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'''Mammed Amin Rasulzade''' ({{lang-az|Məmmədəmin Rəsulzadə}}; [[January 31]], [[1884]], [[Novkhana]], near [[Baku]]—[[March 6]], [[1955]], [[Ankara]]) was an [[Azerbaijani]] statesman, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of the First [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan Republic]] (1918-1920). He was also the first president of a Islamic democratic state. He received his primary education at the Russian-Muslim Secondary School and continued his studies at the Technical College (now Petroleum College) in [[Baku]]. From [[1903]], beginning as a student and continuing onward, Rasulzade began writing articles in various opposition magazines. |
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'''Mammed Amin Rasulzade''' {{lang-az|Məmmədəmin Rəsulzadə}} |
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([[January 31]], [[1884]], [Novkhana]], near [[Baku]]—[[March 6]], [[1955]], [[Ankara]]) |
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was an [[Azerbaijani]] statesman, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan Republic]] (1918-1920). He was also the first president of a democratic and secular republic in the Islamic World. |
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During the [[First Russian Revolution]] ([[1905]]-[[1907]]), Rasulzade got his political baptism by fire. At that time, his anti-monarchist platform and his demands for the national autonomy of [[Azerbaijan]], aligned him with [[Social Democrats]] and future communists. As the story goes, it was Rasulzade who saved young [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1905 in [[Baku]], when police were searching for him as an active instigator of riots. |
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==Early Life== |
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Mammad Amin Rasulzade received his education at the Russian-Muslim Secondary School and then at the Technical College (now Petroleum College) in [[Baku]]. In his years of study he created "Muslim Youth Organisation Musavat", first secret organisation in Azerbaijan's contemporary history, and beginning from [[1903]] Rasulzade began writing articles in various opposition magazines.At that time, his anti-monarchist platform and his demands for the national autonomy of [[Azerbaijan]], aligned him with [[Social Democrats]] and future communists. In [[1904]] he founded the first muslim social-democrat organisation "[[Hummet]]" and became editor-in-chief of its newspapers, "Tekamul"([[1906]]-[[1907]]) and "Yoldash"([[1907]]). Besides, he published many articles in non-partisan newspapers such as "Hayat", "Irshad" and also "Fuyuzat" journal. During the [[First Russian Revolution]] ([[1905]]-[[1907]]), Rasulzade actively participated in revolutionary developments. As the story goes, it was Rasulzade who saved young [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1905 in [[Baku]], when police were searching for the latter as an active instigator of riots.Even after the First Revolution, Rasulzade continued journalistic activities. His first dramatic play entitled "The Lights in the Darkness," was staged in [[Baku]] in [[1908]]. |
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Even after the First Revolution, Rasulzade continued journalistic activities. His first dramatic play entitled "The Light in the Darkness," was staged in [[Baku]] in [[1908]]. In [[1909]], he left for [[Iran]] to participate in the rebellion of [[Sattar Khan]]. While in [[Iran]], Rasulzade became one of the founders of "Iran-e No" (New Iran) Democratic Party. In [[1911]], when [[Russia]]n troops entered [[Iran]], Rasulzade fled to [[Istanbul]], where his works were published in various journals. He returned to [[Baku]] only after the Amnesty Act of [[1913]], dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs Royal Dynasty. |
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==Rasulzade in Iran== |
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In [[1909]], persecuted by Russian Administration, Rasulzade left for [[Iran]] to participate in the [[Constitutional Revolution]] of [[1905]]-[[1911]]. While in [[Iran]], Rasulzade became one of the founders of the Democratic Party of Iran and began publishing its newspaper called "[[Iran-e Nou]]", which was the first modern-type newspaper Iran' history. In [[1911]] he also published his book "Saadet-e bashar"(Happiness of mankind) in defense of revolution. |
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The Chairman of Musavat National Party since 1917, Rasulzade was unanimously elected the Head of the Azerbaijani National Council (Milli Shura) in May 1918, after the dissolution of the [[Transcaucasian Federation]]. |
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After [[Russia]]n troops entered [[Iran]] in [[1911]] and put and end to [[Constitutional Revolution]] in a cooperation with British and Royal Court of Iran, Rasulzade fled to [[Istanbul]], where he founded journal "Türk yurdu"(Land of turks), where published his famous article "Iranian Turks". |
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⚫ | On [[May 28]] [[1918]], the Azerbaijani National Council, headed by Rasulzade, declared an independent [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan Republic]]. And even though Rasulzade never held any governmental post in either of the Cabinets of Ministers, as an active member of the [[Parliament]] he remained a kind of ideological leader of the newly-formed state until its collapse in May 1920. Rasulzade was also involved in the establishment of the State University in [[Baku]] in [[1919]]. |
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==Rasulzade back at Azerbaijan== |
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After the Amnesty Act of [[1913]], dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Royal Romanov Dynasty. |
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Rasulzade returned to [[Baku]] and joined secret Musavat party established in [[1911]] by his instructions from abroad and quickly became its chief. In [[1915]] he started to publish party's newspaper "[[Açıq Söz]]" (Open word) which lasted till [[1918]]. When [[February Revolution]] happened, Musavat together with other secret political parties in Russian Empire quickly legalized and became a leading party of Caucasian Muslims after it merged with [[Party of Turkish Federalists]] headed by [[Nasibbey Usubbeyli]]. |
