Max Mosley | |
---|---|
Born | |
Nationality | British |
Title | President of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile |
Predecessor | Jean-Marie Balestre |
Parent(s) | Sir Oswald Mosley and Diana Mitford |
Max Rufus Mosley (born 1940, London, England) is currently serving his fourth term as president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), a non-profit association which represents the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users worldwide. The FIA is the governing body for Formula One and other international motor sports.
Mosley is the fourth son of Sir Oswald Mosley, former leader of the British Union of Fascists, and the second child from his second marriage to Diana Mitford. He spent the early years of his childhood separated from his parents while they were interned under Defence Regulation 18B. He was educated at private schools in France, Germany and England before going on to attend university at Christ Church, Oxford where he graduated with a degree in physics.
From an early age Mosley had an involvement in politics; in his teens he arranged social activities for the Union Movement, his father's post-war party. In later life he was a prospective candidate for the Union Movement. However, the association of his surname with Fascism has stopped him from developing his interest in politics further.
He is a former barrister, amateur racing driver, and a founder and co-owner of the March racing car constructor and Formula One racing team. March entered Formula One in 1970 and had a successful year, finishing third in the Constructors' Championship. Mosley pushed for March to build a six-wheeled Formula One car, primarily as a draw for new sponsors.
In the late 1970s Mosley applied his legal and political background when he became the official legal adviser to the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA). In this role he drew up a legal document which is now known as the first Concorde Agreement. This agreement was put in place to settle a dispute in Formula One between the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA), which was the ruling body of Formula One, and the teams. Although there have been many revisions since, the basis of this first agreement still governs Formula One. He was elected president of the FISA in 1991 after challenging the incumbent Jean-Marie Balestre for the presidency. He became president of the FIA in 1993 when a restructuring of the FIA led to the demise of FISA. There is often controversy surrounding Mosley's presidency of the FIA which has led to speculation on his retirement. Mosley himself announced his retirement in 2004, before reversing the decision after the FIA Senate called for him to stay on.
Family and early life
Mosley is the son of Sir Oswald Mosley. Before the Second World War Sir Oswald had been a Labour minister, and a Member of Parliament for both the Conservative and the Labour parties. He was also the leader of the pre-war British Union of Fascists (BUF). Mosley's mother was Sir Oswald's second wife, Diana Mitford. Early in the Second World War, on 23 May 1940, Sir Oswald, who had campaigned for a negotiated peace with Nazi Germany, was interned under Defence Regulation 18B, along with most active fascists in Britain. On 29 June 1940, Diana was also imprisoned, eleven weeks after she gave birth to Max Mosley.[1]
As a result, Mosley and his older brother Alexander grew up separated from their parents for the first few years of their lives. In December 1940, then prime minister Sir Winston Churchill, who knew Diana socially, asked Home Secretary Herbert Morrison to ensure that Diana was able to regularly see Max.[2]
Oswald and Diana Mosley were released from detention at HMP Holloway on 16 November, 1943. Their children were refused entry to several schools, due to a combination of their wildness and their parents' reputation, and were initially tutored at home instead. In 1950, the Mosleys bought houses in the Republic of Ireland, and in Orsay, near Paris. The family spent the year moving around Europe, spending the spring in France and the autumn and winter in Ireland,[3] where Mosley was keen on hunting.[4] His aunt Nancy Mitford, in letters to Evelyn Waugh, recalled Sir Oswald and his family cruising the Mediterranean on the family yacht, stopping at Portofino and Marseille, visiting Spain and being entertained by Sir Oswald's friend, General Franco.[5]
In addition to his brother, Mosley has five older half-siblings. On his father's side they are Vivien Mosley, Nicholas Mosley, 3rd Baron Ravensdale and Michael Mosley. On his mother's side they are the Irish preservationist Desmond Guinness and the writer Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne.
