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{{otheruses4|a fighter aircraft|the U.S. Department of Defense contract competition which resulted in its selection|Joint Strike Fighter Program|the computer game portraying aircraft from the competition|Joint Strike Fighter (game)}} |
{{otheruses4|a fighter aircraft|the U.S. Department of Defense contract competition which resulted in its selection|Joint Strike Fighter Program|the computer game portraying aircraft from the competition|Joint Strike Fighter (game)}} |
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{{Infobox Aircraft |
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|name=F-35 Lightning II |
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|type=Multirole fighter |
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|manufacturers=[[Lockheed Martin Aeronautics]]<br/>[[Northrop Grumman]]<br/>[[BAE Systems]] |
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|image = Image:F-35 Lightning-1.jpg |
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|caption = The F-35 Lightning II takes off for its first flight at [[Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base]] on [[15 December]] [[2006]]. |
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|first flight=[[15 December]] [[2006]]<ref>[https://www.teamjsf.com/jsf/data.nsf/7074259f3965fd0985256f43007b0964/7f70d66a0aaef181852573540049ead4?OpenDocument F-35 First Flight], ''TeamJSF.com''. Retrieved: [[10 October]] [[2007]].</ref> |
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|introduction=[[2011 in aviation|2011]] (scheduled) |
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|status=Under development / pre-production |
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|primary user= [[United States Air Force]] |
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|more users= [[United States Navy]] <br/>[[United States Marine Corps]] <br/>[[Royal Air Force]]/[[Royal Navy]] <!-- These & USAF are the 4 biggest customers. Only THREE (3) in 'more users' field. Do not add anymore. This is per [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/PC]]. RAF/RN on same line due to the fact that the exact split is not known.--> |
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|produced=2003-present |
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|number built= |
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|unit cost=[[US$]]200 million (flyaway cost based on production of 6 aircraft in 2008)<ref name="usaf_fy2008_budget">[http://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070212-004.pdf "FY 2008/2009 Budget Estimates"] [[United States Air Force]], February 2007, p. 1-1.</ref><br/> |
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|developed from=[[Lockheed Martin X-35]] |
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|variants with their own articles= |
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}} |
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The '''Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II''' is a single-seat, single-engine, stealth-capable [[military aviation|military]] [[strike fighter]], a multi-role aircraft that can perform [[close air support]], [[tactical bombing]], and [[air-to-air]] combat. The F-35 is descended from the [[Lockheed Martin X-35|X-35]] of the [[Joint Strike Fighter Program|Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) program. Its development is being principally funded by the [[United States]] with the [[United Kingdom]] and other partner governments providing additional funding.<ref name="glob_sec_F-35">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-35-int.htm F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II – International Partners], GlobalSecurity.org</ref> It is being designed and built by an aerospace industry team led by [[Lockheed Martin]] with [[Northrop Grumman]] and [[BAE Systems]] as major partners.<ref name="glob_sec_F-35" /> Demonstrator aircraft flew in 2000,<ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/wms/findPage.do?dsp=fec&ci=12246&rsbci=0&fti=112&ti=0&sc=400 Lockheed Martin statement]</ref> with the production model first flying on [[15 December]] [[2006]].<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=2731034 "F-35 Test Flight Deemed a Success"], ABC News, [[16 December]] [[2006]].</ref> The [[United States Air Force]] plans to acquire 1,763 aircraft to substantially replace its fleet of F-16 multirole fighters.<ref> ''[[Air Forces Monthly]]'', October 2007 edition.</ref> |
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F-#% |
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==Development== |
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===JSF Program history=== |
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{{main|Joint Strike Fighter Program}} |
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HEHEEEEEEEEEE |
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===Requirement=== |
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[[Image:F-35 Wind Tunnel Model.jpg|thumb|right|An F-35 wind tunnel testing model in the [[Arnold Engineering Development Center]]'s 16-foot transonic [[wind tunnel]]]] |
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The JSF program was created to replace various aircraft while keeping development, production, and operating costs down. This was pursued by building three variants of one aircraft, sharing 80% of their parts: |
