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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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| image = |
| image = |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| conflict = |
| conflict = |
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| partof = [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]] |
| partof = [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]] |
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| date |
| date = August 1741 – May 1751 |
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| place = [[Bengal Subah]] ([[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], parts of modern [[Odisha|Orissa]]) |
| place = [[Bengal Subah]] ([[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], parts of modern [[Odisha|Orissa]]) |
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| result |
| result = * Maratha political victory<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |author=Shoaib Daniyal |date=21 December 2015 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> |
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* |
* Bengali military victory |
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* Signing of a peace protocol |
* Signing of a peace protocol |
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* ''De facto'' Maratha control over [[Odisha|Orissa]], but ''de jure'' it remained a part of [[Nawab of Bengal|Bengal Subah]] till 1752.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> |
* ''De facto'' Maratha control over [[Odisha|Orissa]], but ''de jure'' it remained a part of [[Nawab of Bengal|Bengal Subah]] till 1752.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> |
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* Bengal became a tributary to the [[Maratha Empire]], [[Nawab of Bengal]] agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the ''[[chauth]]'' of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade [[Bengal]] again.<ref name="scroll" /><ref name="oum" /><ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=marathas+in+bengal+chauth+mir+habib#v=onepage&q=marathas%20in%20bengal%20chauth%20mir%20habib&f=false| title = Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib| author1 =Nitish K. Sengupta| isbn = 9780143416784| year = 2011}}</ref> |
* Bengal became a tributary to the [[Maratha Empire]], [[Nawab of Bengal]] agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the ''[[chauth]]'' of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade [[Bengal]] again.<ref name="scroll" /><ref name="oum" /><ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=marathas+in+bengal+chauth+mir+habib#v=onepage&q=marathas%20in%20bengal%20chauth%20mir%20habib&f=false| title = Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib| author1 =Nitish K. Sengupta| isbn = 9780143416784| year = 2011}}</ref> |
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* The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of ''chauth'' for the preceding years.<ref name="Mehta2005" /> |
* The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of ''chauth'' for the preceding years.<ref name="Mehta2005" /> |
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| territory = Incorporation of South Medinipur into [[Odisha|Orissa]]<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> |
| territory = Incorporation of South Medinipur into [[Odisha|Orissa]]<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> |
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| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]] |
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]] |
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| combatant2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] [[Nawab of Bengal]] |
| combatant2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] [[Nawab of Bengal]] |
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| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] '''[[Raghuji Bhonsle]]''' <br> [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Bhaskar Pandit{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Janoji Bhonsle]] <br> [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Sabaji Bhonsle |
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] '''[[Raghuji Bhonsle]]''' <br> [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Bhaskar Pandit{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Janoji Bhonsle]] <br> [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Sabaji Bhonsle |
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| commander2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] '''[[Alivardi Khan]]''' <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] [[Mir Jafar]] <br>[[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] [[Gopal Singha Dev]] <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Rai Durlabh{{Surrendered}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Ghulam Mustafa Khan (defected) <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Ataullah Khan <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Jainuddin Ahmed{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Abdus Salam{{Surrendered}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Sheikh Masum{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Syed Ahmed Khan{{Surrendered}} |
| commander2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] '''[[Alivardi Khan]]''' <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] [[Mir Jafar]] <br>[[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] [[Gopal Singha Dev]] <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Rai Durlabh{{Surrendered}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Ghulam Mustafa Khan (defected) <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Ataullah Khan <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Jainuddin Ahmed{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Abdus Salam{{Surrendered}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Sheikh Masum{{KIA}} <br> [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] Syed Ahmed Khan{{Surrendered}} |
