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| name = Mihrimah Sultan |
| name = Mihrimah Sultan |
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| image = İmparator Süleyman’ın Kızı Cameria (Mihrimah Sultan).jpg |
| image = İmparator Süleyman’ın Kızı Cameria (Mihrimah Sultan).jpg |
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| caption = Portrait by [[Cristofano dell'Altissimo]] titled ''Cameria Solimani'', |
| caption = Portrait by [[Cristofano dell'Altissimo]] titled ''Cameria Solimani'', 16th century |
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⚫ | |||
| succession = [[Valide Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] <br />{{small|(Queen Mother)}} |
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| reign = 6 September 1566 - 15 December 1574 |
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| predecessor = [[Hafsa Sultan]] |
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| successor = [[Nurbanu Sultan]] |
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| birth_place = Old Palace, [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]] |
| birth_place = Old Palace, [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]] |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1578|1|25|1522|3|19|df=yes}} |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1578|1|25|1522|3|19|df=yes}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Mihrimah Sultan''' ({{lang-ota|مهرماه سلطان}}, "''Sun and Moon''", {{IPA-tr|mihɾiˈmah suɫˈtan}}; 1522 – 25 January 1578) was an [[Şehzade#Feminine equivalent|Ottoman princess]], the daughter of Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman the Magnificent]] and his wife, [[Hurrem Sultan|Hürrem Sultan]]. She was the most powerful imperial princess in Ottoman history and a prominent figure in the so-called [[Sultanate of Women]] |
'''Mihrimah Sultan''' ({{lang-ota|مهرماه سلطان}}, "''Sun and Moon''", {{IPA-tr|mihɾiˈmah suɫˈtan}}; 1522 – 25 January 1578) was an [[Şehzade#Feminine equivalent|Ottoman princess]], the daughter of Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman the Magnificent]] and his wife, [[Hurrem Sultan|Hürrem Sultan]]. She was the most powerful imperial princess in Ottoman history and a prominent figure in the so-called [[Sultanate of Women]]. |
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== Name == |
== Name == |
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==Marriage== |
==Marriage== |
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[[File:Titian (c.1488-1576) (after) - Cameria, Daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent - 996348 - National Trust.jpg|thumb|left|[[Titian]]'s portrait of Mihrimah, entitled ''Cameria, Daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent as St. Catherine'' ,includes a spiked wheel.]] |
[[File:Titian (c.1488-1576) (after) - Cameria, Daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent - 996348 - National Trust.jpg|thumb|left|[[Titian]]'s portrait of Mihrimah, entitled ''Cameria, Daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent as St. Catherine'' ,includes a spiked wheel.]] |
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In 1539, Süleyman decided that Mihrimah should be married to [[Rüstem Pasha]],{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=154}} probably from [[Croatia in union with Hungary|Croatia]], who had been seized through the [[devshirme]] and rose to become Governor of [[Diyarbakır#Safavids and Ottomans|Diyarbakır]] and later, [[Grand Vizier]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-061291-7| last = Vovchenko| first = Denis| title = Containing Balkan Nationalism: Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians, 1856-1914| date = 18 July 2016 | page=32}}</ref> However, Hürrem believed that she should be married to the more handsome governor of Cairo.{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=154}} Rüstem's enemies circulated a rumour that he had leprosy but the doctor dispatched to Diyarbakır to examine him found this to be untrue. although a louse was found in his clothing, despite the fact that he changed his garments daily.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=76}} |
In 1539, Süleyman decided that Mihrimah should be married to [[Rüstem Pasha]],{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=154}}, probably from [[Croatia in union with Hungary|Croatia]], who had been seized through the [[devshirme]] and rose to become Governor of [[Diyarbakır#Safavids and Ottomans|Diyarbakır]] and later, [[Grand Vizier]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-061291-7| last = Vovchenko| first = Denis| title = Containing Balkan Nationalism: Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians, 1856-1914| date = 18 July 2016 | page=32}}</ref> However, Hürrem believed that she should be married to the more handsome governor of Cairo.{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=154}} Rüstem's enemies circulated a rumour that he had leprosy but the doctor dispatched to Diyarbakır to examine him found this to be untrue. although a louse was found in his clothing, despite the fact that he changed his garments daily.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=76}} |
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The marriage took place on 26 November 1539<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tolga Uslubaş|author2=Yılmaz Keskin|title=Alfabetik Osmanlı tarihi ansiklopedisi|year=2007|publisher=Karma Kitaplar|isbn=978-9944-321-50-1|page=393}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pars Tuğlacı|title=Türkiyeʼde kadın|year=1985|publisher=Cem Yayınevi|page=316}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Metin And|title=16. yüzyılda İstanbul: kent, saray, günlük yaşam|year=2009|publisher=Yapı Kredi Yayınları|isbn=978-975-08-1832-5|page=145}}</ref>{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=66}} in the Old Palace,<ref>{{cite book|title=Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi|year=1994|publisher=Kültür Bakanlığı|isbn=978-975-7306-05-4|page=453}}</ref> when Mihrimah was seventeen.{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=98}} Her wedding ceremony and the celebration for her younger brothers Bayezid and Cihangir's [[circumcision]] occurred on the same day,{{sfn|Peirce|1993|pp=68, 76, 123}}{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=66}}{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=97}} the collective festivities lasting fifteen days.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=68}} Five years later in 1544, Süleyman selected her husband to become [[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand |
