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{{For| |
{{For|others|Lyuba (disambiguation){{!}}Lyuba|Loubieh}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Lubya |
| name = Lubya |
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| native_name = |
| native_name = لوبيا |
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| native_name_lang = ar |
| native_name_lang = ar |
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| other_name = Lubiya, Lubia |
| other_name = Lubiya, Lubia |
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| etymology = "Bean"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/130/mode/1up 130]</ref> |
| etymology = "Bean"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/130/mode/1up 130]</ref> |
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<!-- maps and coordinates --> |
<!-- maps and coordinates --> |
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| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]] | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around |
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]] | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around Lubya (click the buttons) |
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| pushpin_mapsize = 200 |
| pushpin_mapsize = 200 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|32|46|33|N|35|25|46|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|32|46|33|N|35|25|46|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}} |
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| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Lavi]], Lavi Pine Forest, South African Park |
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Lavi]], Lavi Pine Forest, South African Park |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Al-Nabi Shwamin grave in Lubya.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Al-Nabi Shwamin grave in Lubya]] |
[[File:Al-Nabi Shwamin grave in Lubya.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Al-Nabi Shwamin grave in Lubya, called ''Neby Eshua Ibn Amin'' in 1881<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/132/mode/1up 132]</ref>]] |
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'''Lubya''' ({{lang-ar| |
'''Lubya''' ({{lang-ar|لوبيا}} "bean"), sometimes referred to as '''Lubia''', '''Lubieh''' and '''Loubieh''', was a Palestinian Arab town located ten kilometers west of [[Tiberias]] that was captured and destroyed by [[Israel]] during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] where its residents were forcefully evacuated and became refugees. Nearby villages included [[Nimrin]] to the north, [[Hittin]] to the northwest, and [[Al-Shajara, Palestine|al-Shajara]] to the south; Each of those villages were also depopulated.<ref name="PR"/> |
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Lubya had a total land area of 39,629 [[dunam]]s (3,963ha), of which 83% was Arab-owned and the remainder public property. Most of its cultivable land was planted with cereals while only 1,500 dunams (150 ha) were planted with olive groves. The village's built-up area was 210 dunams (21 ha).<ref name=Hadawi72/><ref name=Hadawi122/><ref name=Hadawi172/> |
Lubya had a total land area of 39,629 [[dunam]]s (3,963ha), of which 83% was Arab-owned and the remainder public property. Most of its cultivable land was planted with cereals while only 1,500 dunams (150 ha) were planted with olive groves. The village's built-up area was 210 dunams (21 ha).<ref name=Hadawi72/><ref name=Hadawi122/><ref name=Hadawi172/> |
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Archaeological excavations have revealed remains dating from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] era, second century BCE until the fifth century CE.<ref>Hanna, 2009 [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1009&mag_id=115 Khirbat Lubiya Final Report] <!-- note the FALSE inf. in this article! It claims that Lubya was located there "from the end of the Ottoman period"! --></ref><ref>Hanna, 2012, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2030&mag_id=119 Khirbat Lubiya, Golany Interchange]</ref> |
Archaeological excavations have revealed remains dating from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] era, second century BCE until the fifth century CE.<ref>Hanna, 2009 [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1009&mag_id=115 Khirbat Lubiya Final Report] <!-- note the FALSE inf. in this article! It claims that Lubya was located there "from the end of the Ottoman period"! --></ref><ref>Hanna, 2012, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2030&mag_id=119 Khirbat Lubiya, Golany Interchange]</ref> |
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The village was known as ''Lubia'' by the [[Crusades|Crusader]]s and was a rest stop for [[Saladin]]'s [[Ayyubid]] army prior to the [[Battle of Hattin]].<ref>Reston, 2007, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n68ZQKYAj58C&pg=PA51 51]</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/368/mode/1up 368]</ref> It is the birthplace of a prominent 15th century [[Muslim]] scholar Abu Bakr al-Lubyani, who taught Islamic religious sciences in [[Damascus]].<ref name="Nashashibi">[https://web.archive.org/web/20031117195955/http://alcor.concordia.ca/~pal/History/Villages/lub%40vil.html Lubya] Nashashibi, Rami. Center for Research and Documentation of Palestinian Society. [[Birzeit University]]. June 1996.</ref> |
