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#REDIRECT [[Coelurosauria#Classification]] {{R from merge}} {{R to section}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| name = Maniraptoriformes |
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| fossil_range = <br>[[Late Jurassic]]–[[Holocene|Present]], {{Fossil range|167|0|earliest=196}}<small>Possible [[Early Jurassic]] record</small> |
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| image = Struthiomimus ROM.jpg |
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| image_caption = [[Ornithomimidae|Ornithomimid]] (''[[Struthiomimus altus]]'') fossil cast |
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| image2=House sparrow04.jpg |
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| image2_caption = [[House sparrow]] (''Passer domesticus'') |
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| taxon = Maniraptoriformes |
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| authority = [[Thomas R. Holtz Jr.|Holtz]], 1995 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups |
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| subdivision = |
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*{{extinct}}[[Dromaeosauridae]] |
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*{{extinct}}[[Troodontidae]] |
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*[[Maniraptora]] |
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* '''Incertae sedis''' |
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**{{extinct}}''[[Fukuivenator]]''<ref name=Fukuivenator>Azuma, Y., Xu X., Shibata, M., Kawabe, S., Miyata, K., and Imai, T. 2016. "A bizarre theropod from the Early Cretaceous of Japan highlighting mosaic evolution among coelurosaurians." ''Scientific Reports'', '''6'''(20478). {{doi|10.1038/srep20478}}</ref> |
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| synonyms = |
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* Bullatosauria <small>Holtz, 1993</small> |
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* Ornithomimoidea <small>[[Paul Sereno|Sereno]], 1999</small> |
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* Avepectora <small>[[Gregory S. Paul|Paul]], 2002</small> |
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}} |
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'''Maniraptoriformes''' is a [[clade]] of [[dinosaur]]s with [[pennaceous feather]]s and [[wing]]s<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zelenitsky | first1 = D. K. | last2 = Therrien | first2 = F. | last3 = Erickson | first3 = G. M. | last4 = Debuhr | first4 = C. L. | last5 = Kobayashi | first5 = Y. | last6 = Eberth | first6 = D. A. | last7 = Hadfield | first7 = F. | doi = 10.1126/science.1225376 | title = Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins | journal = Science | volume = 338 | issue = 6106 | pages = 510–514 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23112330| pmc = | bibcode = 2012Sci...338..510Z}}</ref> that contains [[ornithomimosauria|ornithomimosaurs]] and [[maniraptor]]s. This group was named by [[Thomas R. Holtz Jr.|Thomas Holtz]], who defined it as "the most recent common ancestor of ''[[Ornithomimus]]'' and [[List of fossil birds|birds]], and all descendants of that common ancestor." |
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==Fossil evidence== |
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Many fossils have been discovered in recent years, particularly in China. Many of the [[feathered dinosaurs]] belong to this clade. In particular, a fossil of the [[Alvarezsauridae]] ''[[Shuvuuia]]'' has a version of keratin consistent with that of avian feathers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schweitzer|first1=M.H.|last2=Watt|first2=J.A.|last3=Avci|first3=R.|last4=Knapp|first4=L.|last5=Chiappe|first5=L.|last6=Norell|first6=M.|last7=Marshall|first7=M.|title=Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, ''Shuvuuia deserti''|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=285|issue=2|year=1999|pages=146–157|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990815)285:2<146::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-A|pmid=10440726}}</ref> |
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Many nearly complete [[fossil]] maniraptoriforms are known from the late Jurassic. ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' is known from Bavaria at 155-150 Ma. ''[[Ornitholestes]]'', the troodontid [[WDC DML 001]], ''[[Coelurus|Coelurus fragilis]]'' and ''[[Tanycolagreus|Tanycolagreus topwilsoni]]'' are all known from the [[Morrison Formation]] in Wyoming at about 150 Ma. The [[Daohugou biota]], including ''[[Anchiornis]]'' and ''[[Epidexipteryx]]'', is the earliest record of maniraptoriformes, dating to about 160 Ma. One possible maniraptoriform, ''[[Eshanosaurus]]'', lived even earlier, during the [[Early Jurassic]], though its identification is controversial.<ref name=barrett2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Barrett | first1 = P.M. | year = 2009 | title = The affinities of the enigmatic dinosaur ''Eshanosaurus deguchiianus'' from the Early [[Jurassic]] of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 52 | issue = 4| pages = 681–688 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00887.x}}</ref> |
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The wide range of fossils in the early [[Cretaceous]] and morphological evidence suggests that the main branches of maniraptoriform differentiation were separate before the end of the Jurassic. |