The marriage took place on 26 November 1539<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tolga Uslubaş|author2=Yılmaz Keskin|title=Alfabetik Osmanlı tarihi ansiklopedisi|year=2007|publisher=Karma Kitaplar|isbn=978-9944-321-50-1|page=393}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pars Tuğlacı|title=Türkiyeʼde kadın|year=1985|publisher=Cem Yayınevi|page=316}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Metin And|title=16. yüzyılda İstanbul: kent, saray, günlük yaşam|year=2009|publisher=Yapı Kredi Yayınları|isbn=978-975-08-1832-5|page=145}}</ref>{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=66}} in the Old Palace,<ref>{{cite book|title=Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi|year=1994|publisher=Kültür Bakanlığı|isbn=978-975-7306-05-4|page=453}}</ref> when Mihrimah was seventeen.{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=98}} Her wedding ceremony and the celebration for her younger brothers Bayezid and Cihangir's [[circumcision]] occurred on the same day,{{sfn|Peirce|1993|pp=68, 76, 123}}{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=66}}{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=97}} the collective festivities lasting fifteen days.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=68}} Five years later in 1544, Süleyman selected her husband to become [[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand Vizie]]<nowiki/>r,{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=155}} a post he held until his death in 1561, bar a two-year interval when he was dismissed to assuage popular outrage following the execution of Şehzade (Crown Prince) Mustafa in 1553.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=72}}{{sfn|Nahrawālī|Blackburn|2005|p=82 n. 208}} |
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Shortly after Mihrimah's wedding she developed a rheumatoid-like condition and spent most of her life dealing with the illness.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> In 1544 she traveled to Bursa with her mother and husband and a large military escort.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=61}} Although Mihrimah and her mother made efforts to promote Rüstem as an intimate of the sultan, he was actually kept at a distance from the royal presence.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=76}} Mihrimah and Rüstem had one daughter,{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=14}} [[Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hans Georg Majer|author2=Sabine Prätor|author3=Christoph K. Neumann|title=Arts, women and, scholars|year=2002|publisher=Simurg|isbn=978-975-7172-64-2|page=105|quote=Ayşe Sultan duhter-i hazret-i Mihrümāh Sulțān el-mezbūre zevce-i Ahmed Paşa}}</ref> born in 1542, and a son, Sultanzade Osman Bey, born in 1547.{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=14}} |
Shortly after Mihrimah's wedding she developed a rheumatoid-like condition and spent most of her life dealing with the illness.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> In 1544 she traveled to Bursa with her mother and husband and a large military escort.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=61}} Although Mihrimah and her mother made efforts to promote Rüstem as an intimate of the sultan, he was actually kept at a distance from the royal presence.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=76}} Mihrimah and Rüstem had one daughter,{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=14}} [[Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hans Georg Majer|author2=Sabine Prätor|author3=Christoph K. Neumann|title=Arts, women and, scholars|year=2002|publisher=Simurg|isbn=978-975-7172-64-2|page=105|quote=Ayşe Sultan duhter-i hazret-i Mihrümāh Sulțān el-mezbūre zevce-i Ahmed Paşa}}</ref> born in 1542, and a son, Sultanzade Osman Bey, born in 1547.{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=14}} |
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In 1554, Mihrimah suffered a life-threatening miscarriage which almost cost her her life. An anonymous author suggested that the couple lived in Pera, although it is more likely that they settled in Mihrimah's palace in Üsküdar.{{sfn|Miović|2018|pp=100–101}} In March 1558, Shaykh Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali, a religious figure from [[Mecca]], visited Istanbul.{{sfn|Nahrawālī|Blackburn|2005|p=158}} In April, he met Mihrimah and gave her gifts.{{sfn|Nahrawālī|Blackburn|2005|p=176}} He met her again in June just before he left Istanbul for Cairo.{{sfn|Nahrawālī|Blackburn|2005|p=207}} |
In 1554, Mihrimah suffered a life-threatening miscarriage which almost cost her her life. An anonymous author suggested that the couple lived in Pera, although it is more likely that they settled in Mihrimah's palace in Üsküdar.{{sfn|Miović|2018|pp=100–101}} In March 1558, Shaykh Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali, a religious figure from [[Mecca]], visited Istanbul.{{sfn|Nahrawālī|Blackburn|2005|p=158}} In April, he met Mihrimah, and gave her gifts.{{sfn|Nahrawālī|Blackburn|2005|p=176}} He met her again in June just before he left Istanbul for Cairo.{{sfn|Nahrawālī|Blackburn|2005|p=207}} |
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After Rüstem's death in 1561,{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=67}} she offered to marry [[Semiz Ali Pasha]], who had succeeded him as grand vizier. When he declined, she chose not to marry again,{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=21}} returning instead to the royal palace.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=67}} |