The village was known as ''Lubia'' by the [[Crusades|Crusader]]s and was a rest stop for [[Saladin]]'s [[Ayyubid]] army prior to the [[Battle of Hattin]].<ref>Reston, 2007, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n68ZQKYAj58C&pg=PA51 51]</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/368/mode/1up 368]</ref> It is the birthplace of a prominent 15th century [[Muslim]] scholar Abu Bakr al-Lubyani, who taught Islamic religious sciences in [[Damascus]].<ref name="Nashashibi">[https://web.archive.org/web/20031117195955/http://alcor.concordia.ca/~pal/History/Villages/lub%40vil.html Lubya] [[Rami Nashashibi|Nashashibi, Rami]]. Center for Research and Documentation of Palestinian Society. [[Birzeit University]]. June 1996.</ref> |
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===Ottoman era=== |
===Ottoman era=== |
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Lubya belonged to the ''nahiya'' ("district") of [[Tiberias]] in the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]], a few decades after the [[Ottoman Empire]] won control over the region from the [[Mamluk]]s. Its population was recorded as 182 households and 32 bachelors, an estimated 1,177 persons; all [[Muslim]]. |
Lubya belonged to the ''nahiya'' ("district") of [[Tiberias]] in the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]], a few decades after the [[Ottoman Empire]] won control over the region from the [[Mamluk]]s. Its population was recorded as 182 households and 32 bachelors, an estimated 1,177 persons; all [[Muslim]]. The village was required to pay taxes on its goats, beehives and its olive press, but most of the revenues (45,000 [[Akçe]]) were paid as a fixed amount. Total taxes were 46,700 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 187</ref><ref name=Khalidi527/><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.</ref> |
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In 1743, the Ottoman governor of Damascus, [[Sulayman Pasha al-Azm]] died in the village while on his way to confront the rebellious ''de facto'' Arab ruler of the [[Galilee]], [[Zahir al-Umar]].<ref name="Nashashibi"/> A map by [[Pierre Jacotin]], from 1799 showed the place named ''Loubia.''<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 166]</ref> |
In 1743, the Ottoman governor of Damascus, [[Sulayman Pasha al-Azm]] died in the village while on his way to confront the rebellious ''de facto'' Arab ruler of the [[Galilee]], [[Zahir al-Umar]].<ref name="Nashashibi"/> A map by [[Pierre Jacotin]], from 1799 showed the place named ''Loubia.''<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 166] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref> |
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Lubya is near the site of Khan Lubya which is filled with the ruins of a pool, [[cistern]]s and large building stones. This site was probably a [[caravansary]] during medieval times.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n198/mode/1up 185]</ref> |
Lubya is near the site of Khan Lubya which is filled with the ruins of a pool, [[cistern]]s and large building stones. This site was probably a [[caravansary]] during medieval times.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n198/mode/1up 185]</ref> |
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In the early 19th century, |
In the early 19th century, [[James Silk Buckingham]] described Lubya as a very large village on top of a high hill.<ref>Buckingham, 1821, p. [https://archive.org/stream/travelsinpalesti00buckuoft#page/491/mode/1up 491]</ref> [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]], a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] traveler to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], referred to the village as "Louby" and noted that wild [[artichoke]]s covered the village plain.<ref>Burckhardt, 1822, p. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22956/page/n369 333]</ref><ref name="Davis"/> The American scholar [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]], who passed through the village in 1838, noted that it had suffered greatly from the [[Galilee earthquake of 1837]], with 143 villagers reported dead.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n255/mode/1up 238]</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Nicholas N. Ambraseys |url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1595/1/09%20ambraseys.pdf |title=The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel |year= 1997|page=934 }}</ref> |
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[[Mark Twain]] mentioned it in his 1869 travel book, |
[[Mark Twain]] mentioned it in his 1869 travel book, ''[[The Innocents Abroad]]'': ''We jogged along peacefully over the great caravan route from Damascus to Jerusalem and Egypt, past Lubia and other Syrian hamlets, perched, in the unvarying style, upon the summit of steep mounds and hills, and fenced round about with giant cactuses''.<ref>Twain, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/innocentsabroad00twairich#page/519/mode/1up 519]</ref> |
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In 1875, the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the village, called ''Loubieh'', and estimated it had 700 inhabitants.<ref name=Guerin184>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n197/mode/1up 184]</ref> He further noted that: "A house built of cut stones of medium size in the direction of east and west appears to occupy the site, and to be built |
