha | encyclopedia=World Factbook | publisher=Central Intelligence Agency | accessdate=8 January 2016 | year=2015 | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html}}</ref> |
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In terms of the governance of the territory, the Queen appoints a common Governor who is responsible for matters of defense, domestic security, and trade. Saint Helena has its own Assembly from which members of the Executive Council are drawn. The other two islands have instead Island Councils which function as both cabinet and legislature. The islands also share a common Attorney General and a common judicial system.<ref name="SHATDCconst"/> |
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== Tribal monarchies == |
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{{Main|List of current constituent African monarchs}} |
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== Former monarchies == |
== Former monarchies == |
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=== Pre-colonial Africa === |
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{{Main|List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa}} |
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* [[Iron Age]] empires of [[North Africa]] |
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* Medieval (8th to 13th century) [[Islam]]ic empires ([[caliphate]]s)<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Caliph, caliphate|last = Kadi|first = Wadad|date = 2013|journal = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |last2 = Shahin|first2 = Aram A.|pages = 81–86}}</ref> in North Africa |
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* the medieval [[Sahelian kingdoms]] |
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* The [[Ethiopian Empire]] is notable as an empire in continuous existence from the 13th to the 20th centuries, succumbing neither to the Islamic conquests nor to European colonialism. |
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* empires of the "transitional period" of the 15th to 19th centuries. |
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** Islamic sultanates of the [[Sudan]] and the great Somali Empire (Golden Empire) |
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** kingdoms of [[West Africa]] succeeding the Sahelian kingdoms |
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** kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa such as the [[Kongo Kingdom]] and the [[Mutapa Empire]]. |
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* The [[Merina Kingdom]] of [[Madagascar]]. |
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=== |
=== 20th century === |
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* [[Image:Flag of Ankole.svg|22px]] [[Ankole]] ([[Uganda]]) (abolished 1967) |
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{{Main|Kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa}} |
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* [[File:Flag of Burundi (1962-1966).svg|21px]] [[Burundi]] [[King of Burundi|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1966) |
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*[[Iron Age]] empires of [[North Africa]] |
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*Medieval (8th to 13th century) [[Islam]]ic empires ([[caliphate]]s) in North Africa |
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*the medieval [[Sahelian kingdoms]] |
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*The [[Ethiopian Empire]] is notable as an empire in continuous existence from the 13th to the 20th centuries, succumbing neither to the Islamic conquests nor to European colonialism. |
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*empires of the "transitional period" of the 15th to 19th centuries. |
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**Islamic sultanates of the [[Sudan]] and the great Somali Empire (Golden Empire) |
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**kingdoms of [[West Africa]] succeeding the Sahelian kingdoms |
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**kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa such as the [[Kongo Kingdom]] and the [[Mutapa Empire]]. |
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*The [[Merina Kingdom]] of [[Madagascar]]. |
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===20th century=== |
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* [[Image:Flag of Ankole.svg|22px]] [[Ankole]] ([[Uganda]]) (abolished 1967) |
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* [[File:Flag_of_Burundi_(1962-1966).svg|21px]] [[Burundi]] [[King of Burundi|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1966) |
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* {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Empire]] (abolished 1979) |
* {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Empire]] (abolished 1979) |
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* {{flag|Congo Free State}} (annexed by Belgium 1908) |
* {{flag|Congo Free State}} (annexed by Belgium 1908) |
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* {{flag|Egypt|1952}} [[Kingdom of Egypt|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1953) |
* {{flag|Egypt|1952}} [[Kingdom of Egypt|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1953) |
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* {{flag|Ethiopia|1897}} [[Empire of Ethiopia|(Empire of)]] (abolished 1975)<ref>"Ethiopia Ends 3,000 Year Monarchy", ''Milwaukee Sentinel'', 22 March 1975, p. 3.; [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19750322&id=S-sgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7XEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2528,3614199 "Ethiopia ends old monarchy", ''The Day'', 22 March 1975, p. 7.]; Henc Van Maarseveen and Ger van der Tang, ''Written Constitutions: A Computerized Comparative Study'' (BRILL, 1978) p. 47.; [https://archive.org/stream/worldfactbook87nati#page/74/mode/2up The World Factbook 1987]; [http://worldstatesmen.org/Ethiopia.html Worldstatesmen.org – Ethiopia]</ref> |
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* {{flag|Ethiopia|1897}} [[Empire of Ethiopia|(Empire of)]] (abolished 1975) |
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* {{flag|Libya|1951}} [[Kingdom of Libya|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1969) |
* {{flag|Libya|1951}} [[Kingdom of Libya|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1969) |
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* {{flag|Rwanda|1959}} [[King of Rwanda|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1961) |
* {{flag|Rwanda|1959}} [[King of Rwanda|(Kingdom of)]] (abolished 1961) |
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* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg}} [[Zanzibar]] [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|(Sultanate of)]] (abolished 1964) |
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg}} [[Zanzibar]] [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|(Sultanate of)]] (abolished 1964) |
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===Former Commonwealth realms=== |
==== Former Commonwealth realms ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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| Governor-General Sir [[Walter Coutts]] |
| Governor-General Sir [[Walter Coutts]] |
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| abolished 1963 |
| abolished 1963 |
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|- |
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|} |
|} |
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== |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Africa|Politics}} |
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<references group="N"/> |
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* [[List of political parties in Africa by country]] |
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* [[Africa#Politics|Politics of Africa]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== External links == |
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{{wikimedia|collapsible=true|wikt=Monarchy|d=Q3510397|voy=Africa|species=no}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Monarchies}} |
{{Monarchies}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Monarchies In Africa}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monarchies In Africa}} |