After Rüstem's death in 1561,{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=67}} she offered to marry [[Semiz Ali Pasha]], who had succeeded him as grand vizier. When he declined, she chose not to marry again,{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=21}} returning instead to the royal palace.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=67}} |
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=== Issue === |
=== Issue === |
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Although there is no proof of Hürrem or Mihrimah's direct involvement in her half-brother [[Şehzade Mustafa]]'s downfall, Ottoman and foreign accounts suggest that it was widely believed that Mihrimah worked with Hürrem and Rüstem to eliminate Mustafa to ensure the throne for Hürrem's son and Mihrimah's full brother, Bayezid.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=79}}{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=156}}{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|pp=66–67}} The rivalry ended when Mustafa was executed at his own father's command in 1553 during the campaign against [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Persia]]. Although these accounts were not based on first-hand sources,{{sfn|Yermolenko|2005|p=236}} a fear of Mustafa was not unreasonable: had he ascended to the throne, all Mihrimah's full brothers (Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir) would probably have been executed, according to the fratricidal custom of the Ottoman dynasty, which required the brothers of a new sultan to be executed to avoid feuding.{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=155}}{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=79}} Mihrimah, Rüstem and Hürrem were also blamed for the execution in 1555 of the [[Kara Ahmed Pasha|Grand Vizier Kara Ahmed Pasha]], whose elimination cleared the way for Rüstem's return as [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]].{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=84}} |
Although there is no proof of Hürrem or Mihrimah's direct involvement in her half-brother [[Şehzade Mustafa]]'s downfall, Ottoman and foreign accounts suggest that it was widely believed that Mihrimah worked with Hürrem and Rüstem to eliminate Mustafa to ensure the throne for Hürrem's son and Mihrimah's full brother, Bayezid.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=79}}{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=156}}{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|pp=66–67}} The rivalry ended when Mustafa was executed at his own father's command in 1553 during the campaign against [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Persia]]. Although these accounts were not based on first-hand sources,{{sfn|Yermolenko|2005|p=236}} a fear of Mustafa was not unreasonable: had he ascended to the throne, all Mihrimah's full brothers (Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir) would probably have been executed, according to the fratricidal custom of the Ottoman dynasty, which required the brothers of a new sultan to be executed to avoid feuding.{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=155}}{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=79}} Mihrimah, Rüstem and Hürrem were also blamed for the execution in 1555 of the [[Kara Ahmed Pasha|Grand Vizier Kara Ahmed Pasha]], whose elimination cleared the way for Rüstem's return as [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]].{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=84}} |
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Hüurem sent letters to [[Sigismund II Augustus|Sigismund II]], [[King of Poland]] and [[Grand duke of Lithuania|Grand Duke of Lithuania]], the contents of which were mirrored in letters written by Mihrimah, and sent by the same courier, who also carried letters from the sultan and her husband Rüstem Pasha the Grand Vizier.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=221}} After Hurrem's death, Mihrimah also became Süleyman's advisor and confidant,{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=65}} urging him to undertake the conquest of Malta in 1565,{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=106}} and sending him |
Hüurem sent letters to [[Sigismund II Augustus|Sigismund II]], [[King of Poland]] and [[Grand duke of Lithuania|Grand Duke of Lithuania]], the contents of which were mirrored in letters written by Mihrimah, and sent by the same courier, who also carried letters from the sultan and her husband Rüstem Pasha the Grand Vizier.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=221}} After Hurrem's death, Mihrimah also became Süleyman's advisor and confidant,{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=65}} urging him to undertake the conquest of Malta in 1565,{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=106}} and sending him news and forwarding letters for him when he was absent from the capital.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=65}} She enlisted the help of the [[Semiz Ali Pasha|Grand Vizier Semiz Ali Pasha]], and promised to outfit four hundred ships at her own expense. However, Süleyman and his son Selim prevented the campaign from proceeding so that the admiral, [[Piali Pasha|Piyale Pasha]], could stay in Istanbul with his new wife, [[Gevherhan Sultan (daughter of Selim II)|Gevherhan Sultan]], Selim's daughter.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|pp=68–69}} It is also likely that she encouraged Süleyman's decision to launch a campaign against Hungary in 1566, where he met his death at [[Szigetvár]].{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=106}} |
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Temporary closures of the western and/or eastern grain markets, food shortages |