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| strength1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] 40,000<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> (in 1742) <br> 24,000<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> (in 1745) |
| strength1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] 40,000<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> (in 1742) <br> 24,000<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> (in 1745) |
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| strength2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] 10,000+ (in 1747) |
| strength2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] 10,000+ (in 1747) |
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| casualties1 = unknown |
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| casualties1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] 100,000 killed in war<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> |
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| casualties2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] 400,000 civilians killed by Marathas<ref name="Marshall73"/> |
| casualties2 = [[File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG|25px]] ~400,000 civilians killed by Marathas<ref name="Marshall73"/> |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Maratha invasions of Bengal''',<ref>{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521526548|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA166|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|date=2007|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=9780313335389|page=516|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA516|language=en}}</ref> also known as the '''Maratha expeditions in Bengal''', refers to the six invasions by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha forces]] between 1741 and 1751 in the [[Bengal Subah]] ([[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], parts of Modern [[Odisha|Orissa]]), after their successful campaign in the [[Carnatic region]] in South India. During their invasions and occupations of Bengal, the Maratha forces employed a [[scorched earth]] strategy, and perpetrated widespread massacres against the local population,<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA72|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=[[P. J. Marshall]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=9780521028226|pages=72–73}}</ref> and devastated Bengal's economy.<ref name="Chaudhuri253" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal|title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal|last=Daniyal|first=Shoaib|date=|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-26|quote=In the 10 years that they plundered Bengal, their effect was devastating, causing great human hardship as well as economic privation.}}</ref><ref name="Marshall" /> Close to 400,000 civilians in Bengal and Bihar - from both the Muslim and Hindu communities<ref name="hussain" /><ref name="Marshall" /> - are estimated to have been killed by the Marathas.<ref name="Chaudhuri253" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA170&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+400,000&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZy77grIfmAhWzLn0KHRVRA-EQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=maratha%20invasion%20bengal%20400,000&f=false|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|last=McLane|first=John R.|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=“close to 400,000 people were killed in Bengal and Bihar" during the Maratha invasions.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRuoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+400,000&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZy77grIfmAhWzLn0KHRVRA-EQ6AEwAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=maratha%20invasion%20bengal%20400,000&f=false|title=The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire|last=Dalrymple|first=William|date=2019-09-10|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|year=|isbn=978-1-63557-433-3|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Throughout the 1740s, while the Carnatic wars were raging in the south, the Marathas had attacked Bengal with horrifying violence, killing what the Dutch VOC chief in Bengal estimated to be as many as 400,000 civilians}}</ref><ref name="Marshall73" /> Contemporary accounts of the invasions report mass [[gang rape]] against women and children,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNAUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+rape&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJic3or4fmAhUzJzQIHeF1BZ8Q6AEwAHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=rape&f=false|title=Sirajuddaullah and the East India Company, 1756-1757: Background to the Foundation of British Power in India|last=Gupta|first=Brijen Kishore|date=1962|publisher=Brill Archive|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=23|language=en|quote=horrors perpetrated by the Marathas on women and children which included gang rape.