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{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}} |
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{{Infobox dance |
{{Infobox dance |
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| name = Mek Mulung |
| name = Mek Mulung dance |
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| native_name = Tarian Mek Mulung |
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| native_name = {{nativename|th|แม่เมืองหลวง}} |
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| native_name_lang = |
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| etymology = |
| etymology = |
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| image |
| image = |
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| imagesize = 300 px |
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| alt = |
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| alt = |
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| caption = A ''Mek Mulung'' female dancer in [[Bangkok]], 2010 |
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| caption = |
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| genre = |
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| signature = |
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| instruments = [[drum]]s, [[gong]]s, [[cymbal]]s and wooden clappers |
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| instruments = |
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| inventor = [[Siamese people|Siamese]]<ref name="USM" /> |
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| inventor = |
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| origin = [[Thailand]] ([[Ligor]])<ref name="USM">{{cite journal|title=Alat Muzik dan Lagu dalam Muzik Mek Mulung|language=ms-MY|trans-title=Musical Instruments and Songs in Mek Mulung Music|url=https://ejournal.usm.my/wacanaseni/article/view/ws-vol5-2006-5|year=2006|volume=5|pages=69–115}}</ref><ref name="Uitm">{{cite book|title=Mek Mulung|language=ms-MY|url=https://search.library.uitm.edu.my/Record/wils_557326}}</ref> |
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| year = |
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| origin = [[Kedah]] ([[Malaysia]]) |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox intangible heritage |
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{{Dance drama of Southeast Asia |
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|Countries = {{flag|Thailand}} |
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|Domains = |
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|Image = นายกรัฐมนตรี เป็นเจ้าภาพจัดงานสโมสรสันนิบาตเฉลิมพระเกี - Flickr - Abhisit Vejjajiva (4).jpg |
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|ID = 01587 |
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|Region = APA |
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|Year = 2021 |
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|Session = 16th |
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|Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nora-dance-drama-in-southern-thailand-01587 |
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|Note = The ''Mek Mulung'' is part of the Nora theatrical dance drama performance |
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|List = Representative List |
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| Below = [[File:Logo UNESCO 2021.svg|300px]] |
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}} |
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'''Mek Mulung''' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: '''مق مولوڠ''') is a traditional [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] theatre that unique to the northwest state of [[Kedah]] in [[Malaysia]]. It became popular since the late 18th century and incorporates most elements of [[Mak Yong]], [[Menora (dance)|Menora]] and [[Hadrah]].<ref name="reference1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dancemalaysia.com/Dance/Traditional/Malay_Theatre/Mek_Mulung/mek_mulung.htm|title=Mek Mulung|publisher=Dance Malaysia|accessdate=23 September 2010}}</ref> The theatre features a repertoire of stories from local legends, which according to a source, amounted about 20 original stories, with few of them survived today.<ref>[http://teaterkedah.blogspot.com/2008/01/mek-mulung-apa-kesudahannya.html MEK MULUNG : Apa kesudahannya? ]</ref> Similar to Mak Yong, the stories are presented through dialogue, song and dance. |
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'''''Mek Mulung''''' (from {{lang-th|แม่เมืองหลวง}}) is a traditional [[Siamese people|Siamese]] theatre originated from the Thailand's region of [[Ligor]],<ref name="USM" /><ref name="Uitm" /> and developed in three interconnected regions of [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]], [[Phatthalung]], and [[Songkhla]].<ref name="USM" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Dewan Budaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2r9uAAAAMAAJ&q=mek+mulung+ligor|publisher=University of Michigan|year=2004|volume=26}}</ref> Basically, it is part of the [[Menora (dance)|Menora]] dance performance and kinda developed as distinct court performance of the [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom|Ligor Kingdom]]<ref name="USM" /> when Ligor under the influence of the [[Srivijaya]] empire (when the central government was in [[Surat Thani]]) who introduced their own culture that incorporated into these theatrical performance.<ref name="USM" /> It was later brought and introduced to the southern Siam regions of [[Satun]], [[Trang, Thailand|Trang]], [[Pattani]] and [[Kedah]] (the region of Kedah were part of the Thailand's [[Rattanakosin Kingdom]] before it was given by [[British Malaya|British]] to Malaysia via the [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909|Anglo-Siamese Treaty]] in 1909)<ref>U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Office of the Geographer, [http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS057.pdf "International Boundary Study: Malaysia - Thailand Boundary," No. 57] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916034515/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS057.pdf |date=16 September 2006 }}, 15 November 1965.</ref><ref>Great Britain, ''Treaty Series'', No. 19 (1909)</ref> in the late of 18th century and incorporates some Arabic-based elements such as [[hadrah]], [[tambourine]], etc.<ref name="reference1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dancemalaysia.com/Dance/Traditional/Malay_Theatre/Mek_Mulung/mek_mulung.htm|title=Mek Mulung|publisher=Dance Malaysia|accessdate=23 September 2010}}</ref> |
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The musicians and actors of the theatre are exclusively male, playing both male and female roles. The basic dance movements are limited, abbreviated, crude and mainly focus on the arms, especially the to-and-fro, and up and down swinging.<ref name="reference1" /> |