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Until recently, the relatives of ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' were thought to be maniraptoriforms,<ref>Benton, Michael J. (2004) [http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/benton/vertclass.html Vertebrate Palaentology]. 3rd ed. Wiley. {{ISBN|978-0-632-05637-8}}</ref> but this now seems unlikely.<ref>[[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel, David B.]], [[Peter Dodson|Dodson, Peter]], and [[Halszka Osmólska|Osmólska, Halszka]] (2004) ''[[The Dinosauria]]''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-25408-2}}</ref><ref name="senter2007">{{ cite journal | last1= Senter | first1= Phil | title= A new look at the phylogeny of coelurosauria (dinosauria: theropoda) | journal= Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | volume= 5 | year= 2007 | doi= 10.1017/S1477201907002143 | issue= 4 | pages= 429}}</ref> |
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==History of study== |
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In 1994, a study by [[Paleontology|paleontologist]] [[Thomas R. Holtz Jr.|Thomas Holtz]] found a close relationship between the [[Ornithomimosauria]] and [[Troodontidae]], and named this group '''Bullatosauria'''. Holtz rejected this hypothesis in 1999, and most paleontologists now consider troodontids to be much more closely related to either [[bird]]s or [[Dromaeosauridae]] than they are to ornithomimosaurs, causing the Bullatosauria to be abandoned. The name referred to the inflated (bulbous) [[Sphenoid bone|sphenoid]] both groups shared. Holtz defined the group as the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of ''[[Troodon]]'' and ''[[Ornithomimus]]'' and all its descendants.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Holtz | first1 = T.R. Jr | year = 1994 | title = The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae. Implications for theropod systematics | url = | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 68 | issue = | pages = 1100–1117}}</ref> The concept is now considered redundant, and the clade Bullatosauria is now viewed as synonymous with Maniraptoriformes. In 2002, [[Gregory S. Paul]] named an apomorphy-based clade '''Avepectora''', defined to include all theropods with a bird-like arrangement of the pectoral bones, where the angled shoulder girdle (coracoids) come in contact with the breastbone (sternum). According to Paul, ornithomimosaurs are the most basal members of this group.<ref name=paul2002>Paul, G.S. (2002). ''Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN|0801867630}}.</ref> |
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==Classification== |
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The relationships among coelurosaurs shown below were found in a phylogenetic analysis by Godefroit and colleagues in 2013.<ref name=AurornisNature>{{Cite journal | last1 = Godefroit | first1 = Pascal | last2 = Cau| first2 = Andrea | last3 = Hu | first3 = Dong-Yu| last4 = Escuillié | first4 = François| last5 = Wu | first5 = Wenhao| last6 = Dyke | first6 = Gareth| doi = 10.1038/nature12168 | title = A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds | journal = Nature | volume = 498| issue = 7454| pages =359–362| year = 2013 | pmid = 23719374| pmc = | bibcode = 2013Natur.498..359G}}</ref> |
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{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |
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|label1=Maniraptoriformes |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=†[[Ornithomimosauria]] [[File:Hypothetical Deinocheirus (flipped).jpg|90 px]] |
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|label2=[[Maniraptora]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†[[Alvarezsauria]] [[File:Patagonykuspuertai (flipped).jpg|80 px]] |
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|label2=[[Aveairfoila]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†[[Therizinosauria]] [[File:F. utahensis reconstruction (flipped).jpg|90 px]] |
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|label2=[[Pennaraptora]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†[[Oviraptorosauria]] [[File:Gigantoraptor BW white background.jpg|80 px]] |
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|label2=[[Paraves]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†[[Scansoriopterygidae]] [[File:Scansor chick.png|30px]] |
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|label2={{color|white|unnamed}} |
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|2={{Clade |
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|1=†''[[Eosinopteryx]]'' [[File:Eosinopteryx.jpg|80 px]] |
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|label2=[[Eumaniraptora]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†[[Dromaeosauridae]][[File:Deinonychus ewilloughby (flipped).png|110 px]] |
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|label2=[[Averaptora]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=†[[Troodontidae]] [[File:Zanabazar (flipped).jpg|80 px]] |
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|2=[[Avialae]] [[File:Meyers grosses Konversations-Lexikon - ein Nachschlagewerk des allgemeinen Wissens (1908) (Antwerpener Breiftaube).jpg|30 px]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Coelurosauria]] |
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*[[Maniraptora]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Portal|Dinosaurs}} |
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{{Coelurosauria}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q134143}} |
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[[Category:Maniraptoriformes| ]] |
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[[Category:Oxfordian first appearances]] |
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[[Category:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances]] |
Revision as of 02:21, 12 May 2024
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