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_M9AAAAMAAJ&q=maratha+invasion+bengal+rape&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+rape&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJic3or4fmAhUzJzQIHeF1BZ8Q6AEwBXoECAEQAg|title=The Rape of India: A Biography of Robert Clive and a Sexual History of the Conquest of Hindustan|last=Edwardes|first=Allen|date=1966|publisher=Julian Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=131|language=en|quote="'Tis reported that no fewer than 10 or a Dozen of 'em will rape a beautiful Woman, that they cut off the Cullions [testicles] of Men & embugger Children of both sexes thereafter selling them into slavery"}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9I5AQAAIAAJ&q=maratha+invasion+bengal+gang+rape&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+gang+rape&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVmdrDsofmAhVjMX0KHREeCSc4ChDoATAAegQIAxAC|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|last=Sarkar|first=Sir Jadunath|date=1964|publisher=M. C. Sarkar|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=54|language=en|quote=The Maratha soldiers were notorious for their practice of gang-rape in invaded territories from a very early time}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynpDAAAAYAAJ&q=maratha+invasion+bengal+gang+rape&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+gang+rape&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH49fysYfmAhViHTQIHbf0DBIQ6AEwBHoECAIQAg|title=Seminar|last=|first=|date=1989|publisher=R. Thapar|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Repeated Maratha invasion of Bengal from the 1740s causing mass migration of people, ... in the beginning the Marathas raped and violated women, but later, the villagers took to guerrilla tactics to resist them}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWyQAAAAIAAJ&q=maratha+invasion+bengal+gang+rape&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+gang+rape&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH49fysYfmAhViHTQIHbf0DBIQ6AEwBXoECAMQAg|title=A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947|last=|first=|date=1957|publisher=Renaissance Publishing House|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote="Maratha soldiers," as Jadunath Sarkar observes "were notorious for their practice of gang rape in invaded country from a very early time." Describing their atrocities and devastations in Bengal he has cited from several contemporary writers}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA555&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+rape&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJic3or4fmAhUzJzQIHeF1BZ8Q6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=gang%20rape&f=false|title=The New Cambridge Modern History|last=|first=|date=1970|publisher=CUP Archive|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=555|language=en|quote="they indulged in the unspeakable practice of gang-rape"}}</ref> and mutilation of victims by the Marathas which included cutting off their hands and noses.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C&pg=PA21&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+rape&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJic3or4fmAhUzJzQIHeF1BZ8Q6AEwBHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=rape&f=false|title=Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal|last=McDermott|first=Rachel Fell|date=2001-06-28|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-19-803071-3|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=The Marathas plundered, stole, set fire to villages and crops, tortured the inhabitants, cutting off their victim's hands and noses, raping them, and drowning them.}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JDAAAAYAAJ&q=maratha+invasion+bengal+mutilation&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+mutilation&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjckYfysofmAhXKPn0KHdjwBY0Q6AEwCHoECAQQAg|title=Britain and India, 1600-1945|last=Coupland|first=Sir Reginald|date=1946|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Terrible accounts have been preserved of Maratha raids in Bengal, of " murder and mutilation, arson and rape, practiced indiscriminately and without restraint}}</ref> |
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The '''Maratha invasions of Bengal''',<ref>{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521526548|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA166|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|date=2007|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=9780313335389|page=516|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA516|language=en}}</ref> also known as the '''Maratha expeditions in Bengal''', refers to the frequent invasions by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha forces]] in the [[Bengal Subah]] ([[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], parts of Modern [[Odisha|Orissa]]), after their successful campaign in the [[Carnatic region]] at the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|Battle of Trichinopoly]]. The leader of the expedition was [[Maratha]] [[Maharaja]] [[Raghoji Bhonsle]] of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]].<ref>SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224.</ref> The Marathas invaded Bengal six times from August 1741 to May 1751. [[Nawab]] [[Alivardi Khan]] succeeded in resisting all the invasions, however, the frequent Maratha invasions caused great destruction in the Bengal Subah, resulting in heavy civilian casualties and widespread economic losses. The invasions came to an end with the signing of a peace treaty between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nawab of Bengal]], which established a Maratha-supported governor in [[Odisha|Orissa]] under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস">ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. ২৯৩–২৯৯.</ref> During their occupation, the Marathas perpetrated a massacre against the local population,<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=[[P. J. Marshall]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|pages=72–73|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA72|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> killing close to 400,000 people in Bengal and Bihar.<ref name="Chaudhuri253"/> |
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The Nawab of Bengal became a tributary to the Marathas, with the former agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the ''[[chauth]]'' of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.<ref name="scroll" /><ref name="oum" /> The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of ''chauth'' for the preceding years.<ref name="Mehta2005" /> The ''chauth'' was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the [[British occupation of India|British occupation of Bengal]].<ref name="Sarkar1932">{{Cite book |