Temporary closures of the western and/or eastern grain markets, food shortages and poor harvests led to several crises in the sixteenth century. The citizens of the Dalmatian [[Republic of Ragusa]] managed to survive thanks to supplies of Ottoman grain which Mihrimah helped to facilitate.{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=102}} The Ragusans' decision to approach Mihrimah for help may have been the result of tensions between the Republic and the kapudan pasha, Piyale Pasha. During the Ottoman siege of Malta in 1565, several Ragusan ships sailed in the Christian fleet, as Piyale Pasha reported to the [[Sublime Porte|Porte]]. To Ragusan horror, his ships sailed into their waters and raided the island of [[Mljet]]. However, true problems emerged in 1566, leading Ragusan ambassadors to petition Mihrimah to act as their protector.{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=106}} |
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In later years Mihrimah retired to the [[Eski Saray|Old Palace.]]{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=128}} As soon as he came to power, Selim turned to her for help as he needed money, after which she lent him fifty thousand gold coins.{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=21}} She then continued to act as his advisor |
In later years Mihrimah retired to the [[Eski Saray|Old Palace.]]{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=128}} As soon as he came to power, Selim turned to her for help as he needed money, after which she lent him fifty thousand gold coins.{{sfn|Atçıl|2020|p=21}} She then continued to act as his advisor.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> In 1571, the Ragusans asked her to speak to the sultan on their behalf, and to "spare a couple of kind words for their love's sake".{{sfn|Miović|2018|p=107}} |
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In 1575, during the reign of her nephew Sultan [[Murad III]], her daily stipend consisted of 600 aspers |
In 1575, during the reign of her nephew Sultan [[Murad III]], her daily stipend consisted of 600 aspers.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|pp=127–128}} When the French refused to return two Turkish women who had been captured at sea by [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]'s brother-in-law and made members of [[Catherine de' Medici]]'s court, Mihrimah and her niece, [[Ismihan Sultan]] intervened on their behalf{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=227}} When [[Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha]] married her granddaughter in October 1576. Mihrimah provided him with a huge dowry including gold and valuable clothes. She also supported him against his rivals inside the court such as [[Safiye Sultan (wife of Murad III)|Safiye Sultan]], Ferhad Pasha, [[Damat Ibrahim Pasha|Damat Ibrahim]] and Halil Pashas.<ref>{{cite thesis|first=Merve|last=Biçer|title=Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha: A 16th Century Ottoman Comvert in the Mediterranean World|publisher=Department of History İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, Ankara|year=2014|type=Master Thesis|pages=48}}</ref> |
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==Mosques and charities== |
==Mosques and charities== |
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[[File:Istanbul - Mesquita de Mihrimah.JPG|thumb|300px|left|[[Mihrimah Mosque|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque at Edirnekapı]], [[Istanbul|İstanbul, Turkey]].]] |
[[File:Istanbul - Mesquita de Mihrimah.JPG|thumb|300px|left|[[Mihrimah Mosque|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque at Edirnekapı]], [[Istanbul|İstanbul, Turkey]].]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:Endowment Deed of Mihrimah Sultan.jpg|thumb|Endowment Deed of Mihrimah Sultan. This document concerns the endowment of properties in Anatolia and Rumelia, from which revenues were to be used to meet the expenses of the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque complex. April–March 1550. [[Sadberk Hanım Museum]]]] |
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Mihrimah also sponsored a number of major architectural projects. Her most famous foundations are the two Istanbul mosque complexes that bear her name, both designed by her father's chief architect, [[Mimar Sinan]]. |
Mihrimah also sponsored a number of major architectural projects. Her most famous foundations are the two Istanbul mosque complexes that bear her name, both designed by her father's chief architect, [[Mimar Sinan]]. |
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The first [[Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Mihrimah Sultan Camii''), also known as the İskele Mosque ([[Turkish language|Turkish:]] ''İskele Camii''), is one of [[Üsküdar]]'s most prominent landmarks and was built between 1543 or 1544{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=157}} and 1548.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=201}} The twin-minaret mosque complex consisted of a mosque, a ''medrese'', a soup kitchen to feed the poor, a clinic and a primary school. The primary school, library |
The first [[Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Mihrimah Sultan Camii''), also known as the İskele Mosque ([[Turkish language|Turkish:]] ''İskele Camii''), is one of [[Üsküdar]]'s most prominent landmarks and was built between 1543 or 1544{{sfn|Isom-Verhaaren|2016|p=157}} and 1548.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=201}} The twin-minaret mosque complex consisted of a mosque, a ''medrese'', a soup kitchen to feed the poor, a clinic and a primary school. The primary school, library and medrese are now used as an outpatient clinic. |
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The second [[Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque]] beside the Edirne Gate ([[Turkish language|Turkish:]] ''Edirnekapı'') in the western wall of the old city of Istanbul was built between 1562 and 1565.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|pp=23, 201}}It consists of a fountain, ''medrese'' and hamam. Unlike its namesake, it features a single minaret.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan" />{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=67}}<ref name="Mihrimah">{{cite web|title= MİHRİMAH SULTAN KÜLLİYESİ Üsküdar'da İskele Meydanı'nın kuzeyinde Paşalimanı caddesi başında inşa edilmiş XVI. yüzyıla ait külliye.|url= https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mihrimah-sultan-kulliyesi--uskudar|website=İslam Ansiklopedisi|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> |