In 1875, the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the village, called ''Loubieh'', and estimated it had 700 inhabitants.<ref name=Guerin184>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n197/mode/1up 184]</ref> He further noted that: "A house built of cut stones of medium size in the direction of east and west appears to occupy the site, and to be built out of old materials formerly used for a Christian Church".<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n197/mode/1up 184], as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/412/mode/1up 412] |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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Later that century, the village was described as being built of stone, on top of a [[limestone]] hill. Its population, estimated to be between 400 |
Later that century, the village was described as being built of stone, on top of a [[limestone]] hill. Its population, estimated to be between 400 and 700, cultivated [[olive]] and [[Common fig|fig]] trees.<ref name=SWP361>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/361/mode/1up 361]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 527</ref> |
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A population list from about 1887 showed |
A population list from about 1887 showed ''Lubieh'' to have about 2,730 inhabitants; all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n210/mode/1up 185]</ref> |
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An elementary school was established in 1895 and remained in use throughout the rule of the [[ |
An elementary school was established in 1895 and remained in use throughout the rule of the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] from 1923 to 1947. |
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===British Mandate era=== |
===British Mandate era=== |
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In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted |
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]] the population was 1,712; 1,705 Muslims, four Christians and three Druze,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tiberias, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n41/mode/1up 39]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 1,850; 1,849 Muslims and one Christian, in a total of 405 houses.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 83]</ref> |
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During this period, Lubya was the second largest village in the Tiberias District.<ref name=Khalidi527>Khalidi, 1992, p. 527</ref> |
During this period, Lubya was the second largest village in the Tiberias District.<ref name=Khalidi527>Khalidi, 1992, p. 527</ref> |
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According to the Palestine Government's village statistics, Lubya had a population of 2,350 in [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], all Muslim.<ref name=1945p12/><ref name=Hadawi72>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tiberias/Page-072.jpg 72]</ref> All the inhabitants were Muslim.<ref name=1945data>[http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf ''Village Statistics April 1945,'' The Palestine Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143136/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf |date=2012-06-09 }}, p. 7</ref> The total land area was 39,629 [[dunam]]s.<ref name=Hadawi72/> Of this, a total of 1,655 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, |
According to the Palestine Government's village statistics, Lubya had a population of 2,350 in [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], all Muslim.<ref name=1945p12/><ref name=Hadawi72>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Tiberias/Page-072.jpg 72]</ref> All the inhabitants were Muslim.<ref name=1945data>[http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf ''Village Statistics April 1945,'' The Palestine Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143136/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf |date=2012-06-09 }}, p. 7</ref> The total land area was 39,629 [[dunam]]s.<ref name=Hadawi72/> Of this, a total of 1,655 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 32,310 for cereals,<ref name=Hadawi122>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Tiberias/Page-122.jpg 122]</ref> while a total of 210 dunams were built-up land.<ref name=Hadawi172>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Tiberias/Page-172.jpg 172]</ref> |
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=== |
===Occupation by Israel=== |
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At the onset of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] Lubya was being defended by local militia volunteers. Village forces constantly skirmished with the Jewish militias which would soon become the [[Israeli Army]]; the first Israeli raid on the village occurred on January 20, 1948, coordinated with one on nearby [[Tur'an]], leaving one Lubya resident dead. On February 24, local militiamen and [[Arab Liberation Army]] (ALA) members ambushed a [[Jew]]ish convoy on the village's outskirts, causing several [[Casualty (person)|casualties]], including one militiaman.<ref name="Davis"/> The attack signaled that the Israelis were unable to keep the roads open and that foreign volunteers (the ALA) were taking over the offensive in the eastern [[Galilee]].<ref>Tal, 2004, p.69</ref> |