The invasions came to an end with the signing of a peace treaty between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nawab of Bengal]], which established a Maratha-supported governor in [[Odisha|Orissa]] under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস">ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. ২৯৩–২৯৯.</ref> Maratha raids continued until the British invasion of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=maratha+invasion+bengal+400,000&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZy77grIfmAhWzLn0KHRVRA-EQ6AEwCXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=maratha%20bengal&f=false|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|date=2012-10-15|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=978-1-107-01736-8|location=|pages=209|language=en}}</ref> The Nawab of Bengal became a tributary to the Marathas, with the former agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the ''[[chauth]]'' of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.<ref name="scroll" /><ref name="oum" /> The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of ''chauth'' for the preceding years.<ref name="Mehta2005" /> The ''chauth'' tribute was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the [[British occupation of India|British occupation of Bengal]].<ref name="Sarkar1932">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gKOqA9lgtbwC&pg=PA85|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|author=Jadunath Sarkar|year=1997|isbn=9788125011491|edition=4th|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|orig-year=First published 1932}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2019}} |
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== Invasions of Bengal == |
== Invasions of Bengal == |
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From 1741 to 1751, the Marathas under [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] invaded [[Nawab of Bengal|Bengal]] six times. The first one in 1741, as also the third in 1744, were led by Raghuji's general Pandit Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar or [[Bhaskar Pandit]]. The second in 1742 and the fourth in 1745 were led by Raghuji himself. The fifth in 1747 and the sixth in 1748 were undertaken by Janoji and Sabaji respectively. These invasions caused heavy destruction in [[Bengal]], however, each of the invasions was repelled by |
From 1741 to 1751, the Marathas under [[Raghuji Bhonsle]], of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]],<ref>SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224.</ref> invaded [[Nawab of Bengal|Bengal]] six times. The first one in 1741, as also the third in 1744, were led by Raghuji's general Pandit Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar or [[Bhaskar Pandit]]. The second in 1742 and the fourth in 1745 were led by Raghuji himself. The fifth in 1747 and the sixth in 1748 were undertaken by Janoji and Sabaji respectively. These invasions caused heavy destruction in [[Bengal]], however, each of the invasions was repelled by Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]]. But the continuous conflict took a heavy toll on the population of Bengal.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস">ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. ২৯৩–২৯৯.</ref> |
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=== First invasion (1741) === |
=== First invasion (1741) === |
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Hearing of this, Alivardi rushed to Orissa and defeated the combined forces of the Marathas and the rebels in the Battle of [[Raipur]] in December 1741.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> Alivardi's commander [[Mir Jafar]] freed Syed Ahmed and his family.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> Alivardi regained control of Orissa and returned to [[Murshidabad]]. |
Hearing of this, Alivardi rushed to Orissa and defeated the combined forces of the Marathas and the rebels in the Battle of [[Raipur]] in December 1741.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> Alivardi's commander [[Mir Jafar]] freed Syed Ahmed and his family.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> Alivardi regained control of Orissa and returned to [[Murshidabad]]. |
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=== Battle of Burdwan (1747) === |
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{{Main|Battle of Burdwan}} |
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The [[Battle of Burdwan]] occurred at [[Burdwan]] between Mughal Bengal and the Maratha Empire in March 1747. When the Maratha forces advanced towards [[Bengal]] from Orissa, [[Mir Jafar]] and Ataullah Khan, commanders of Nawab Alivardi Khan's army, retreated towards [[Burdwan]] without resisting the invaders. As a result, Alivardi Khan dismissed both of them and amassed an army to defend against the invading [[Maratha]] forces of [[Janoji Bhonsle]] and Mir Habib.<ref name="r1"/> After intense fighting, Alivardi Khan managed to repulse the Marathas in this battle.<ref name="r1">ড. মহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. আলীবর্দী ও মারাঠা আক্রমণ. পৃ. ২৯৭.</ref><ref name="bhupalgarh">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=175|publisher=Greenwood Press|author=Jacques, Tony|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=2015-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=2015-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Impact of Maratha invasions == |
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{{See|Bargi}} |
{{See|Bargi}} |
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The Marathas occupied [[Bihar]]<ref name="Chaudhuri253"/> and [[West Bengal|western Bengal]] up to the [[Hooghly River]].<ref name="Marshall72">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=[[P. J. Marshall]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=72|url=https://books.google. |