The second [[Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque]] beside the Edirne Gate ([[Turkish language|Turkish:]] ''Edirnekapı'') in the western wall of the old city of Istanbul was built between 1562 and 1565.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|pp=23, 201}}It consists of a fountain, ''medrese'' and hamam. Unlike its namesake, it features a single minaret.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan" />{{sfn|Uluçay|1992|p=67}}<ref name="Mihrimah">{{cite web|title= MİHRİMAH SULTAN KÜLLİYESİ Üsküdar'da İskele Meydanı'nın kuzeyinde Paşalimanı caddesi başında inşa edilmiş XVI. yüzyıla ait külliye.|url= https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mihrimah-sultan-kulliyesi--uskudar|website=İslam Ansiklopedisi|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> |
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==Mimar Sinan== |
==Mimar Sinan== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Coffin of Suleiman the Magnificient.jpg|thumb|Mihrimah Sultan was buried next to her father [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman the Magnificent]] inside his [[türbe]] behind the [[Süleymaniye Mosque]]]] |
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[[Mimar Sinan]], a sixteenth-century architect, was allegedly in love with Mihrimah<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> after supposedly seeing her for the first time while she was accompanying her father on his Moldova Campaign.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> To impress her, Sinan built a bridge spanning the Prut River in just thirteen days. He asked for her hand in marriage only to have his proposal rejected by her father. He is then said to have poured his heart into his architecture. Some claim that he built the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in Üsküdar to resemble the silhouette of a woman with her skirt sweeping the ground.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> |
[[Mimar Sinan]], a sixteenth-century architect, was allegedly in love with Mihrimah<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> after supposedly seeing her for the first time while she was accompanying her father on his Moldova Campaign.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> To impress her, Sinan built a bridge spanning the Prut River in just thirteen days. He asked for her hand in marriage only to have his proposal rejected by her father. He is then said to have poured his heart into his architecture. Some claim that he built the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in Üsküdar to resemble the silhouette of a woman with her skirt sweeping the ground.<ref name="Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan"/> |
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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* In the 2011–2014 TV series ''[[Muhteşem Yüzyıl]] (The Magnificent Century)'' she was portrayed by [[Pelin Karahan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.star.com.tr/magazin/muhtesem-yuzyilin-mihrimah-sultani-pelin-karahan-10-dakikada-bosandi-haber-807888/|title=Muhteşem Yüzyıl'ın Mihrimah Sultan'ı Pelin Karahan 10 dakikada boşandı – Son Dakika Magazin Haberleri {{!}} STAR|work=Star.com.tr|access-date=13 October 2017|language=tr-TR}}</ref> |
* In the 2011–2014 TV series ''[[Muhteşem Yüzyıl]] (The Magnificent Century)'' she was portrayed by [[Pelin Karahan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.star.com.tr/magazin/muhtesem-yuzyilin-mihrimah-sultani-pelin-karahan-10-dakikada-bosandi-haber-807888/|title=Muhteşem Yüzyıl'ın Mihrimah Sultan'ı Pelin Karahan 10 dakikada boşandı – Son Dakika Magazin Haberleri {{!}} STAR|work=Star.com.tr|access-date=13 October 2017|language=tr-TR}}</ref> |
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* She appears as a central character in |
* She appears as a central character in''The Architect's Apprentice'', a 2014 novel by [[Elif Shafak]]..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/14/books/review/the-architects-apprentice-by-elif-shafak.html|title='The Architect's Apprentice,' by Elif Shafak|last=Atamian|first=Christopher|date=8 June 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=4 November 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-architects-apprentice-by-elif-shafak-book-review-the-domes-of-discovery-9828628.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-architects-apprentice-by-elif-shafak-book-review-the-domes-of-discovery-9828628.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The Architect's Apprentice by Elif Shafak, book review: The domes of|date=30 October 2014|work=The Independent|location=London|access-date=4 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 19:22, 9 November 2022
Mihrimah Sultan | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Born | August,1522 Old Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | ||||
Died | 25 January 1578 Old Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | (aged 55)||||
Burial | Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue | Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (1541–1598) Sultanzade Osman Bey (1546–1576) | ||||
| |||||
Dynasty | Ottoman | ||||
Father | Süleyman the Magnificent | ||||
Mother | Hürrem Sultan | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Mihrimah Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: مهرماه سلطان, "Sun and Moon", Turkish pronunciation: [mihɾiˈmah suɫˈtan]; 1522 – 25 January 1578) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent and his wife, Hürrem Sultan. She was the most powerful imperial princess in Ottoman history and a prominent figure in the so-called Sultanate of Women.
