Content deleted Content added
(3 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{AFI}} |
|||
{{short description|Worker who performs the initial harvesting of trees}} |
{{short description|Worker who performs the initial harvesting of trees}} |
||
{{Other uses}} |
{{Other uses}} |
||
Line 27: | Line 28: | ||
=== Lifestyle === |
=== Lifestyle === |
||
[[File:A Maine Logging Camp.jpg|thumb|A Maine logging camp in 1906.]] |
[[File:A Maine Logging Camp.jpg|thumb|A Maine logging camp in 1906.]] |
||
Lumberjacks worked in [[lumber camp]]s and often lived a migratory life, following timber harvesting jobs as they opened.<ref>Rohe, 1986</ref> Being a lumberjack was seasonal work. Lumberjacks were exclusively men. They usually lived in [[bunkhouse]]s or tents. Common equipment included the [[axe]]<ref>{{ |
Lumberjacks worked in [[lumber camp]]s and often lived a migratory life, following timber harvesting jobs as they opened.<ref>Rohe, 1986</ref> Being a lumberjack was seasonal work. Lumberjacks were exclusively men. They usually lived in [[bunkhouse]]s or tents. Common equipment included the [[axe]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://clutchaxes.com/michigan-axe-pattern-uses-and-origin | title = Michigan Axe Pattern, Uses and Origin| work = clutchaxes.com}}</ref> and [[cross-cut saw]]. Lumberjacks could be found wherever there were vast forests to be harvested and a demand for wood, most likely in Scandinavia, Canada, and parts of the United States. In the U.S., many lumberjacks were of Scandinavian ancestry, continuing the family tradition. American lumberjacks were first centred in north-eastern states such as Maine. They then followed the general [[American frontier|westward migration]] on the continent to the [[Upper Midwest]], and finally the [[Pacific Northwest]]. [[Stewart Holbrook]] documented the emergence and [[American frontier|westward migration]] of the classic American lumberjack in his first book, ''Holy Old Mackinaw: A Natural History of the American Lumberjack''. He often wrote colourfully about lumberjacks in his subsequent books, romanticizing them as hard-drinking, hard-working men. Logging camps were slowly phased out between World War II and the early 1960s as crews could by then be transported to remote logging sites in motor vehicles.<ref>Smith (1972)</ref> |
||
=== Division of labour === |
=== Division of labour === |
||
Line 57: | Line 58: | ||
== Culture == |
== Culture == |
||
[[File:Hodler_Holzfäller.jpg|thumb|''Lumberjack'', painting by [[Ferdinand Hodler]], 1910.]] |
[[File:Hodler_Holzfäller.jpg|thumb|''Lumberjack'', painting by [[Ferdinand Hodler]], 1910.]] |
||
Tomczik (2008) has investigated the lifestyle of lumberjacks from 1840 to 1940, using records from mostly Maine and Minnesota logging camps. In a period of industrial development and modernization in urban areas, logging remained a traditional business in which the workers exhibited pride in their craft, their physical strength and masculinity, and guarded their individualism. Their camps were a bastion of the traditional workplace as they defied modern rationalized management, and built a culture around masculinity. At the peak in 1906 there were 500,000 lumberjacks, who took special pride in their work. Logging camps were located in isolated areas that provided room and board as well as a workplace. With few females present other than the wives of cooks and foremen, lumberjacks lived an independent life style that emphasized manly virtues in doing dangerous tasks. Men earned praise for their skills in doing their work, for being competitive, and for being aggressive. When not at work, they played rough games, told tall tales, and won reputations for consuming large amounts of food. By 1940, the business was undergoing major changes, as access roads and automobiles ended residential logging camps, chain saws replaced crosscut saws, and managers installed modern industrial methods.<ref>Adam Tomczik, "'He-men Could Talk to He-men in He-man Language'": Lumberjack Work Culture in Maine and Minnesota, 1840–1940," ''Historian'' Winter 2008, Vol. 70 Issue 4, pp 697-715</ref> |
Tomczik (2008) has investigated the lifestyle of lumberjacks from 1840 to 1940, using records from mostly Maine and Minnesota logging camps. In a period of industrial development and modernization in urban areas, logging remained a traditional business in which the workers exhibited pride in their craft, their physical strength and masculinity, and guarded their individualism. Their camps were a bastion of the traditional workplace as they defied modern rationalized management, and built a culture around masculinity. At the peak in 1906 there were 500,000 lumberjacks, who took special pride in their work. Logging camps were located in isolated areas that provided room and board as well as a workplace. With few females present other than the wives of cooks and foremen, lumberjacks lived an independent life style that emphasized manly virtues in doing dangerous tasks. Men earned praise for their skills in doing their work, for being competitive, and for being aggressive. When not at work, they played rough games, told tall tales, and won reputations for [[cookhouse|consuming large amounts of food]]. By 1940, the business was undergoing major changes, as access roads and automobiles ended residential logging camps, chain saws replaced crosscut saws, and managers installed modern industrial methods.<ref>Adam Tomczik, "'He-men Could Talk to He-men in He-man Language'": Lumberjack Work Culture in Maine and Minnesota, 1840–1940," ''Historian'' Winter 2008, Vol. 70 Issue 4, pp 697-715</ref> |
||
== Evolution == |
== Evolution == |
||
Line 98: | Line 99: | ||
== Aesthetic == |
== Aesthetic == |