At the age of thirteen Mosley was sent to Stein an der Traun in Germany[6] for two years where he learnt to speak fluent German. On his return to England he was educated at Millfield boarding school. He attended Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a degree in physics in 1961. During his time at Oxford he was Secretary of the Oxford Union. His father was invited to speak at the Union in 1961. Sir Oswald's presence was opposed, and Mosley campaigned in favour of it under the slogan 'Free speech for fascists'. Mosley shortly afterward introduced his father to Robert Skidelsky, one of Mosley's contemporaries at the university, who would later write Sir Oswald's biography.[7] Mosley went on to study law at Gray's Inn in London, specialising in patent and trademark law, and qualified as a barrister in 1964.[1]
Mosley, like many people involved in Formula One, lives in Monaco. He met his future wife Jean Taylor at Union Movement party; they were married in 1960. They have two children Alexander who was born in 1970 and Patrick who was born in 1972.[8][9]
Politics
From their teens to early twenties, Mosley and his brother Alexander were involved with their father's post-war party, the Union Movement (UM), which advocated a united Europe as its core issue. Trevor Grundy, a central figure in the Union's Youth Movement, writes of the 16-year-old Mosley painting the 'circle and flash' symbol on walls in London on the night of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary (4 November, 1956), describing him as "a tall slim boy, with golden hair...He had a lovely face."[10] The circle and flash was used by both the UM and the pre-war BUF. He also reports Mosley enthusiastically organising a couple of large parties, with live music, as a way "to get in with lively, ordinary, normal young people, girls as well as boys, and attract them to the Movement by showing that we were like them and didn't go on about Hitler and Mussolini, Franco and British Fascism all the time."[11] When Oswald Mosley ran for the Kensington North seat in the 1959 General Election, Mosley and Alexander canvassed for their father.[12]
Mosley was later an election agent for the Union Movement, supporting Walter Hesketh as parliamentary candidate for Moss Side in 1962.[13] The motor racing journalist Alan Henry, in his book Driving Forces (1992), describes the younger Mosley as one of his father's "right-hand men" at the time of a violent incident in 1962, when the fascist leader was knocked down by a mob in London on his way to address a meeting and was saved from serious injury by his son's intervention.[14][15] As a result of his involvement in this fracas, Mosley junior was arrested and charged with threatening behaviour, being cleared at Old Street Magistrates' Court on the grounds that he was trying to protect his father.[16] In 1964, Mosley himself was a prospective UM candidate.[17]
Mosley was a member of the Territorial Army during the early 1960s, training as a parachutist. It was this training that lead some national English newspapers link him to the neo-fascist Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS) which was involved in the Algerian War at that time.[16]
Mosley has said that "If I had a completely open choice in my life, I would have chosen party politics, but because of my name, that's impossible."[17]
Racing career
While Mosley was at University, his wife was given tickets to a race at Silverstone. The circuit was not far from Oxford and the couple went out of curiosity. Mosley was attracted by the sport, and when his career as a barrister was bringing in sufficient money he started racing himself.[18] The sport's indifference to his background appealed to Mosley:
"There was always a certain amount of trouble [being the son of Sir Oswald] until I came into motor racing. And in one of the first races I ever took part in there was a list of people when they put the practice times [...] and I heard somebody say, 'Mosley, Max Mosley, he must be some relation of Alf Mosley, the coachbuilder.' And I thought to myself, 'I've found a world where they don't know about Oswald Mosley.' And it has always been a bit like that in motor racing: nobody gives a darn."[5]
At national level in the UK, Mosley was moderately successful, competing in over forty races in 1966 and 1967, of which he won 12, and setting several class lap records. In 1968, he formed the London Racing Team in partnership with Chris Lambert to compete in European Formula Two, the level of racing just below Formula One. It was a dangerous time to race. Early in the year, Mosley raced in the Formula Two race at Hockenheim at which double world champion Jim Clark was killed.[19] Later the same year, Lambert was killed in an accident at the Zandvoort track and Mosley joined Frank Williams's Formula Two team. His team mate there was Piers Courage, who would be killed in a racing accident only two years later.[16][20] Mosley's best result that year was an eighth place at a non-championship race at Monza.
March Engineering
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/March_711_2007.jpg/220px-March_711_2007.jpg)
In 1969, after two large accidents due to breakages on his Lotus car, Mosley retired from driving, having decided that "It was evident that I wasn't going to be World Champion."[5] He was already working with Robin Herd, Alan Rees and Graham Croaker on setting up March Engineering, a racing car manufacturer. Each put in £2,500. Mosley's role was to handle the legal and commercial sides of the business. His father told him that the company "would certainly go bankrupt, but it would be good experience for a later career."[21] The name March is a contrived acronym based on the initials of the founders; the 'M' stands for Mosley.[5]
Mosley played a key role in publicising the new outfit, which had few resources and limited experience, and yet announced ambitious plans to enter Formula One, the pinnacle of single-seater racing, in 1970. Chris Amon was signed to drive, on the understanding that a single car effort in Formula One would be focussed on him. By the beginning of the season, partly due to various deals made by Mosley, the number of March cars entered for the constructors' first Formula One race, the 1970 South African Grand Prix, rose to five. Two of these were run by March's own in-house 'works' team.[22] The other three were run by customer teams, including the Tyrrell team with reigning world champion Jackie Stewart.