The Marathas occupied [[Bihar]]<ref name="Chaudhuri253"/> and [[West Bengal|western Bengal]] up to the [[Hooghly River]].<ref name="Marshall72">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=[[P. J. Marshall]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA72|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> During that time, the Maratha invaders, called "Bargis" in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], perpetrated atrocities against the local population,<ref name="Marshall72"/> against both [[Bengali Muslims]]<ref name="hussain"/> and [[Bengali Hindus]].<ref name="Marshall"/> The Marathas reportedly plundered and burned village<ref name="Davies">{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Modern History|title-link=The New Cambridge Modern History|author=C. C. Davies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1957|isbn=978-0-521-04545-2|editor=J. O. Lindsay|editor-link=J. O. Lindsay|volume=Volume VII: The Old Regime 1713–63|page=555|chapter=Chapter XXIII: Rivalries in India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555}}</ref> and are estimated to have killed about 400,000 people.<ref name="Marshall73"/><ref name="Chaudhuri253"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Marathas also reportedly employed mass [[gang rape]] against women and children,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /> and mutilated their victims which included cutting off the hands and noses of their victims.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> |
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According to the 18th-century Bengali text ''Maharashtra Purana'' written by Gangaram:<ref name="Marshall72" /> |
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{{quote|They shouted over and over again, 'Give us money', and when they got no money they filled peoples' nostrils with water, and some they seized and drowned in tanks, and many died of suffocation. In this way they did all manner of foul and evil deeds. When they demanded money and it was not given to them, they would put the man to death. Those who had money gave it, those who had none were killed.}} |
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The atrocities of the Marathas turned the local Hindu population against them, while increasing support for the [[Nawab of Bengal]]. According to the Bengali text ''Maharashtra Purana'':<ref name="Marshall72"/> |
{{quote|They shouted over and over again, 'Give us money', and when they got no money they filled peoples' nostrils with water, and some they seized and drowned in tanks, and many died of suffocation. In this way they did all manner of foul and evil deeds. When they demanded money and it was not given to them, they would put the man to death. Those who had money gave it, those who had none were killed.}}The atrocities of the Marathas turned the local Hindu population against them, while increasing support for the [[Nawab of Bengal]], Alivardi Khan. According to the Bengali text ''Maharashtra Purana'':<ref name="Marshall72" />{{quote|Durga ordered her followers to be gracious to the Muslim Nawab and oppose the Marathas, because the evil-minded ones had killed Brahmans and Vaisnavas.}} |
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The Maratha atrocities were corroborated by contemporary European accounts.<ref name="Marshall" /> Jan Kersseboom, chief of the [[Dutch East India Company]] factory in Bengal, estimated that close to 400,000 people were killed by the Marathas during their occupation of western Bengal and Bihar.<ref name="Chaudhuri253">{{cite book|author=[[Kirti N. Chaudhuri]]|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=253|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253|isbn=9780521031592}}</ref> The impact of Maratha invasions of Bengal is said to have been only equaled by the atrocities of [[Afghans]] around [[Delhi]] and [[Mathura]] during the same time period.<ref name="Davies" /> |
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{{quote|Durga ordered her followers to be gracious to the Muslim Nawab and oppose the Marathas, because the evil-minded ones had killed Brahmans and Vaisnavas.}} |
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British writer [[Robert Orme]] reported that the Marathas caused so much distress to the local population that many of them "were continually taking flight" in large numbers to [[Calcutta]] whenever they heard rumours of the Marathas coming.<ref name="Marshall73">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=[[P. J. Marshall]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> Many of the Bengali Muslims in West Bengal also fled to take shelter in [[East Bengal]], fearing for their lives in the wake of the Maratha attacks.<ref name="hussain">{{cite book|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971|volume=2|author=Aklam Hussain|publisher=[[University of Michigan]], [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=1997|page=80|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=53ZuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9789845123372}}</ref> |
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=== Economic impact === |
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British writer [[Robert Orme]] reported that the Marathas caused so much distress to the local population that many of them "were continually taking flight" in large numbers to [[Calcutta]] whenever they heard rumours of the Marathas coming.<ref name="Marshall73">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=[[P. J. Marshall]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=73|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> Many of the Bengali Muslims in West Bengal also fled to take shelter in [[East Bengal]], fearing for their lives in the wake of the Maratha attacks.<ref name="hussain">{{cite book|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971|volume=2|author=Aklam Hussain|publisher=[[University of Michigan]], [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=1997|page=80|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=53ZuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9789845123372}}</ref> |