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* F-35A, conventional takeoff and landing ([[CTOL]]) variant. |
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* F-35B, short-takeoff and vertical-landing ([[STOVL]]) variant. |
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* F-35C, [[aircraft carrier|carrier]]-based (CV) variant. |
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The F-35 is being designed to be the world's premier strike aircraft through 2040. It is intended that its air-to-air capability will be second only to that of the [[F-22 Raptor]]. Specifically the F-35’s requirements are that it be: four times more effective than legacy fighters in air-to-air combat, eight times more effective in air-to-ground battle combat, and three times more effective in reconnaissance and suppression of air defenses. These capabilities are to be achieved while still having significantly better range and a smaller [http://akss.dau.mil/dag/Guidebook/IG_c5.2.1.1.asp logistical footprint] than legacy aircraft.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-35.htm F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II], ''GlobalSecurity.org''.</ref> |
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===Origins and selection=== |
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[[Image:X-32 X-35 Cdp misc 004.jpg|thumb|[[Boeing X-32]] (left) and [[Lockheed Martin X-35]] prior to down-select in 2001, where the X-35 was chosen.]] |
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The Joint Strike Fighter evolved out of several requirements for a common fighter to replace existing types. The actual JSF development contract was signed on [[16 November]] [[1996]]. |
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The contract for System Development and Demonstration (SDD) was awarded on [[26 October]] [[2001]] to Lockheed Martin, whose X-35 beat the [[Boeing X-32]]. DoD officials and British [[William Bach|Minister of Defence Procurement]] Lord Bach, said the X-35 consistently outperformed the X-32, although both met or exceeded requirements. The designation of the fighter as "F-35" came as a surprise to Lockheed, which had been referring to the aircraft in-house by the designation "F-24."<ref>[http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/nonstandard-mds.html#_MDS_F35 Designation Systems]</ref> |
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====Naming==== |
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On [[7 July]] [[2006]], the U.S. Air Force officially announced the name of the F-35: Lightning II,<ref name="jsf_name_announcement">"[http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/JSF_F-35_2006_Inauguration%20Press%20Release.doc Lockheed Martin Joint Strike Fighter Officially Named 'Lightning II.']" Official Joint Strike Fighter program office press release. [[7 July]] [[2006]].</ref> in honor of Lockheed's [[World War II]]-era twin-prop [[P-38 Lightning]] and the [[Cold War]]-era jet, the [[English Electric Lightning]]. [[English Electric]]'s aircraft division was incorporated into [[British Aircraft Corporation|BAC]], a predecessor of F-35 partner [[BAE Systems]]. Other names previously listed as contenders were [[Kestrel (bird)|Kestrel]], [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]], [[Piasa]], [[Black Mamba]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] II. Lightning II was also an early company name for the aircraft that became the [[F-22 Raptor]]. |
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===International participation=== |
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While the United States is the primary customer and financial backer, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Australia and Turkey have contributed [[United States dollar|US$]]4.375 billion toward the development costs of the program.<ref name="glob_sec_F-35" /> Total development costs are estimated at more than US$40 billion (underwritten largely by the United States), while the purchase of an estimated 2,400 planes is expected to cost an additional US$200 billion.<ref>Merle, Renae. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A38236-2005Mar15.html "GAO Questions Cost Of Joint Strike Fighter."] ''Washington Post'', [[15 March]] [[2005]]. Retrieved: [[15 July]] [[2007]].</ref> The nine major partner nations plan to acquire over 3,100 F-35s through 2035,<ref>[http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/ANNEX%20A%20Revision_April%202007.pdf Estimated JSF Air Vehicle Procurement Quantities], JSF.mil, April 2007.</ref> making the F-35 one of the most numerous jet fighters. |
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There are three levels of international participation. The levels generally reflect the financial stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by national companies, and the order in which countries can obtain production aircraft. The United Kingdom is the sole "Level 1" partner, contributing US$2.5 billion, about 10% of the development costs<ref>[https://www.teamjsf.com/jsf/data.nsf/75public/07CF737749FA9E5585256F3900720288?OpenDocument JSF Global Partners.] Retrieved: [[30 March]] [[2007]].</ref> under the 1995 [[Memorandum of Understanding]] that brought the UK into the project.<ref name="UKJAST">"US, UK sign JAST agreement." ''Aerospace Daily'' New York: McGraw-Hill, [[25 November]] [[1995]], p. 451.