Name
Mihrimah or Mihrümah[1][2] means "Sun and Moon",[3][4] or "Moon of the Suns"[5] in Persian.[4] To Westerners, she was known as Cameria,[6] which is a variant of "Qamariah", an Arabic version of her name meaning "of the moon". Her portrait by Cristofano dell'Altissimo was entitled Cameria Solimani.[7] She was also known as Hanım Sultan, which means "Madam Princess".[8]
Early life
Mihrimah was born in Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1522[9][10][11] during the reign of her father, Süleyman the Magnificent. Her mother was Hürrem Sultan,[9][10][11] an Orthodox priest's daughter,[12] who was the Sultan's concubine but was freed in 1533 or 1534 and became Suleyman's legal wife.[13] Mihrimah had five brothers: Şehzade Mehmed, Şehzade Abdullah, who died at the age of three, Şehzade Selim (the future Selim II), Şehzade Bayezid, and Şehzade Cihangir.[9][10] Well-educated and disciplined, she was also sophisticated, eloquent and well-read.[4]
Marriage
In 1539, Süleyman decided that Mihrimah should be married to Rüstem Pasha,[14], probably from Croatia, who had been seized through the devshirme and rose to become Governor of Diyarbakır and later, Grand Vizier.[15] However, Hürrem believed that she should be married to the more handsome governor of Cairo.[14] Rüstem's enemies circulated a rumour that he had leprosy but the doctor dispatched to Diyarbakır to examine him found this to be untrue. although a louse was found in his clothing, despite the fact that he changed his garments daily.[16]
The marriage took place on 26 November 1539[17][18][19][20] in the Old Palace,[21] when Mihrimah was seventeen.[22] Her wedding ceremony and the celebration for her younger brothers Bayezid and Cihangir's circumcision occurred on the same day,[23][20][24] the collective festivities lasting fifteen days.[25] Five years later in 1544, Süleyman selected her husband to become Grand Vizier,[26] a post he held until his death in 1561, bar a two-year interval when he was dismissed to assuage popular outrage following the execution of Şehzade (Crown Prince) Mustafa in 1553.[27][28]
Shortly after Mihrimah's wedding she developed a rheumatoid-like condition and spent most of her life dealing with the illness.[4] In 1544 she traveled to Bursa with her mother and husband and a large military escort.[29] Although Mihrimah and her mother made efforts to promote Rüstem as an intimate of the sultan, he was actually kept at a distance from the royal presence.[16] Mihrimah and Rüstem had one daughter,[30] Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan,[31] born in 1542, and a son, Sultanzade Osman Bey, born in 1547.[30]
In 1554, Mihrimah suffered a life-threatening miscarriage which almost cost her her life. An anonymous author suggested that the couple lived in Pera, although it is more likely that they settled in Mihrimah's palace in Üsküdar.[32] In March 1558, Shaykh Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali, a religious figure from Mecca, visited Istanbul.[33] In April, he met Mihrimah, and gave her gifts.[34] He met her again in June just before he left Istanbul for Cairo.[35]
After Rüstem's death in 1561,[36] she offered to marry Semiz Ali Pasha, who had succeeded him as grand vizier. When he declined, she chose not to marry again,[37] returning instead to the royal palace.[38]
Issue
Mihrimah had at least two children by her marriage to Rüstem:[39]
- Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (Constantinople, 1541– Constantinople, 1598)
- Sultanzade Osman Bey (Constantinople, 1546 - Constantinople, 1576)
It is possible, although not certain, that she had a second son.
Political affairs
Although there is no proof of Hürrem or Mihrimah's direct involvement in her half-brother Şehzade Mustafa's downfall, Ottoman and foreign accounts suggest that it was widely believed that Mihrimah worked with Hürrem and Rüstem to eliminate Mustafa to ensure the throne for Hürrem's son and Mihrimah's full brother, Bayezid.[40][41][42] The rivalry ended when Mustafa was executed at his own father's command in 1553 during the campaign against Safavid Persia. Although these accounts were not based on first-hand sources,[43] a fear of Mustafa was not unreasonable: had he ascended to the throne, all Mihrimah's full brothers (Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir) would probably have been executed, according to the fratricidal custom of the Ottoman dynasty, which required the brothers of a new sultan to be executed to avoid feuding.[26][40] Mihrimah, Rüstem and Hürrem were also blamed for the execution in 1555 of the Grand Vizier Kara Ahmed Pasha, whose elimination cleared the way for Rüstem's return as Grand Vizier.[44]
Hüurem sent letters to Sigismund II, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the contents of which were mirrored in letters written by Mihrimah, and sent by the same courier, who also carried letters from the sultan and her husband Rüstem Pasha the Grand Vizier.[45] After Hurrem's death, Mihrimah also became Süleyman's advisor and confidant,[46] urging him to undertake the conquest of Malta in 1565,[47] and sending him news and forwarding letters for him when he was absent from the capital.[46] She enlisted the help of the Grand Vizier Semiz Ali Pasha, and promised to outfit four hundred ships at her own expense. However, Süleyman and his son Selim prevented the campaign from proceeding so that the admiral, Piyale Pasha, could stay in Istanbul with his new wife, Gevherhan Sultan, Selim's daughter.[48] It is also likely that she encouraged Süleyman's decision to launch a campaign against Hungary in 1566, where he met his death at Szigetvár.[47]
Temporary closures of the western and/or eastern grain markets, food shortages and poor harvests led to several crises in the sixteenth century. The citizens of the Dalmatian Republic of Ragusa managed to survive thanks to supplies of Ottoman grain which Mihrimah helped to facilitate.[49] The Ragusans' decision to approach Mihrimah for help may have been the result of tensions between the Republic and the kapudan pasha, Piyale Pasha. During the Ottoman siege of Malta in 1565, several Ragusan ships sailed in the Christian fleet, as Piyale Pasha reported to the Porte. To Ragusan horror, his ships sailed into their waters and raided the island of Mljet. However, true problems emerged in 1566, leading Ragusan ambassadors to petition Mihrimah to act as their protector.[47]
In later years Mihrimah retired to the Old Palace.[50] As soon as he came to power, Selim turned to her for help as he needed money, after which she lent him fifty thousand gold coins.[37] She then continued to act as his advisor.[4] In 1571, the Ragusans asked her to speak to the sultan on their behalf, and to "spare a couple of kind words for their love's sake".[51]
In 1575, during the reign of her nephew Sultan Murad III, her daily stipend consisted of 600 aspers.[52] When the French refused to return two Turkish women who had been captured at sea by Henry III's brother-in-law and made members of Catherine de' Medici's court, Mihrimah and her niece, Ismihan Sultan intervened on their behalf[53] When Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha married her granddaughter in October 1576. Mihrimah provided him with a huge dowry including gold and valuable clothes. She also supported him against his rivals inside the court such as Safiye Sultan, Ferhad Pasha, Damat Ibrahim and Halil Pashas.[54]
Mosques and charities
Mihrimah also sponsored a number of major architectural projects. Her most famous foundations are the two Istanbul mosque complexes that bear her name, both designed by her father's chief architect, Mimar Sinan.