At the onset of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] Lubya was being defended by local militia volunteers. Village forces constantly skirmished with the Jewish militias which would soon become the [[Israeli Army]]; the first Israeli raid on the village occurred on January 20, 1948, coordinated with one on nearby [[Tur'an]], leaving one Lubya resident dead. On February 24, local militiamen and [[Arab Liberation Army]] (ALA) members ambushed a [[Jew]]ish convoy on the village's outskirts, causing several [[Casualty (person)|casualties]], including one militiaman.<ref name="Davis"/> The attack signaled that the Israelis were unable to keep the roads open and that foreign volunteers (the ALA) were taking over the offensive in the eastern [[Galilee]].<ref>Tal, 2004, p.69</ref> |
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In early March, Israeli forces attempted to create a route between Tiberias and the village of [[Shajara]], which required attacking Lubya. During the attack militiamen repulsed the Israelis, killing seven and losing six of their own.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> |
In early March, Israeli forces attempted to create a route between Tiberias and the village of [[Al-Shajara, Palestine|Shajara]], which required attacking Lubya. During the attack militiamen repulsed the Israelis, killing seven and losing six of their own.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> |
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After Tiberias was occupied by Israel, Lubya turned to the ALA in nearby [[Nazareth]] for military support and guidance.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> |
After Tiberias was occupied by Israel, Lubya turned to the ALA in nearby [[Nazareth]] for military support and guidance.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> |
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In early June, the 14th. battalion from the [[Golani Brigade]] was ordered to take Lubya and "to expel its inhabitants |
In early June, the 14th. battalion from the [[Golani Brigade]] was ordered to take Lubya and "to expel its inhabitants". However, the attack failed, due to heavy resistance from the villagers.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA262 262], note 810 p. 308 based on report [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]Archive 665\51\\2</ref> |
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The ALA attacked the Jewish town of [[Sejera]] on June 10 at the time when a truce was being brokered between Lubya's militiamen and Israeli forces. After the truce expired on July 16, Israel launched [[Operation Dekel]], capturing Nazareth at the start.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> |
The ALA attacked the Jewish town of [[Sejera]] on June 10 at the time when a truce was being brokered between Lubya's militiamen and Israeli forces. After the truce expired on July 16, Israel launched [[Operation Dekel]], capturing Nazareth at the start.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> |
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After news of Nazareth's fall, the majority of non-combatant village residents fled north towards [[Lebanon]] or to nearby Arab towns. The ALA also withdrew, leaving the local militia to confront incoming forces. When a single Israeli armored unit appeared outside the village, the militia retreated and left the village. The few remaining residents reported that Israeli forces subsequently shelled Lubya, demolished a few houses and commandeered many others.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> |
After news of Nazareth's fall, the majority of non-combatant village residents fled north towards [[Lebanon]] or to nearby Arab towns. The ALA also withdrew, leaving the local militia to confront incoming forces. When a single Israeli armored unit appeared outside the village, the militia retreated and left the village. The few remaining residents reported that Israeli forces subsequently shelled Lubya, demolished a few houses and commandeered many others.<ref name="Nashashibi"/><ref name="Davis"/> The village was finally demolished in the 1960s.<ref>Aron Shai, The Fate of Abandoned Arab Villages in Israel, 1965–1969, ''History & Memory'', Vol. 18, Number 2, Fall/Winter 2006, pp. 86-106.</ref> |
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The Israeli town of [[Lavi]] was built on Lubya's land, northeast of the village site.<ref name=Khalidi527/> There are also two parks on the village lands: the Lavi Pine Forest and the South African Park. They are used as picnic grounds for local residents, including former residents of Lubya who are [[Internally Displaced Palestinians|internally displaced persons]] living in various existing [[Arab localities in Israel]].<ref name="Davis">Davis, 2003, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxo55svQBNUC&pg=PA55 55]-58</ref> |
The Israeli town of [[Lavi]] was built on Lubya's land, northeast of the village site.<ref name=Khalidi527/> There are also two parks on the village lands: the Lavi Pine Forest and the South African Park. They are used as picnic grounds for local residents, including former residents of Lubya who are [[Internally Displaced Palestinians|internally displaced persons]] living in various existing [[Arab localities in Israel]].<ref name="Davis">Davis, 2003, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxo55svQBNUC&pg=PA55 55]-58</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel]] |
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* [[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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{{ |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |first= Ibrahim Yahya |last= Al-Shahabi |title= Lubya: Shawka fi hasirat al-mashuru al-sahyuni |
* {{cite book |first= Ibrahim Yahya |last= Al-Shahabi |title= Lubya: Shawka fi hasirat al-mashuru al-sahyuni [Lubya: a thorn in the side of the Zionist project] |year=1994a |location=[[Damascus]], Syria |publisher=Dar el-Shajara }} |