</ref> Level 2 partners are [[Italy]], which is contributing US$1 billion; and the [[Netherlands]], US$800 million. Level 3 partners are [[Canada]], US$440 million; [[Turkey]], US$175 million; [[Australia]], US$144 million; [[Norway]], US$122 million; and [[Denmark]], US$110 [[million]]. [[Israel]] and [[Singapore]] have joined as Security Cooperative Participants (SCP).<ref>Schnasi, Katherine V. [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04554.pdf "Joint Strike Fighter Acquisition: Observations on the Supplier Base."] ''US Accounts Office''. Retrieved: [[8 February]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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Some of the partner countries have wavered in their public commitment to the JSF program, hinting or warning that unless they receive more subcontracts or technology transfer, they will forsake JSF for the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]], [[JAS 39 Gripen|Saab Gripen]], [[Dassault Rafale]] or simply upgrade their existing aircraft. Norway has several times threatened to put their support on hold unless substantial guarantees for an increased industrial share is provided. Despite this Norway has signed all the Memoranda of Understanding, including the latest one detailing the future production phase of the JSF program. They have, however, indicated that they will increase and strengthen their cooperation with both competitors of the JSF, the [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]] and the [[JAS 39 Gripen|Gripen]].<ref>''Defense Industry Daily''. [http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/f35-lightning-ii-faces-continued-dogfights-in-norway/index.php F-35 Lightning II Faces Continued Dogfights in Norway]</ref> |
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====United Kingdom==== |
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{{main|Joint Combat Aircraft}} |
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The [[United Kingdom]] plans to acquire 138 F-35s<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6219122.stm "MPs warn over US fighter jet deal."] BBC. Retrieved: [[10 January]] [[2008]].</ref> for the [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[Royal Navy]]. |
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The UK became increasingly frustrated by a lack of US commitment to grant access to the technology that would allow the UK to maintain and upgrade its F-35s without US involvement. This is understood to relate mainly to the software for the aircraft. For five years, British officials sought an [[ITAR]] waiver to secure greater technology transfer. This request, which has the blessing of the Bush administration, was repeatedly blocked by U.S. Representative [[Henry Hyde]], who said that the UK needed to tighten its laws protecting against the unauthorized transfer of the most advanced U.S. technology to third parties.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/881df2c4-5b7f-11da-b221-0000779e2340.html "UK denied waiver on US arms technology."] ''Financial Times''. Retrieved: [[11 October]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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BAE Systems [[CEO]] [[Michael Turner (businessman)|Mike Turner]] complained that the US had denied his company access to the aircraft's [[source code]]. On [[21 December]] [[2005]], an article in the ''[[Glasgow Herald]]'' quoted the chairman of the [[Defence Committee|House of Commons Defence Select Committee]] as saying "the UK might have to consider whether to continue in the programme" if no access were granted.<ref>"UK Defence Committee Statement." ''UK Parliament''. [http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/defence_committee/def051220___no__13.cfm MoD 'slippage' set to leave forces with reduced capability, says committee]. Retrieved: [[8 February]] [[2006]].</ref> [[Paul Drayson, Baron Drayson|Lord Drayson]], [[Defence Procurement Agency|Minister for Defence Procurement]], took a firmer stance during a March 2006 visit to Washington: "We do expect the [[software]] technology transfer to take place. But if it does not take place we will not be able to purchase these aircraft," and he said there was a 'Plan B' if the deal fell through.<ref>Chapman, Matt. [http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2152035/joint-strike-fighter "Britain warns US over jet software codes."] ''vunet.com''. Retrieved: [[16 March]] [[2006]].</ref> This may have been the development of a navalized [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]].<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmdfence/uc824-iii/uc82402.htm Evidence to UK Defence Select Committee]. Retrieved: [[1 April]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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On [[27 May]] [[2006]], President [[George W. Bush]] and Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] announced that "Both governments agree that the UK will have the ability to successfully operate, upgrade, employ, and maintain the Joint Strike Fighter such that the UK retains operational sovereignty over the aircraft."<ref>[http://news.ft.com/cms/s/7de7925a-ecf3-11da-a307-0000779e2340.html "Bush gives way over stealth fighter."] ''Financial Times''. Retrieved: [[27 May]] [[2006]].</ref> Despite this, concerns were still expressed about the lack of technology transfer as late as December 2006. Nevertheless, on [[12 December]] [[2006]], Lord Drayson signed an agreement which met the UK's demands for further participation, i.e., access to software source codes and operational sovereignty. The agreement allows "an unbroken British chain of command" for operation of the aircraft. Drayson said Britain would "not be required to have a US citizen in our own operational chain of command".<ref> [http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSL1278309720061212 "Update 2 — UK signs memo with US on Joint Strike Fighter."] ''Reuters'', [[12 December]] [[2006]]. Retrieved: [[13 December]] [[2006]].</ref> Drayson also said, however, that Britain is still considering an unspecified "Plan B" alternative to buying the Joint Strike Fighter. |