March Formula One cars won three of their first four races, including one world championship race, the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix won by Stewart. March finished third in the 1970 Constructors' Championship. The factory also sold 40 cars to customers in various lower formulae, although there were no major wins.
Despite the initial success, the organisation got into financial difficulty almost immediately. The Formula One operation was costing more than the customer car business was making. Amon's contract was costing the works team a lot of money and Mosley, in his own words, "tried at every opportunity to get rid of him".[23] He reasoned that even without March's lead driver, Stewart's highly competitive Tyrrell-run customer car would show March in a good light. At the end of the season, Mosley successfully demanded full control of the finances, including the factory run by Croaker, who eventually left. Mosley and Herd borrowed £20,000 from relatives and friends to support the company into its second year. According to Bernie Ecclestone's biographer, Terry Lovell, the money came from Mosley's half brother, Jonathan Guinness.[24]
Without Chris Amon or Tyrrell, March's 1971 program was much reduced. Mosley had negotiated sponsorship from tyre maker Firestone and oil additive manufacturer STP for 1970, but failed to attract a large sponsor for the following year. Motorsports author Mike Lawrence has suggested that the shortfall forced Mosley into short term deals, which maintained cashflow, but were not in the best long term interests of the company.[25] Nonetheless, March again finished third in the constructors championship and works driver Ronnie Peterson was second in the drivers' World Championship. The team experimented unsuccessfully with Alfa Romeo engines, but Mosley's hopes of a factory contract, and even consultancy work, were not met. Rees left at the end of the year: the company was even further in debt and, according to Herd, Rees wanted to 'spend to succeed' in Formula One, while Mosley took the view that they could not spend the money they did not have. Rees denies Herd's claim, but says he left on amicable terms.[26]
March continued in Formula One as a minor team until 1977.[27] The cars were driven by a large number of drivers, many of whom were paying their way. Marches were also popular with other teams, largely because they were cheap and available. The cars were often towards the back of the grid, although in 1975 and 1976 they were more competitive, and the works team took one win in each year. However, losing money on a deal to supply Jochen Neerpasch, then motorsport manager at Ford, with a Formula Two car paid off when Neerpasch moved to BMW and offered March an exclusive deal in 1972 to use BMW's Formula Two engine.[28] March-BMWs won five of the next eleven European Formula Two championships.
In 1976, Mosley, having seen the popularity of Tyrrell's six-wheeled P34 with fans, pressed for a six-wheeled March to be built as a draw for sponsors. The resulting March 2-4-0 never competed in Formula One, but generated the required publicity and a Scalextric slotcar model was profitable.[29]
During the 1977 season, Herd was pressurised by BMW into spending his time on their March-chassised works Formula Two programme. As a result, Mosley had to act as engineer in Formula One for drivers Ian Scheckter and Alex Ribeiro.[30] The atmosphere between drivers and team was hostile, although Mosley believes he had a good relationship with Scheckter.[31] By the end of 1977, Mosley was fed up with the struggle to compete in Formula One with no resources and left to work for FOCA full time, selling his shares in the company to Herd but remaining as a director.[32] March continued as a competitive manufacturer of customer racing cars until the early 1990s.