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* {{cite book |first= Ibrahim Yahya |last= Al-Shahabi |title= Qaryat Lubya |
* {{cite book |first= Ibrahim Yahya |last= Al-Shahabi |title= Qaryat Lubya [Lubya village] |year=1994b |location=[[Birzeit]], West Bank |publisher=[[Birzeit University]], CRDPS }} |
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*{{cite book | editor =Barron, |
*{{cite book | editor = Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url = https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923 }} |
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*{{cite book|title= |
*{{cite book|title=Travels in Palestine Through the Countries of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan, Including a Visit to the Cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinpalesti00buckuoft|first=J.S|last=Buckingham|author-link=James Silk Buckingham|year=1821|publisher=Longman|location=London}} |
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*{{cite book|title= |
*{{cite book|title=Travels in Syria and the Holy Land|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22956|first1=J.L.|last1=Burckhardt|author-link=Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|year=1822|publisher=J. Murray}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.| |
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}} |
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*{{cite book |
*{{cite book|first=U.|last=Davis|author-link=Uri Davis|title=Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxo55svQBNUC&pg=PA57|year=2003|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1-84277-339-9}} |
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*{{cite book |
*{{cite book|title=Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC|first=Rochelle A.|last=Davis|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]], Stanford, California|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8047-7312-6}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.| |
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi| |
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Hanna |
*{{cite journal|last=Hanna|first=Butrus|date=2009-01-09|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1009&mag_id=115|title=Khirbat Lubiya Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=121}} <!-- note the FALSE inf. in this article! It claims that Lubya was located there "from the end of the Ottoman period"! --> |
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*{{cite journal|last=Hanna |
*{{cite journal|last=Hanna|first=Butrus|date=2012-08-22|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2030&mag_id=119|title=Khirbat Lubiya, Golany Interchange|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=124}} |
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*{{cite book | |
*{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal |last2=Abdulfattah |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=3-920405-41-2 }} |
||
*{{cite book |
*{{cite book|last1=Issa|first1=Mahmoud|title=Palestinians from Lubya in Denmark: Dreams and Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7SVXwAACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Danish Refugee Council, the Documentation Centre}} |
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*{{cite journal | author = |
*{{cite journal | author = Karmon, Y. | title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine | url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 3,4 | year = 1960 | pages = 155–173; 244–253 | access-date = 2015-04-13 | archive-date = 2019-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf | url-status = dead }} |
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*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}} |
||
*{{cite book |editor = Mills, E. |
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B. |last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} |
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*{{cite book|last=Nazzal|first=Nafez|year=1978|title=The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li1IAAAAMAAJ |
*{{cite book|last=Nazzal|first=Nafez|year=1978|title=The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li1IAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Institute for Palestine Studies|location=Beirut|isbn=9780887281280}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.| |
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Pappé|first=I.| |
*{{cite book|last=Pappé|first=I.|author-link=Ilan Pappé|year=2006|title=[[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine]]|location=London and New York|isbn=1-85168-467-0|publisher=Oneworld}} |
||
*{{cite book|last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21620056 |
*{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) |url=https://www.academia.edu/21620056 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-727011-5 }} (pp. [https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 202]–203) |
||
*{{cite book|title= |
*{{cite book|title=Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|last=Pringle|first=D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1997|isbn=0521-46010-7|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}} (p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA119 119]) |
||
* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|first= J. Jr.|last= Reston|author-link= James Reston Jr.|title= Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n68ZQKYAj58C|year= 2007|publisher= Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn= 978-0307430120}} |