The first Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Turkish: Mihrimah Sultan Camii), also known as the İskele Mosque (Turkish: İskele Camii), is one of Üsküdar's most prominent landmarks and was built between 1543 or 1544[55] and 1548.[56] The twin-minaret mosque complex consisted of a mosque, a medrese, a soup kitchen to feed the poor, a clinic and a primary school. The primary school, library and medrese are now used as an outpatient clinic.
The second Mihrimah Sultan Mosque beside the Edirne Gate (Turkish: Edirnekapı) in the western wall of the old city of Istanbul was built between 1562 and 1565.[57]It consists of a fountain, medrese and hamam. Unlike its namesake, it features a single minaret.[4][36][58]
She also commissioned the repair of the 'Ayn Zubaydah spring in Mecca and established a foundation to supply wrought iron to the navy.[4]
Mimar Sinan
Mimar Sinan, a sixteenth-century architect, was allegedly in love with Mihrimah[4] after supposedly seeing her for the first time while she was accompanying her father on his Moldova Campaign.[4] To impress her, Sinan built a bridge spanning the Prut River in just thirteen days. He asked for her hand in marriage only to have his proposal rejected by her father. He is then said to have poured his heart into his architecture. Some claim that he built the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in Üsküdar to resemble the silhouette of a woman with her skirt sweeping the ground.[4]
Death
Mihrimah Sultan died in Istanbul on 25 January 1578[59][60][61] having outlived all her siblings. She is the only one of Süleyman's children[62] to have been buried in his tomb in the Süleymaniye Mosque complex.[4][63][36][61]
In popular culture
- In the 2011–2014 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century) she was portrayed by Pelin Karahan.[64]
- She appears as a central character inThe Architect's Apprentice, a 2014 novel by Elif Shafak..[65][66]
References
- ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu (2007). Famous Ottoman Women. Avea. p. 105. ISBN 978-975-7104-77-3.
- ^ Fen Fakültesi İstanbul Üniversitesi (1967). Lectures Delivered on the 511th Anniversary of the Conquest of İstanbul. Fen Fakültesi Döner Sermaye Basımevi. p. 13.
- ^ Isom-Verhaaren 2016, p. 158.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Notable life of Mihrimah Sultan". DailySabah. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
- ^ Arthur Stratton (1971). Sinan: The Biography of One of the World's Greatest Architects and a Portrait of the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire. Scribner. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-684-12582-4.
- ^ Giorgio Vasari; Francesco Priscianese; Pietro Aretino; Sperone Speroni; Lodovico Dolce (23 April 2019). Lives of Titian. Getty Publications. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-60606-587-7.
- ^ David Geoffrey Alexander (2003). From the Medicis to the Savoias: Ottoman Splendour in Florentine Collections. Sabanci University, Sakip Sabanci Müzesi. p. 94. ISBN 978-975-8362-37-0.
- ^ Nahrawālī & Blackburn 2005, p. 201 n. 547.
- ^ a b c Peirce 1993, p. 60.
- ^ a b c Yermolenko 2005, p. 233.
- ^ a b Uluçay 1992, p. 65.
- ^ Yermolenko 2005, p. 234.
- ^ Yermolenko 2005, p. 235.
- ^ a b Isom-Verhaaren 2016, p. 154.
- ^ Vovchenko, Denis (18 July 2016). Containing Balkan Nationalism: Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians, 1856-1914. Oxford University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-19-061291-7.
- ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 76.
- ^ Tolga Uslubaş; Yılmaz Keskin (2007). Alfabetik Osmanlı tarihi ansiklopedisi. Karma Kitaplar. p. 393. ISBN 978-9944-321-50-1.