Formula One Constructors Association
From 1969, Mosley was invited to the meetings of the Grand Prix Constructors' Association (GPCA) as a representative of March. The GPCA was the forerunner of Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA). Although the brash new constructor was not popular with the established teams, Mosley notes that "when they went along to meetings to discuss things such as prize money, they felt they ought to take me along because I was a lawyer."[33]
Mosley was unimpressed with the standard of negotiations. In 1971 Bernie Ecclestone bought the Brabham team, and Mosley recalls that "Within about 20 minutes of him turning up at the [GPCA] meeting, it was apparent that here was someone who knew how many beans made five and after about half an hour he moved round the table to sit next to me, and from then on he and I started operating as a team. Within a very short time, the two of us were doing everything for the GPCA, instead of everyone moving around in a block, and from that developed FOCA."[33]
The FOCA was created in 1974 by Ecclestone, Colin Chapman, Teddy Mayer, Max Mosley, Ken Tyrrell and Frank Williams to represent the commercial interests of the teams at meetings with FISA.[34]
At the end of 1977 Mosley officially became legal advisor to FOCA, after leaving March. Terry Lovell, in his biography of Ecclestone, has suggested that the FIA president appointed Mosley to this role not only because of his legal ability, but also because he "saw in Mosley the necessary diplomatic and political skills that made him perfectly suited to the establishment of the FIA."[35] The same year Mosley was nominated for a role at the FIA Bureau Internationale de Constructeurs d'Automobile, a forerunner of the FIA Manufacturer's Commission. His nomination was blocked by French, Italian and German manufacturers.[36]
In the early 1980s, Mosley was heavily involved in the conflict between FOCA and FISA for control of the sport. He represented FOCA at a number of meetings over this period. In 1981 FOCA announced its own 'World Federation of Motor Sport' and ran the non-championship 1981 South African Grand Prix. The staging of this event, with worldwide television coverage, helped persuade Balestre that FISA would have to negotiate a settlement with FOCA. As Mosley has commented since: "We were absolutely skint. If Balestre could have held the manufacturer's support for a little bit longer, the constructors would have been on their knees. The outcome would then have been very different."[37] Mosley helped resolve this debate by drawing up the Concorde Agreement. The first (1981) version settled the dispute between the independent teams which were primarily UK based, the so-called grandee constructors (Alfa Romeo, Ferrari and Renault) and the FIA. Essentially it gave FISA control of the rules and FOCA control of promotion and television rights. The most recent version of the Concorde Agreement expired on 31 December 2007 and a new one is under active discussion. Mosley left his role at FOCA, and Formula One, soon after this.
FISA presidency
Mosley returned to Formula One in 1986 to become president of the FISA Manufacturers' Commission and establish Simtek Research, a racing technical consultancy firm, with Nick Wirth, a former March employee. He sold his share of Simtek in 1991 when he was elected president of the FISA, although Simtek later carried out research work for the FIA.[38]
In 1991, Mosley challenged the incumbent Jean-Marie Balestre for the presidency of FISA. Mosley said that his decision to challenge the Frenchman was prompted by Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna's disqualification from the 1989 Japanese Grand Prix after a collision with his French team mate Alain Prost: "What happened to Ayrton Senna two years ago in Japan, disgusted me, [...]That is when I realised that Fisa [sic] was not a fair organisation."[39] Balestre was widely reported at the time to have intervened to ensure that the race stewards disqualified Senna from the race, although Lovell writes that he did not.[40] Mosley campaigned on the basis that Balestre, who was also president of the FIA and of the Fédération Française du Sport Automobile, could not effectively manage all of these roles together. Mosley won by 43 votes to 29. He resigned a year later, fulfilling a promise made during his election campaign to seek a re-affirmation of his mandate. "I wanted to show people that I do what I say," he said. "Now they can judge me in a year's time."[41] FISA immediately re-elected him for a four-year term. Balestre remained as FIA president until 1993 when a restructuring of the FIA led to the demise of FISA.
FIA
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Andy_Priaulx_2007_Curitiba_qualify.jpg/200px-Andy_Priaulx_2007_Curitiba_qualify.jpg)
In 1993 Mosley was elected president of the FIA, replacing Balestre. The FISA was then merged into the FIA as its sporting arm. Mosley was elected to his second term as president of the FIA in October 1997, his third in 2001 and fourth in 2005.[42][43] The FIA currently regulates not only the Formula One World Championship, the World Rally Championship, and the FIA GT Championship but also international motor sport generally, all of which appear on the FIA International Calendar.
Driver safety
After the deaths of drivers Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, worldwide media attention focused on the charismatic triple-world champion Senna, rather than Ratzenberger, a virtual unknown driving for the minor Simtek team. Mosley attended the funeral of Ratzenberger. In a press conference ten years later Mosley said, "I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his."[44] As a result of these deaths and other serious accidents that year Mosley brought in wide ranging changes to Formula One designed to make it a safer sport. These have included reducing the capacity and power of engines, the use of grooved tyres to reduce cornering speeds, the introduction of the HANS device to protect drivers' necks in accidents, circuit re-design and greatly increased requirements for crash testing of chassis.