||
*{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode |date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=2018-12-18 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }} |
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*{{cite thesis|type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H.|authorlink=Harold Rhode |
|||
⚫ | *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} |
||
|date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}} |
|||
⚫ | *{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|year=1893|url=https://archive.org/details/registaregnihier00rhuoft|title=Regista Regni Hierosolymitani (1097-1291)|publisher=Oeniponti : Libraria Academica Wagneriana}} (pp. [https://archive.org/stream/registaregnihier00rhuoft#page/n13/mode/1up/search/lubia 6], [https://archive.org/stream/registaregnihier00rhuoft#page/326/mode/1up/search/lubia 326]) |
||
⚫ | *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.| |
||
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }} |
|||
⚫ | *{{cite book|last= |
||
*{{cite |
*{{cite book|last=Twain|first=M.|author-link=Mark Twain|year=1869|url=https://archive.org/details/innocentsabroad00twairich|title=The innocents abroad}} |
||
*{{cite book|last= |
*{{cite book|last=Tal|first=D.|author-link=David Tal (historian)|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dL29_RBATv0C|title=War in Palestine, 1948|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7146-5275-X}} |
||
*{{cite book|last= Tal|first= D.|authorlink=David Tal (historian)|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dL29_RBATv0C |title=War in Palestine, 1948|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7146-5275-X}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Tiberias/Lubya/index.html Welcome to Lubya] |
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Tiberias/Lubya/index.html Welcome to Lubya] |
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*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49244 Lubya], [[Zochrot]] |
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49244 Lubya], [[Zochrot]] |
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*[https://borisfenus.blogspot.com/2018/10/7-maqams-galilee-and-golan-heights.html Tomb of nabi Shuwamin] |
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*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150627182059/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8369 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.06.jpg Wikimedia commons] |
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150627182059/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8369 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.06.jpg Wikimedia commons] |
||
* [http://www.villageunderforest.com The Village under the Forest] – a documentary film by Mark J Kaplan. |
* [http://www.villageunderforest.com The Village under the Forest] – a documentary film by Mark J Kaplan. |
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{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}} |
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]] |
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]] |
Latest revision as of 03:36, 9 November 2023
Lubya
لوبيا Lubiya, Lubia | |
---|---|
![]() Map of the area from the 1870s | |
Etymology: "Bean"[1] | |
A series of historical maps of the area around Lubya (click the buttons) | |
Location within Mandatory Palestine | |
Coordinates: 32°46′33″N 35°25′46″E / 32.77583°N 35.42944°E | |
Palestine grid | 190/242 |
Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
Subdistrict | Tiberias |
Date of depopulation | July 16–17, 1948[3] |
Area | |
• Total | 39,629 dunams (39.629 km2 or 15.301 sq mi) |
Population (1945) | |
• Total | 2,350[2] |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
Current Localities | Lavi, Lavi Pine Forest, South African Park |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Al-Nabi_Shwamin_grave_in_Lubya.jpg/250px-Al-Nabi_Shwamin_grave_in_Lubya.jpg)
Lubya (Arabic: لوبيا "bean"), sometimes referred to as Lubia, Lubieh and Loubieh, was a Palestinian Arab town located ten kilometers west of Tiberias that was captured and destroyed by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War where its residents were forcefully evacuated and became refugees. Nearby villages included Nimrin to the north, Hittin to the northwest, and al-Shajara to the south; Each of those villages were also depopulated.[5]
Lubya had a total land area of 39,629 dunams (3,963ha), of which 83% was Arab-owned and the remainder public property. Most of its cultivable land was planted with cereals while only 1,500 dunams (150 ha) were planted with olive groves. The village's built-up area was 210 dunams (21 ha).[6][7][8]
History
Archaeological excavations have revealed remains dating from the Roman era, second century BCE until the fifth century CE.[9][10]
The village was known as Lubia by the Crusaders and was a rest stop for Saladin's Ayyubid army prior to the Battle of Hattin.[11][12] It is the birthplace of a prominent 15th century Muslim scholar Abu Bakr al-Lubyani, who taught Islamic religious sciences in Damascus.[13]
Ottoman era
Lubya belonged to the nahiya ("district") of Tiberias in the 1596 tax records, a few decades after the Ottoman Empire won control over the region from the Mamluks. Its population was recorded as 182 households and 32 bachelors, an estimated 1,177 persons; all Muslim. The village was required to pay taxes on its goats, beehives and its olive press, but most of the revenues (45,000 Akçe) were paid as a fixed amount. Total taxes were 46,700 akçe.[14][15][16]