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The orchestra of Mek Mulung is predominantly percussive and consists of ''[[rebana]]'', ''[[gong]]'' and ''kecerek'' (concussion sticks). A small [[oboe]], the only melodic instruments in the orchestra, complements other instruments. The musicians also do the singing, typically in syllabic style, with little vocal ornamentation.<ref name="Reference 1">{{cite book |title=The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music|page=228|author=Terry Miller & Sean Williams|isbn=978-0-415-96075-5|year= 2008|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> |
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The performance normally begins with a ritual known as ''bertabuh'' where all musical instruments will be played simultaneously. Then, an opening song called ''bertabik'' will be sung in group and accompanied by dancing movements. There are up to 7 types of dance in Mek Mulung: |
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1. ''Tarian Sembah''<br> |
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As the origin place of these dance performance, the ''Mek Mulung'' is still widely performed in Thailand as it is part of larger Nora theatrical dance performance, the Siamese usually held the performance at certain regions with [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]] being the well-known one as the destination to enjoy these performance. It is also known in Malaysia-controlled region of Kedah, but the practice of ''Mek Mulung'' has been majorly declined since it received a lot of backlash and banned by the Malaysia's government who considered these kind of cultural performance as ''[[haram]]'' ({{lit}} ‘forbidden’)<ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi |title=The Laws of Islam |date=26 March 2016 |publisher=Enlight Press |isbn=978-0994240989 |url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |access-date=22 December 2017 |ref=Modarresi |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which does not reflects the Islamic values. In 2021, the ''Mek Mulung'' inscribed as part of the larger Nora performance by [[UNESCO]] (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and recognized as the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity that originally from [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dance drama in southern Thailand|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nora-dance-drama-in-southern-thailand-01587|year=2021|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}}</ref> |
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2. ''Tarian Gambang''<br> |
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3. ''Tarian Puteri Mabuk''<br> |
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4. ''Tarian Menora'' <br> |
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5. ''Tarian Sirama'' <br> |
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6. ''Tarian Puteri Masuk Bilik Air''<br> |
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7. ''Tarian Sedayung'' |
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The singing of ''bertabik'' then followed by the recitation of stories from [[List of Hikayat|Hikayats]] by ''Pak Mulung'', and roles from the stories will be visualised by actors performance. The transition between scenes in the stories will be marked with a singing and [[pantun]] exchange. The theatre is typically performed in series and can take up to 3 nights to complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mykedah2.com/10heritage/105_5.html#top|title=Mek Mulung|publisher=Kedah State Library Corporation|accessdate=23 September 2010}}</ref> |
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== Etymology == |
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[[File:Thai Dancer (19000759).jpeg|thumb|left|250px|A Thai female ''Mek Mulung'' dancer doing rehearseal in southern Thailand, 2012]] |
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[[Etymology|Etymologically]], the term ''Mek Mulung'' is derived from {{lang|th|[[wikt:แม่|แม่]]}} ({{IPA-th|mɛː˥}}) + {{lang|th|[[wikt:เมืองหลวง|เมืองหลวง]]}} ({{IPA-th|mɯa̯ŋ˧.lua̯ŋ˩˩˦}}), it can be translated as "mother capital", which is the terminology for "[[capital city]]" in [[Thai language|Thai]].{{efn|in modern Thai, the capital city nowadays simply shortened as เมืองหลวง ({{IPA-th|mɯa̯ŋ˧.lua̯ŋ˩˩˦}})}} These word is used to indicate or commemorate a historical event where this dance performance was formed or developed when the capital of [[Srivijaya]] empire underwent a transfer from [[Palembang]] to the [[Chaiya district|Chaiya region]] of [[Surat Thani]] before eventually returned to region in [[Sumatra]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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===Notes=== |
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{{notelist}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Malay culture]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Malaysian culture]] |
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[[Category:Dances of Malaysia]] |
Revision as of 23:52, 30 November 2022
Native name | Tarian Mek Mulung |
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Origin | Kedah (Malaysia) |
Mek Mulung |
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Mek Mulung (Jawi: مق مولوڠ) is a traditional Malay theatre that unique to the northwest state of Kedah in Malaysia. It became popular since the late 18th century and incorporates most elements of Mak Yong, Menora and Hadrah.[1] The theatre features a repertoire of stories from local legends, which according to a source, amounted about 20 original stories, with few of them survived today.[2] Similar to Mak Yong, the stories are presented through dialogue, song and dance.
The musicians and actors of the theatre are exclusively male, playing both male and female roles. The basic dance movements are limited, abbreviated, crude and mainly focus on the arms, especially the to-and-fro, and up and down swinging.[1]
The orchestra of Mek Mulung is predominantly percussive and consists of rebana, gong and kecerek (concussion sticks). A small oboe, the only melodic instruments in the orchestra, complements other instruments. The musicians also do the singing, typically in syllabic style, with little vocal ornamentation.[3]
The performance normally begins with a ritual known as bertabuh where all musical instruments will be played simultaneously. Then, an opening song called bertabik will be sung in group and accompanied by dancing movements. There are up to 7 types of dance in Mek Mulung:
1. Tarian Sembah
2. Tarian Gambang
3. Tarian Puteri Mabuk
4. Tarian Menora
5. Tarian Sirama
6. Tarian Puteri Masuk Bilik Air
7. Tarian Sedayung
The singing of bertabik then followed by the recitation of stories from Hikayats by Pak Mulung, and roles from the stories will be visualised by actors performance. The transition between scenes in the stories will be marked with a singing and pantun exchange. The theatre is typically performed in series and can take up to 3 nights to complete.[4]
References
- ^ a b "Mek Mulung". Dance Malaysia. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ MEK MULUNG : Apa kesudahannya?
- ^ Terry Miller & Sean Williams (2008). The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music. Routledge. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-415-96075-5.
- ^ "Mek Mulung". Kedah State Library Corporation. Retrieved 23 September 2010.