Environmental issues
Mosley has said that he wants Formula One to start developing green technology. Continuing a theme of his presidency he has called for Formula One manufacturers to develop technology which is relevant to road cars.[45] In recent years, a large proportion of the enormous budget of Formula One has been spent on the development of very powerful, very high-revving engines, which some say have little applicability to road cars. Mosley has announced a 10-year freeze on the development of engines, which would allow manufacturers to spend more of their budgets on environmentally friendly technology such as Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS),[46] which were first introduced into Formula One by the McLaren team but are currently banned by the FIA.[47]
Tobacco Advertising
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jacques_Villeneuve_1996.jpg/220px-Jacques_Villeneuve_1996.jpg)
The British Labour party had pledged to ban tobacco advertising in its manifesto ahead of its 1997 General Election victory, supporting a proposed European Union Directive banning tobacco advertising and sponsorship. At this time all leading Formula One Teams carried significant branding from tobacco brands such as Rothmans, West, Marlboro and Mild Seven. Mosley undertook a series of meetings with Labour ministers, culminating with a meeting with British Prime Minister Tony Blair on October 18 1997. He argued that Formula One needed more time to find alternative sources of funding and that the prompt introduction of a ban would lead to races being held outside of Europe, while the coverage, including tobacco logos, would still be broadcast into the EU. He also suggested that the proposed legislation was illegal by EU rules. Blair was persuaded, and the Labour government announced shortly afterwards that it would only support a pan-European tobacco ban if F1 benefited from a lengthy exclusion. The revised Directive went into force on in June 1998, and banned sponsorship from 2003, with a further 3 year extension for "global sports such as Formula One". In October 2000, the Directive was successfully overturned in the European Court of Justice on the grounds that it was unlawful.[48] A new Tobacco Advertising Directive took effect in July 2005.
Road safety
Asked in a 2003 interview about his most enduring achievement as president of the FIA, Mosley replied: "I think using Formula One to push Encap Crash-Testing."[49] The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP or Encap) is a European car safety performance assessment programme which originated with work done by the Transport Research Laboratory for the UK Department for Transport. The FIA became involved in the programme in 1996, taking a lead in promoting it, and Mosley chaired the initiative from its launch as Euro NCAP in 1997 to 2004. Despite what NCAP describes as a "strong negative response" from car manufacturers, the initiative has expanded, and NCAP reports a clear increase in the safety of modern cars.[50]
At the Euro NCAP 10th Anniversary Conference in November 2005, Mosley suggested that "the moment has come where the emphasis really has to move from the improvement of the performance of the car in a crash, to the avoidance of the crash entirely." by much wider use of 'eSafety' technologies such as Electronic Stability Control (ESC).[51] He has continued to promote the matter through his membership of initiatives such as CARS 21, the European Commission’s policy group aimed at improving the worldwide competitiveness of the European automotive industry.
In recognition of his contribution to road safety and motor sport Mosley was made a Chevalier dans l’Ordre de la Légion d’Honneur in 2006. The Legion d'Honneur (Legion of Honour) is France's highest decoration for outstanding achievements in military or civil life, a Chevalier (Knight) is the fifth class. The award was presented by the then French Minister of Foreign Affairs Philippe Douste-Blazy.[52]
Retirement
In June 2004 Mosley announced that he would step down from his position in October of that year. However, in July 2004 he rescinded his decision after the FIA Senate called for him to stay on.[53] His current term expires in October 2009[43] although there was speculation that he would step down before that. Many insiders believed that Mosley's announced retirement was just part of a well crafted plan to strengthen his and Bernie Ecclestone's control over the sport, with Ron Dennis suggesting that it was due to Mosley's proposals for Formula One meeting opposition.[54]
At the start of 2008 Mosley said that he wanted to see through reforms such as budget capping and new technologies like KERS successfully introduced into Formula One before retiring. He has been quoted as saying "Provided I remain relatively sane I won’t quit before October 2009".[55]
Mosley let it be known that he feels that Jean Todt should succeed him as president of the FIA when he steps down.[56]
Criticism
During Mosley’s Presidency of the FIA there have been several controversial events which have often generated criticism and calls for him to resign.