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In August [[1920]], Rasulzade was arrested by the Soviets. It was only due to his earlier support of [[Joseph Stalin]] that Rasulzade was released and taken from [[Baku]]. For the next two years, Rasulzade worked as the press representative at the Commissioner on Nations in [[Moscow]]. He was seconded to [[Finland]] in [[1922]] and he never returned. For the rest of his life, Rasulzade lived as an exile in [[Poland]] ([[1938]]), [[Romania]] (1940) and finally, after [[World War II]], in [[Ankara]] [[Turkey]] in [[1947]]. It was in his exile that Rasulzade admitted in an article that he wrote that Albania (referring to Caucasian Azerbaijan) was different than Azerbaijan (referring to Iranian Azerbaijan) and declared his eagerness to do "whatever is in his power to avoid any further discontent among Iranians".<ref>Atabaki, Touraj Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran, 2nd. edn, London: IB Tauris Publishers , 2000, pages 25-26</ref> He died in 1955 and was buried in Esri cemetery in Ankara. |
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[[October revolution]] in [[1917]] lead to secession of [[Transcaucasia]] from [[Russia]] and Rasulzade became head of Muslim faction in the Seym, parliament of [[Transcaucasian Federation]]. |
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After the dissolution of the [[Transcaucasian Federation]] Muslim faction re-organized into [[Azerbaijani National Councill]] and Rasulzade was elected unanimously the Head of the [[Azerbaijani National Council]](Milli Shura) in May 1918. |
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==During Azerbaijan Democratic Republic== |
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⚫ | On [[May 28]] [[1918]], the Azerbaijani National Council declared an independent [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan Republic]]. |
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After the collapse of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] in April [[1920]], Rasulzade left [[Baku]] and went into hiding in the mountaneous village of Lahij to direct the resistance to Sovietization, but in August [[1920]], after soviet army crashed the rebellions of Ganja, Karabakh, Zagatala and Lankaran, lead by ex-officers of Azerbaijani army, Rasulzade was arrested and brought to Baku. It was only due to his earlier rescue of [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1905 that Rasulzade was released and taken from [[Baku]]. For the next two years, Rasulzade worked as the press representative at the Commissariat on Nations in [[Moscow]]. He was seconded to St.Petersbourg in [[1922]] from where escaped to Finland and never returned. |
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==Rasulzade in exile== |
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For the rest of his life, Rasulzade lived as an exile in [[Turkey]],[[Poland]] where he was an adviser to the government, [[Romania]] and finally, after [[World War II]], in [[Ankara]] [[Turkey]]. In exile he published several books and journals, particularly "Yeni Kafkasya", "Azəri Türkü", "Odlu Yurd"(Turkey), "Istiqlal" and "Qurtuluş"(Germany).He died in 1955 and was buried in Esri cemetery in Ankara. |
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==Major works== |
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* "The Lights in the Darkness"(play) |
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* "Saadet-e Bashar" |
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* "Iranian Turks" |
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* "Caucasian Turks" |
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* "Sayavush of Our Century" |
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* "Political Situation in Russia" |
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* "Azerbaijani Poet [[Nezami]]" |
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* "Azerbaijan Republic: Formation, Past and Present" |
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* "Azerbaijan Republic" |
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* etc |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 17:39, 14 January 2007
Mammed Amin Rasulzade (Azerbaijani: Məmmədəmin Rəsulzadə; January 31, 1884, Novkhana, near Baku—March 6, 1955, Ankara) was an Azerbaijani statesman, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of the First Azerbaijan Republic (1918-1920). He was also the first president of a Islamic democratic state. He received his primary education at the Russian-Muslim Secondary School and continued his studies at the Technical College (now Petroleum College) in Baku. From 1903, beginning as a student and continuing onward, Rasulzade began writing articles in various opposition magazines.
During the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907), Rasulzade got his political baptism by fire. At that time, his anti-monarchist platform and his demands for the national autonomy of Azerbaijan, aligned him with Social Democrats and future communists. As the story goes, it was Rasulzade who saved young Joseph Stalin in 1905 in Baku, when police were searching for him as an active instigator of riots.
Even after the First Revolution, Rasulzade continued journalistic activities. His first dramatic play entitled "The Light in the Darkness," was staged in Baku in 1908. In 1909, he left for Iran to participate in the rebellion of Sattar Khan. While in Iran, Rasulzade became one of the founders of "Iran-e No" (New Iran) Democratic Party. In 1911, when Russian troops entered Iran, Rasulzade fled to Istanbul, where his works were published in various journals. He returned to Baku only after the Amnesty Act of 1913, dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs Royal Dynasty.
The Chairman of Musavat National Party since 1917, Rasulzade was unanimously elected the Head of the Azerbaijani National Council (Milli Shura) in May 1918, after the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation.
On May 28 1918, the Azerbaijani National Council, headed by Rasulzade, declared an independent Azerbaijan Republic. And even though Rasulzade never held any governmental post in either of the Cabinets of Ministers, as an active member of the Parliament he remained a kind of ideological leader of the newly-formed state until its collapse in May 1920. Rasulzade was also involved in the establishment of the State University in Baku in 1919.
In August 1920, Rasulzade was arrested by the Soviets. It was only due to his earlier support of Joseph Stalin that Rasulzade was released and taken from Baku. For the next two years, Rasulzade worked as the press representative at the Commissioner on Nations in Moscow. He was seconded to Finland in 1922 and he never returned. For the rest of his life, Rasulzade lived as an exile in Poland (1938), Romania (1940) and finally, after World War II, in Ankara Turkey in 1947. It was in his exile that Rasulzade admitted in an article that he wrote that Albania (referring to Caucasian Azerbaijan) was different than Azerbaijan (referring to Iranian Azerbaijan) and declared his eagerness to do "whatever is in his power to avoid any further discontent among Iranians".[1] He died in 1955 and was buried in Esri cemetery in Ankara.
References
- ^ Atabaki, Touraj Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran, 2nd. edn, London: IB Tauris Publishers , 2000, pages 25-26