||
[[File:Lightning presentation Wikipedia Day Chicago 4.jpg|alt=|thumb|Example of urban lumberjack fashion]] |
[[File:Lightning presentation Wikipedia Day Chicago 4.jpg|alt=|thumb|Example of urban lumberjack fashion]] |
||
A "lumbersexual" or "urban lumberjack" is a man who, despite not being a lumberjack, has adopted style traits |
A "lumbersexual" or "urban lumberjack" is a man who, despite not being a lumberjack, has adopted style traits stereotypical of a traditional lumberjack; namely a [[beard]], plaid shirt, and work boots, substituting otherwise clean-cut and refined style choices.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baxter|first=Holly|title=Out of the woods, here he comes: the lumbersexual|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/14/lumbersexual-beard-plaid-male-fashion|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113512/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/14/lumbersexual-beard-plaid-male-fashion|archive-date=2015-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref> They are also often adorned by neck tattoos and "sleeve" tattoos, and may wear large gauged piercings in their earlobes. [[Denver Nicks]] described the trend as perhaps an attempt to "reclaim masculinity".<ref>{{cite web|last=Nicks|first=Denver|title=Confessions of a Lumbersexual|access-date=6 February 2015|work=Time|url=http://time.com/3603216/confessions-of-a-lumbersexual/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208112921/http://time.com/3603216/confessions-of-a-lumbersexual/|archive-date=2015-02-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.instyle.com/news/leonardo-dicaprio-haircut-photo-2015 |publisher=InStyle |title=Leonardo DiCaprio Chops Off His Man Bun |date=September 24, 2015 |first=Marianne |last=Mychaskiw |access-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125103618/http://www.instyle.com/news/leonardo-dicaprio-haircut-photo-2015 |archive-date=January 25, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/news/a35965/athleisure-urban-lumberjack/ |publisher=Esquire |title=Why 'Athleisure' Replaced the Urban Lumberjack |date=Jun 25, 2015 |first=Dennis |last=Tang |access-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112084933/http://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/news/a35965/athleisure-urban-lumberjack/ |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/lumbersexuality-and-its-discontents/383563/ Lumbersexuality and Its Discontents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303075616/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/lumbersexuality-and-its-discontents/383563/ |date=2017-03-03 }} by Willa Brown (December 10, 2014), ''The Atlantic''</ref> The term "lumbersexual" is a near [[antonym|antonymous]] play on the earlier "[[metrosexual]]", which was coined in the 1990s. |
||
== Popular culture == |
== Popular culture == |
||
In [[popular culture]], the stereotypical lumberjack is a strong, burly, usually bearded man who lives to brave the [[natural environment]]. He is depicted wearing suspenders, a long-sleeved plaid [[flannel]] shirt, and heavy [[caulk boots]], and is often characterized as having a voracious appetite, especially for [[Flapjack (pancake)|flapjacks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mighty Lumberjack |url=https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MightyLumberjack |website=TV Tropes}}</ref> He works by cutting down trees with either an axe or with the help of another lumberjack and a crosscut saw, as opposed to the modern chainsaw.<ref>{{Cite book | |
In [[popular culture]], the stereotypical lumberjack is a strong, burly, usually bearded man who lives to brave the [[natural environment]]. He is depicted wearing suspenders, a long-sleeved plaid [[flannel]] shirt, and heavy [[caulk boots]], and is often characterized as having a voracious appetite, especially for [[Flapjack (pancake)|flapjacks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mighty Lumberjack |url=https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MightyLumberjack |website=TV Tropes}}</ref> He works by cutting down trees with either an axe or with the help of another lumberjack and a crosscut saw, as opposed to the modern chainsaw.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samuel |first1=R. |title=The Myths We Live By |last2=Thompson |first2=P. R. |date=1990 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |pages=132–136}}</ref> |
||
=== Folklore === |
=== Folklore === |
||
Line 178: | Line 179: | ||
* Robbins, William G. ''Lumberjacks and Legislators: Political Economy of the U.S. Lumber Industry, 1890-1941'' (Texas A. & M. U. Press, 1982). 268 pp. |
* Robbins, William G. ''Lumberjacks and Legislators: Political Economy of the U.S. Lumber Industry, 1890-1941'' (Texas A. & M. U. Press, 1982). 268 pp. |
||
* Roberge, Earl. ''Timber Country''. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1973. |
* Roberge, Earl. ''Timber Country''. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1973. |
||
* {{ |
* {{cite book| last = Rohe | first = Randall E. | title = The Evolution of the Great Lakes Logging Camp, 1830-1930 | work = Journal of Forest History | year = 1986 | volume = 30 | number = 1 | pages = 17–28}} |
||
* Smith, David C. ''A History of Lumbering in Maine, 1861–1960'' (University of Maine Press, 1972) |
* Smith, David C. ''A History of Lumbering in Maine, 1861–1960'' (University of Maine Press, 1972) |
||
* Sorden, L. G. and Vallier, Jacque. ''Lumberjack Lingo: A Dictionary of the Logging Era.'' (Ashland, Wis.: NorthWord, 1986). 288 pp. |
* Sorden, L. G. and Vallier, Jacque. ''Lumberjack Lingo: A Dictionary of the Logging Era.'' (Ashland, Wis.: NorthWord, 1986). 288 pp. |