In 1743, the Ottoman governor of Damascus, Sulayman Pasha al-Azm died in the village while on his way to confront the rebellious de facto Arab ruler of the Galilee, Zahir al-Umar.[13] A map by Pierre Jacotin, from 1799 showed the place named Loubia.[17]
Lubya is near the site of Khan Lubya which is filled with the ruins of a pool, cisterns and large building stones. This site was probably a caravansary during medieval times.[13][18]
In the early 19th century, James Silk Buckingham described Lubya as a very large village on top of a high hill.[19] Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, a Swiss traveler to Palestine, referred to the village as "Louby" and noted that wild artichokes covered the village plain.[20][21] The American scholar Edward Robinson, who passed through the village in 1838, noted that it had suffered greatly from the Galilee earthquake of 1837, with 143 villagers reported dead.[22][23]
Mark Twain mentioned it in his 1869 travel book, The Innocents Abroad: We jogged along peacefully over the great caravan route from Damascus to Jerusalem and Egypt, past Lubia and other Syrian hamlets, perched, in the unvarying style, upon the summit of steep mounds and hills, and fenced round about with giant cactuses.[24]
In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, called Loubieh, and estimated it had 700 inhabitants.[25] He further noted that: "A house built of cut stones of medium size in the direction of east and west appears to occupy the site, and to be built out of old materials formerly used for a Christian Church".[26]
Later that century, the village was described as being built of stone, on top of a limestone hill. Its population, estimated to be between 400 and 700, cultivated olive and fig trees.[27]
A population list from about 1887 showed Lubieh to have about 2,730 inhabitants; all Muslims.[28]
An elementary school was established in 1895 and remained in use throughout the rule of the British Mandate of Palestine from 1923 to 1947.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities the population was 1,712; 1,705 Muslims, four Christians and three Druze,[29] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,850; 1,849 Muslims and one Christian, in a total of 405 houses.[30] During this period, Lubya was the second largest village in the Tiberias District.[15]
According to the Palestine Government's village statistics, Lubya had a population of 2,350 in 1945 statistics, all Muslim.[2][6] All the inhabitants were Muslim.[31] The total land area was 39,629 dunams.[6] Of this, a total of 1,655 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 32,310 for cereals,[7] while a total of 210 dunams were built-up land.[8]
Occupation by Israel
At the onset of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Lubya was being defended by local militia volunteers. Village forces constantly skirmished with the Jewish militias which would soon become the Israeli Army; the first Israeli raid on the village occurred on January 20, 1948, coordinated with one on nearby Tur'an, leaving one Lubya resident dead. On February 24, local militiamen and Arab Liberation Army (ALA) members ambushed a Jewish convoy on the village's outskirts, causing several casualties, including one militiaman.[21] The attack signaled that the Israelis were unable to keep the roads open and that foreign volunteers (the ALA) were taking over the offensive in the eastern Galilee.[32]
In early March, Israeli forces attempted to create a route between Tiberias and the village of Shajara, which required attacking Lubya. During the attack militiamen repulsed the Israelis, killing seven and losing six of their own.[13][21]
After Tiberias was occupied by Israel, Lubya turned to the ALA in nearby Nazareth for military support and guidance.[13][21]
In early June, the 14th. battalion from the Golani Brigade was ordered to take Lubya and "to expel its inhabitants". However, the attack failed, due to heavy resistance from the villagers.[33]
The ALA attacked the Jewish town of Sejera on June 10 at the time when a truce was being brokered between Lubya's militiamen and Israeli forces. After the truce expired on July 16, Israel launched Operation Dekel, capturing Nazareth at the start.[13][21]
After news of Nazareth's fall, the majority of non-combatant village residents fled north towards Lebanon or to nearby Arab towns. The ALA also withdrew, leaving the local militia to confront incoming forces. When a single Israeli armored unit appeared outside the village, the militia retreated and left the village. The few remaining residents reported that Israeli forces subsequently shelled Lubya, demolished a few houses and commandeered many others.[13][21] The village was finally demolished in the 1960s.[34]
The Israeli town of Lavi was built on Lubya's land, northeast of the village site.[15] There are also two parks on the village lands: the Lavi Pine Forest and the South African Park. They are used as picnic grounds for local residents, including former residents of Lubya who are internally displaced persons living in various existing Arab localities in Israel.[21]
In the 1990s, two books were published about Lubya by Ibrahim Yahya Al-Shahabi, one under the auspices of Birzeit University,[35] and one book about Lubya was published in Denmark, in 1995, by Mahmoud Issa.[36]
Demographics
The village's population rose and dropped dramatically throughout its history; In 1596, Lubya had a population of 1,177 dropping to about 400–700 in the beginning of the 19th century.