Of the criticism aimed at him Mosley has said: "I don’t mind flak – I come from a family where we have had flak all our lives – but I realise some people do. I love reading the blogs when they are being furious about me, it’s very entertaining, and there is the odd one which defends me. But F1 simply cannot divorce itself from the zeitgeist."[55]
2005 United States Grand Prix
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blame_Mosley_banner.jpg/260px-Blame_Mosley_banner.jpg)
During a practice session for the 2005 United States Grand Prix Ralf Schumacher, driving for Toyota, crashed heavily at Turn 13, the cause was identified as a result of a left-rear tyre failure. This ultimately caused Michelin, who supplied Toyota and six of the other teams with tyres, to request changes to the circuit to enable their customers to take part in the race.
The proposal was made to Mosley who rejected it, Bernie Ecclestone reported that "Mr Mosley had stated that if any attempts were made to alter the circuit, he would cancel the Grand Prix forthwith".[57]
This effectively forced the teams running Michelin tyres to pull out for safety reasons. Paul Stoddart, the then-owner of the Minardi team, was prepared to compromise to accommodate Michelin teams and was particularly vocal in his criticism and renewed his calls for Mosley to resign.[58]
2007 Formula One espionage controversy
After the controversial 2007 Formula One season, Sir Jackie Stewart — driver of March's first Grand Prix winner — called for Mosley's resignation accusing him of making decisions 'detrimental' to the sport.[59] Mosley responded by ridiculing Stewart, allegedly calling him a 'certified halfwit' at a journalists' lunch.[60] Former world champion Damon Hill wrote to the racing trade magazine Autosport criticising Mosley's comment, which—in light of Stewart's dyslexia—he called "nothing other than a wicked joke designed to visit the utmost humiliation on its victim."[61]
Mosley has twice made personal attacks on people that have criticised him without directly naming the people that he is referring to. Both Ron Dennis[54] and Jackie Stewart have been attacked in this way.[62]
He has also been accused of having an anti-McLaren agenda, with his historically difficult relationship with Ron Dennis and his recent warning that continued success for Lewis Hamilton may eventually be negative for Formula One due to what he referred to as the "Schumacher effect".[63] After the 2007 Formula One espionage controversy Mosley has said he thought that McLaren had been less than honest but denied that he had a problem with Ron Dennis.[64] However ITVs Formula One commentator Martin Brundle believes that McLaren was the victim of a 'Witch-Hunt' pointing to the decision to not impose a penalty on Renault for possessing Mclaren intellectual property as evidence of double standards.[65] Martin Brundle has received a French writ from Mosley and the FIA for questioning the "energetic manner" in which Mosley was pursuing McLaren.[66] Mosley gave an interview saying that he was relieved that Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen edged out McLaren's Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso by a point.[67]
Anti-Racism
Following the abuse aimed at Lewis Hamilton during pre-season testing, Mosley has said he will impose immediate sanctions if there is a repeat but that stripping Spain of one or both of its Grands Prix was premature.[68]
The FIA has since announced a "Racing against racism" campaign, to be launched at the Spanish Grand Prix.[69]
Citations
- ^ a b Max Mosley rides out the storm Retrieved 24 November 2007
- ^ Max's finest hour and other stories Retrieved 13 January 2008
- ^ Jones (2004) pp.141, 143, 149—150
- ^ Dorril (2006) p.598
- ^ a b c d Max Mosley: Face to Face Retrieved 24 November 2007
- ^ PEOPLE: MAX MOSLEYRetrieved 24 December 2007
- ^ Dorril (2006) pp.622—623
- ^ www.thepeerage.com Retrieved 16 January 2008
- ^ THE PERSUADER Retrieved 16 January 2008
- ^ Grundy (1999) pp.93—94
- ^ Grundy (1999) pp.129—130
- ^ Grundy (1999) p.177
- ^ 'Union Movement choice for Moss Side' The Times, Tuesday, September 26, 1961; pg. 7; Issue 55196; col A
- ^ Henry (1992) p.136
- ^ 1962: Violence flares at Mosley rally Retrieved 10 December 2007
- ^ a b c Poacher turned gamekeeper Retrieved 24 November 2007
- ^ a b Dorril (2006) p.643
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.13
- ^ 1968: The death of Jim Clark Retrieved 30 January 2008
- ^ DRIVERS: PIERS COURAGE Retrieved 30 January 2008
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.18.
- ^ Lawrence (1989) pp.22—27
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.34
- ^ Lovell (2004) p.119
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.46
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.54-59
- ^ March works teams returned to Formula One in 1981-1982 and 1988-1992 (as Leyton House Racing in 1990 and 1991).