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The Maratha atrocities devastated Bengal's economy, as many of the people killed in the Maratha raids included merchants, [[textile]] weavers,<ref name="Chaudhuri253" /> [[silk]] winders, and [[mulberry]] cultivators.<ref name="Marshall73" /> The [[Cossimbazar]] factory reported in 1742, for example, that the Marathas burnt down many of the houses where silk piece goods were made, along with weavers' [[loom]]s.<ref name="Chaudhuri253" /> |
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== End of hostilities == |
== End of hostilities == |
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The ''chauth'' was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the East India Company took over.<ref name="Sarkar1932" /> |
The ''chauth'' was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the East India Company took over.<ref name="Sarkar1932" /> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Pindari]] |
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* [[Maratha Ditch]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 11:42, 20 February 2020
Maratha invasions of Bengal | |||||||||
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Part of Battles involving the Maratha Empire | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Maratha Empire | File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Nawab of Bengal | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Raghuji Bhonsle Bhaskar Pandit † Janoji Bhonsle Sabaji Bhonsle |
File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Alivardi Khan File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Mir Jafar File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Gopal Singha Dev File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Rai Durlabh File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Ghulam Mustafa Khan (defected) File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Ataullah Khan File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Jainuddin Ahmed † File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Abdus Salam File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Sheikh Masum † File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG Syed Ahmed Khan | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
40,000[2] (in 1742) 24,000[2] (in 1745) | File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG 10,000+ (in 1747) | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
unknown | File:Coat of Arms of Nawabs of Bengal.PNG ~400,000 civilians killed by Marathas[6] |
The Maratha invasions of Bengal,[7][8] also known as the Maratha expeditions in Bengal, refers to the six invasions by the Maratha forces between 1741 and 1751 in the Bengal Subah (Bengal, Bihar, parts of Modern Orissa), after their successful campaign in the Carnatic region in South India. During their invasions and occupations of Bengal, the Maratha forces employed a scorched earth strategy, and perpetrated widespread massacres against the local population,[9] and devastated Bengal's economy.[10][11][9] Close to 400,000 civilians in Bengal and Bihar - from both the Muslim and Hindu communities[12][9] - are estimated to have been killed by the Marathas.[10][13][14][6] Contemporary accounts of the invasions report mass gang rape against women and children,[15][16][17][18][19][20] and mutilation of victims by the Marathas which included cutting off their hands and noses.[21][22]
The invasions came to an end with the signing of a peace treaty between the Maratha Empire and the Nawab of Bengal, which established a Maratha-supported governor in Orissa under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal.[2] Maratha raids continued until the British invasion of Bengal.[23] The Nawab of Bengal became a tributary to the Marathas, with the former agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the chauth of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.[1][3] The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of chauth for the preceding years.[5] The chauth tribute was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the British occupation of Bengal.[24][page needed]
Invasions of Bengal
From 1741 to 1751, the Marathas under Raghuji Bhonsle, of Nagpur,[25] invaded Bengal six times. The first one in 1741, as also the third in 1744, were led by Raghuji's general Pandit Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar or Bhaskar Pandit. The second in 1742 and the fourth in 1745 were led by Raghuji himself. The fifth in 1747 and the sixth in 1748 were undertaken by Janoji and Sabaji respectively. These invasions caused heavy destruction in Bengal, however, each of the invasions was repelled by Nawab Alivardi Khan. But the continuous conflict took a heavy toll on the population of Bengal.[2]
First invasion (1741)
After the inauguration of Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal, the provincial governor of Orissa, Zafar Khan Rustam Jung, more commonly known as Murshid Quli II, revolted against him. The revolt was crushed by Alivardi in March 1741, but Murshid Quli II escaped with his family and took shelter of Raghuji Bhonsle, the Maratha ruler of Nagpur. Raghuji agreed to assist Murshid Quli II in regaining Orissa. Murshid Quli II's son-in-law Mirza Baker, assisted by Maratha troops and the rebel forces of Orissa (who were dissatisfied with the governor of Orissa), invaded Orissa in August 1741. Orissa's governor, Syed Ahmed Khan (a nephew of Alivardi Khan), was defeated and captured along with his family.[2]
Hearing of this, Alivardi rushed to Orissa and defeated the combined forces of the Marathas and the rebels in the Battle of Raipur in December 1741.[2] Alivardi's commander Mir Jafar freed Syed Ahmed and his family.[2] Alivardi regained control of Orissa and returned to Murshidabad.