- ^ Pars Tuğlacı (1985). Türkiyeʼde kadın. Cem Yayınevi. p. 316.
- ^ Metin And (2009). 16. yüzyılda İstanbul: kent, saray, günlük yaşam. Yapı Kredi Yayınları. p. 145. ISBN 978-975-08-1832-5.
- ^ a b Uluçay 1992, p. 66.
- ^ Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi. Kültür Bakanlığı. 1994. p. 453. ISBN 978-975-7306-05-4.
- ^ Miović 2018, p. 98.
- ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 68, 76, 123.
- ^ Miović 2018, p. 97.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 68.
- ^ a b Isom-Verhaaren 2016, p. 155.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 72.
- ^ Nahrawālī & Blackburn 2005, p. 82 n. 208.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 61.
- ^ a b Atçıl 2020, p. 14.
- ^ Hans Georg Majer; Sabine Prätor; Christoph K. Neumann (2002). Arts, women and, scholars. Simurg. p. 105. ISBN 978-975-7172-64-2.
Ayşe Sultan duhter-i hazret-i Mihrümāh Sulțān el-mezbūre zevce-i Ahmed Paşa
- ^ Miović 2018, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Nahrawālī & Blackburn 2005, p. 158.
- ^ Nahrawālī & Blackburn 2005, p. 176.
- ^ Nahrawālī & Blackburn 2005, p. 207.
- ^ a b c Uluçay 1992, p. 67.
- ^ a b Atçıl 2020, p. 21.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 67.
- ^ Zahit, Atçıl (2020). "Osmanlı Hanedanının Evlilik Politikaları ve Mihrimah Sultan'ın Evliliği". Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergis (34): 1–26
- ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 79.
- ^ Isom-Verhaaren 2016, p. 156.
- ^ Uluçay 1992, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Yermolenko 2005, p. 236.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 84.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 221.
- ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 65.
- ^ a b c Miović 2018, p. 106.
- ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Miović 2018, p. 102.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 128.
- ^ Miović 2018, p. 107.
- ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 227.
- ^ Biçer, Merve (2014). Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha: A 16th Century Ottoman Comvert in the Mediterranean World (Master Thesis). Department of History İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, Ankara. p. 48.
- ^ Isom-Verhaaren 2016, p. 157.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 201.
- ^ Peirce 1993, pp. 23, 201.
- ^ "MİHRİMAH SULTAN KÜLLİYESİ Üsküdar'da İskele Meydanı'nın kuzeyinde Paşalimanı caddesi başında inşa edilmiş XVI. yüzyıla ait külliye". İslam Ansiklopedisi. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı (1988). İslâm ansiklopedisi: Mısra – Muhammediyye. Türkiye Diyanet Vakf ıİslâm Ansiklopedisi Genel Müdürlüğü. p. 40. ISBN 978-975-389-402-9.
- ^ Osman Gazi'den Sultan Vahidüddin Han'a Osmanlı tarihi. Çamlıca Basım Yayın. 2014. p. 120. ISBN 978-9944-905-39-8.
- ^ a b Miović 2018, p. 108.
- ^ Isom-Verhaaren 2016, p. 164.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 190.
- ^ "Muhteşem Yüzyıl'ın Mihrimah Sultan'ı Pelin Karahan 10 dakikada boşandı – Son Dakika Magazin Haberleri | STAR". Star.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 13 October 2017.
- ^ Atamian, Christopher (8 June 2015). "'The Architect's Apprentice,' by Elif Shafak". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ "The Architect's Apprentice by Elif Shafak, book review: The domes of". The Independent. London. 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Bibliography
- Peirce, Leslie (1993). Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
- Yermolenko, Galina (2005). "Roxolana: The Greatest Empress of the East". The Muslim World. 95 (2): 231–248.
- Isom-Verhaaren, Christine (11 April 2016). "Mihrimah Sultan: A Princess Constructs Ottoman Dynastic Identity". In Christine Isom-Verhaaren; Kent F. Schull (eds.). Living in the Ottoman Realm: Empire and Identity, 13th to 20th Centuries. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253019486.
- Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (1992). Padışahların kadınları ve kızları. Türk Tarihi Kurumu Yayınları.
- Miović, Vesna (2 May 2018). "Per favore della Soltana: moćne osmanske žene i dubrovački diplomati". Anali Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti U Dubrovniku (in Croatian). 56 (56/1): 147–197. doi:10.21857/mwo1vczp2y. ISSN 1330-0598.
- Atçıl, Zahit (2020). "Osmanlı Hanedanının Evlilik Politikaları ve Mihrimah Sultan'ın Evliliği". Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergis (34): 1–26.
- Nahrawālī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad; Blackburn, Richard (2005). Journey to the Sublime Porte: the Arabic memoir of a Sharifian agent's diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Imperial Court in the era of Suleyman the Magnificent; the relevant text from Quṭb al-Dīn al-Nahrawālī's al-Fawāʼid al-sanīyah fī al-riḥlah al-Madanīyah wa al-Rūmīyah. Orient-Institut. ISBN 978-3-899-13441-4.