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.70
- ^ Lawrence (1989) pp.113—115
- ^ Nye (1986) p.203
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.118
- ^ Lawrence (1989) p.122
- ^ a b Lawrence (1989) p.33
- ^ PEOPLE: BERNIE ECCLESTONE Retrieved 30 January 2008
- ^ Lovell (2004) p.107
- ^ Lovell (2004) p.105-107
- ^ Lovell (2004) p.142
- ^ Lovell (2004) pp.245—246
- ^ Howell (October 9 1991)
- ^ Lovell (2004) p.242
- ^ Howell (October 10 1991)
- ^ Mosley is re-elected as FIA chief Retrieved 25 November 2007
- ^ a b FIA PRESIDENT ELECTED FOR FOUR-YEAR TERM Retrieved 13 January 2008
- ^ Max went to Roland's funeral. Retrieved 24 November 2007
- ^ Mosley planning 'green' F1 future Retrieved 24 November 2007
- ^ Mosley: engine freeze beneficial for all Retrieved 24 December 2007
- ^ It's Game On: Brundle Vs Mosley Retrieved 24 December 2007
- ^ Lovell (2004) pp.330-343
- ^ Max Mosley: Mosley the grand machinator The Independent Retrieved 18 January 2008
- ^ History of NCAP Euro NCAP Retrieved 18 January 2008
- ^ Creating a market for safety - 10 years of Euro NCAP (Guest Speaker, Mr Max Mosley) Euro NCAP Retrieved 21 January 2008
- ^ Max Mosley Awarded Légion d’Honneur Retrieved 25 November 2007
- ^ Mosley stays at FIA helm Retrieved 25 November 2007
- ^ a b Dennis doubts Mosley motive Retrieved 25 November 2007
- ^ a b Max Mosley still in driving seat Retrieved 19 February 2008
- ^ Todt 'in line for top job' Retrieved 25 November 2007
- ^ Stoddart comments on US Grand Prix Retrieved 24 February 2006
- ^ Mosley rejects US race criticism Retrieved 09 December 2007
- ^ Stewart calls for Mosley's resignation Retrieved 24 November 2007
- ^ JYS mulls legal action against Mosley Retrieved 10 December 2007
- ^ Damon Hill defends legend Jackie Stewart Retrieved 16 January 2008
- ^ Stewart in Mosley's cross hairs. Retrieved 24 November 2007
- ^ Hamilton 'may be negative for F1' Retrieved 25 November 2007
- ^ Mosley Doubts McLaren TestimonyRetrieved 09 December 2007
- ^ Brundle hits back at FIA Retrieved 09 December 2007
- ^ How can Formula One justify blatant double standards? Retrieved 09 December 2007
- ^ Mosley "relieved" that Raikkonen won title Retrieved 13 January 2007
- ^ F1 boss pledges to tackle racists Retrieved 16 February 2008
- ^ F1 to launch anti-racism campaign Retrieved 16 February 2008
References
- Books
- Dorril, Stephen (2006). Blackshirt. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-140-25821-9.
- Grundy, Trevor (1999). Memoirs of a fascist childhood. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-927179-6.
- Henry, Alan (1992). Driving Forces: fifty men who have shaped motor racing. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 1-85260-302-X.
- Jones, Nigel (2004). Mosley. Haus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-904341-09-8.
- Lawrence, Mike (1989). The Story of March - Four guys and a telephone. Aston Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-946627-24-X.
- Lovell, Terry (2004). Bernie's Game. Metro Books. ISBN 1843580861.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Mosley, Oswald (1970). My Life. London: Nelson. ISBN 0-904816-00-1.
- Nye, Doug (1986). Autocourse history of the Grand Prix car 1966–85. Hazleton publishing. ISBN 0-905138-37-6.
{{cite book}}
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- Newspapers
- Howell, Norman (Oct 9, 1991). "Mosley optimistic in challenge to president of Fisa". The Times.
- Howell, Norman (Oct 10, 1991). "Balestre deposed as Fisa president". The Times.
- "Union Movement choice for Moss Side". The Times. Sep 26, 1961. p. 7.
External links
- Max Mosley interview on HARDtalk. BBC News Retrieved 13 January 2008.
- The main men in F1. BBC Sport Retrieved 11 October 2004.
- THE PERSUADER. The Paddock Retrieved 13 January 2008.