Battle of Burdwan (1747)
The Battle of Burdwan occurred at Burdwan between Mughal Bengal and the Maratha Empire in March 1747. When the Maratha forces advanced towards Bengal from Orissa, Mir Jafar and Ataullah Khan, commanders of Nawab Alivardi Khan's army, retreated towards Burdwan without resisting the invaders. As a result, Alivardi Khan dismissed both of them and amassed an army to defend against the invading Maratha forces of Janoji Bhonsle and Mir Habib.[26] After intense fighting, Alivardi Khan managed to repulse the Marathas in this battle.[26][27]
Impact of Maratha invasions
Maratha atrocities
The Marathas occupied Bihar[10] and western Bengal up to the Hooghly River.[28] During that time, the Maratha invaders, called "Bargis" in Bengali, perpetrated atrocities against the local population,[28] against both Bengali Muslims[12] and Bengali Hindus.[9] The Marathas reportedly plundered and burned village[29] and are estimated to have killed about 400,000 people.[6][10][13][14] Marathas also reportedly employed mass gang rape against women and children,[18][17][19][15][20][16] and mutilated their victims which included cutting off the hands and noses of their victims.[21][22]
According to the 18th-century Bengali text Maharashtra Purana written by Gangaram:[28]
They shouted over and over again, 'Give us money', and when they got no money they filled peoples' nostrils with water, and some they seized and drowned in tanks, and many died of suffocation. In this way they did all manner of foul and evil deeds. When they demanded money and it was not given to them, they would put the man to death. Those who had money gave it, those who had none were killed.
The atrocities of the Marathas turned the local Hindu population against them, while increasing support for the Nawab of Bengal, Alivardi Khan. According to the Bengali text Maharashtra Purana:[28]
Durga ordered her followers to be gracious to the Muslim Nawab and oppose the Marathas, because the evil-minded ones had killed Brahmans and Vaisnavas.
The Maratha atrocities were corroborated by contemporary European accounts.[9] Jan Kersseboom, chief of the Dutch East India Company factory in Bengal, estimated that close to 400,000 people were killed by the Marathas during their occupation of western Bengal and Bihar.[10] The impact of Maratha invasions of Bengal is said to have been only equaled by the atrocities of Afghans around Delhi and Mathura during the same time period.[29]
British writer Robert Orme reported that the Marathas caused so much distress to the local population that many of them "were continually taking flight" in large numbers to Calcutta whenever they heard rumours of the Marathas coming.[6] Many of the Bengali Muslims in West Bengal also fled to take shelter in East Bengal, fearing for their lives in the wake of the Maratha attacks.[12]
Economic impact
The Maratha atrocities devastated Bengal's economy, as many of the people killed in the Maratha raids included merchants, textile weavers,[10] silk winders, and mulberry cultivators.[6] The Cossimbazar factory reported in 1742, for example, that the Marathas burnt down many of the houses where silk piece goods were made, along with weavers' looms.[10]
End of hostilities
In 1751, the Marathas signed a peace treaty with the Nawab of Bengal, according to which Mir Habib (a former courtier of Alivardi Khan, who had defected to the Marathas) was made provincial governor of Orissa under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal.[2] It made the Nawab of Bengal a tributary to the Marathas, with former agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the chauth of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.[1][3] The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of chauth for the preceding years.[5]
The chauth was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the East India Company took over.[24]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Shoaib Daniyal (21 December 2015). "Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal". Scroll.in.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. ২৯৩–২৯৯.