The village's residents predominantly adhered to Islam.[21] It was estimated that there was 16,741 Palestinian refugees descending from Lubya in 1998.[5] After 1948, the majority of refugees lived at the Wavel refugee camp in Lebanon and other places in Lebanon, Jordan and Syria.[37] A few hundred remained in Israel as present absentees, living first in Kafr Kana.[38] After the departure of the PLO from Lebanon in 1983 and the Sabra and Shatila massacres, many Lubya refugees emigrated from Lebanon to Europe. By 2003 about 2,000 lived in Denmark, Sweden and Germany.[37]
See also
References
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 130
- ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 12
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #96. Also gives the causes for depopulation
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 132
- ^ a b Welcome to Lubya: Towns Statistics and Facts Palestine Remembered.
- ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 72
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 122
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 172
- ^ Hanna, 2009 Khirbat Lubiya Final Report
- ^ Hanna, 2012, Khirbat Lubiya, Golany Interchange
- ^ Reston, 2007, p. 51
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 368
- ^ a b c d e f g Lubya Nashashibi, Rami. Center for Research and Documentation of Palestinian Society. Birzeit University. June 1996.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 187
- ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 527
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 166 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 185
- ^ Buckingham, 1821, p. 491
- ^ Burckhardt, 1822, p. 333
- ^ a b c d e f g h Davis, 2003, pp. 55-58
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 238
- ^ Nicholas N. Ambraseys (1997). "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" (PDF). p. 934.
- ^ Twain, 1869, p. 519
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 184
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 184, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 412
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 361. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 527
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 185
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tiberias, p. 39
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 83
- ^ Village Statistics April 1945, The Palestine Government Archived 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, p. 7
- ^ Tal, 2004, p.69
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 262, note 810 p. 308 based on report IDFArchive 665\51\\2
- ^ Aron Shai, The Fate of Abandoned Arab Villages in Israel, 1965–1969, History & Memory, Vol. 18, Number 2, Fall/Winter 2006, pp. 86-106.
- ^ Davis, 2011, p. 285
- ^ Issa, 1995, Palestinians from Lubya in Denmark: Dreams and Realities
- ^ a b Mahmoud Issa, Resisting oblivion: Historiography of the destroyed Palestinian village of Lubya, Refuge, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2003, pp. 14–22
- ^ Rassem Khamaisi, Land ownership as a determinant in the formation of residential areas in Arab localities, Geoforum, Vol. 26, No.2 1995, pp211–224.
Bibliography
- Al-Shahabi, Ibrahim Yahya (1994a). Lubya: Shawka fi hasirat al-mashuru al-sahyuni [Lubya: a thorn in the side of the Zionist project]. Damascus, Syria: Dar el-Shajara.
- Al-Shahabi, Ibrahim Yahya (1994b). Qaryat Lubya [Lubya village]. Birzeit, West Bank: Birzeit University, CRDPS.
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Buckingham, J.S (1821). Travels in Palestine Through the Countries of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan, Including a Visit to the Cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis. London: Longman.
- Burckhardt, J.L. (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. J. Murray.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Davis, U. (2003). Apartheid Israel: Possibilities for the Struggle Within. Zed Books. ISBN 1-84277-339-9.
- Davis, Rochelle A. (2011). Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 978-0-8047-7312-6.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hanna, Butrus (2009-01-09). "Khirbat Lubiya Final Report" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hanna, Butrus (2012-08-22). "Khirbat Lubiya, Golany Interchange" (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Issa, Mahmoud (1995). Palestinians from Lubya in Denmark: Dreams and Realities. Danish Refugee Council, the Documentation Centre.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
- Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Nazzal, Nafez (1978). The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948. Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 9780887281280.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Pappé, I. (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. London and New York: Oneworld. ISBN 1-85168-467-0.
- Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-727011-5. (pp. 202–203)
- Pringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-46010-7. (p. 119)
- Reston, J. Jr. (2007). Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0307430120.
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Röhricht, R. (1893). Regista Regni Hierosolymitani (1097-1291). Oeniponti : Libraria Academica Wagneriana. (pp. 6, 326)
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- Twain, M. (1869). The innocents abroad.
- Tal, D. (2004). War in Palestine, 1948. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5275-X.
External links
- Welcome to Lubya
- Lubya, Zochrot
- Tomb of nabi Shuwamin
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- The Village under the Forest – a documentary film by Mark J Kaplan.
- Lubya, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- Lubyeh photos from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
- Lubya, by Rami Nashashibi (1996), Center for Research and Documentation of Palestinian Society.
- Report - Public Apology Ceremony and a tour at the Palestinian Destroyed village of Lubya May 1st 2015, Zochrot