- ^ a b c OUM. pp. 16, 17
- ^ Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. ISBN 9780143416784.
- ^ a b c Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. ISBN 9781932705546.
- ^ a b c d e P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780521028226.
- ^ McLane, John R. (2002). Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780521526548.
- ^ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 516. ISBN 9780313335389.
- ^ a b c d e P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 9780521028226.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kirti N. Chaudhuri (2006). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780521031592.
- ^ Daniyal, Shoaib. "Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal". Scroll.in. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
In the 10 years that they plundered Bengal, their effect was devastating, causing great human hardship as well as economic privation.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c Aklam Hussain (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971. Vol. 2. University of Michigan, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. p. 80. ISBN 9789845123372.
- ^ a b McLane, John R. (25 July 2002). Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52654-8.
"close to 400,000 people were killed in Bengal and Bihar" during the Maratha invasions.
- ^ a b Dalrymple, William (10 September 2019). The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-63557-433-3.
Throughout the 1740s, while the Carnatic wars were raging in the south, the Marathas had attacked Bengal with horrifying violence, killing what the Dutch VOC chief in Bengal estimated to be as many as 400,000 civilians
- ^ a b Gupta, Brijen Kishore (1962). Sirajuddaullah and the East India Company, 1756-1757: Background to the Foundation of British Power in India. Brill Archive. p. 23.
horrors perpetrated by the Marathas on women and children which included gang rape.
- ^ a b Edwardes, Allen (1966). The Rape of India: A Biography of Robert Clive and a Sexual History of the Conquest of Hindustan. Julian Press. p. 131.
'Tis reported that no fewer than 10 or a Dozen of 'em will rape a beautiful Woman, that they cut off the Cullions [testicles] of Men & embugger Children of both sexes thereafter selling them into slavery
- ^ a b Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1964). Fall of the Mughal Empire. M. C. Sarkar. p. 54.
The Maratha soldiers were notorious for their practice of gang-rape in invaded territories from a very early time
- ^ a b Seminar. R. Thapar. 1989.
Repeated Maratha invasion of Bengal from the 1740s causing mass migration of people, ... in the beginning the Marathas raped and violated women, but later, the villagers took to guerrilla tactics to resist them
- ^ a b A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947. Renaissance Publishing House. 1957.
"Maratha soldiers," as Jadunath Sarkar observes "were notorious for their practice of gang rape in invaded country from a very early time." Describing their atrocities and devastations in Bengal he has cited from several contemporary writers
- ^ a b The New Cambridge Modern History. CUP Archive. 1970. p. 555.
they indulged in the unspeakable practice of gang-rape
- ^ a b McDermott, Rachel Fell (28 June 2001). Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803071-3.
The Marathas plundered, stole, set fire to villages and crops, tortured the inhabitants, cutting off their victim's hands and noses, raping them, and drowning them.
- ^ a b Coupland, Sir Reginald (1946). Britain and India, 1600-1945. Longmans, Green.
Terrible accounts have been preserved of Maratha raids in Bengal, of " murder and mutilation, arson and rape, practiced indiscriminately and without restraint
- ^ Roy, Kaushik (15 October 2012). Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-107-01736-8.
- ^ a b Jadunath Sarkar (1997) [First published 1932]. Fall of the Mughal Empire (4th ed.). ISBN 9788125011491.
- ^ SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224.
- ^ a b ড. মহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. আলীবর্দী ও মারাঠা আক্রমণ. পৃ. ২৯৭.
- ^ Jacques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 9780521028226.
- ^ a b C. C. Davies (1957). "Chapter XXIII: Rivalries in India". In J. O. Lindsay (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. Volume VII: The Old Regime 1713–63. Cambridge University Press. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-521-04545-2.
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