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On [[25 July]] [[2007]], the Ministry of Defence confirmed that they have placed orders for the two new aircraft carriers of the [[CVF|Queen Elizabeth Class]], that will allow the purchase of the F-35B variant.<ref>BBC News Online. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/6914788.stm "MoD confirms £3.8bn carrier order."] ''news.bbc.co.uk''.</ref> |
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====Italy==== |
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[[Italy]] plans to acquire 109 F-35As for the [[Italian Air Force]], and 22 F-35Bs for the [[Marina Militare|Marina Militare (Italian Navy)]] to be used on the STOVL [[aircraft carrier]] [[Cavour (550)|Cavour]].<ref>[http://www.navytimes.com/news/2007/04/defense_stovl_jsf_070430/ "STOVL JSF future debated"], ''Navy Times'', [[1 May]] [[2007]], Retrieved: [[29 December]] [[2007]]. </ref> |
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====Netherlands==== |
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The [[Netherlands]] has plans to acquire 85 F-35As for the [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]]. The aircraft will replace an aging fleet of Lockheed Martin [[F-16]]AM. The Dutch government expects the costs to be €5.5 billion for the initial purchase and €9.1 billion for 30 years of service.<ref>[http://www.rekenkamer.nl/9282000/d/p396_rapport.pdf "Stand van zaken september 2006, Monitoring verwerving Joint Strike Fighter"], ''Algemene Rekenkamer'' October 2006, p. 22.</ref> On [[19 November]] [[2007]], in the Dutch Parliament, the Secretary of Defence was questioned about the JSF delay, technical problems and rising costs.<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/f-35-jsf-hit-by-serious-design-problems-04311/ F-35 JSF Hit by Serious Design Problems]</ref> On [[29 February]] [[2008]], the [[Council of Ministers of the Netherlands|executive council]] of the [[Politics of the Netherlands|Dutch government]] decided to go ahead with the purchase of 2 test aircraft.<ref>[http://www.nu.nl/news/1457749/11/JSF_pakt_duurder_uit_dan_gepland.html JSF is more expensive than expected]</ref> |
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====Australia==== |
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[[Image:Aust JST USN.jpg|thumb|Australia's then-Minister for Defence [[Brendan Nelson|Dr. Brendan Nelson]] signing the JSF Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development Memorandum of Understanding in December 2006]] |
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In May 2005, the Australian government announced that it would delay its planned 2006 decision on buying the JSF to 2008, and thus past the term of the government of the day. Australia, like the UK, has insisted it must have access to all software needed to modify and repair aircraft. Analysis conducted by the [[RAAF|Royal Australian Air Force]] has determined that the F-35 "is the most suitable aircraft for Australia's needs".<ref>[[Brendan Nelson|Nelson, Brendan]], The Hon. Dr. [http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/NelsonMintpl.cfm?CurrentId=6341 "Joint Strike Fighter." Press release.]''[[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]]'', [[1 February]] [[2007]]. Retrieved: [[1 February]] [[2007]].</ref> |
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There has been debate in Australia over whether the F-35 is the most suitable aircraft for the RAAF. Some media reports, lobby groups and politicians have raised doubts that the aircraft will be ready in time to replace the RAAF's aging fleet of [[General Dynamics F-111]] strike aircraft and [[F/A-18 Hornet]] fighters. Some critics say the more expensive [[F-22]] or the [[Eurofighter]] may be better choices, both offering better range, [[dogfight]]ing capability, and [[supercruise]] at a cost that may not be much more than the F-35<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net Air Power Australia web site] Related discussions and analyses, although the F-22 is not for sale internationally.</ref> – claims that as of July 2006 are being examined in a parliamentary inquiry.<ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jfadt/adfair/subs.htm Inquiry into Australian Defence Force Regional Air Superiority], Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade, Australian Parliament</ref> |
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In a statement released in early August 2006, then-Australian Defence Minister Dr. [[Brendan Nelson]] revealed that while the F-35 still had governmental support, Australia is starting to investigate other possible aircraft should the F-35 prove to be unfeasible.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/US-decisions-threaten-fighter-project/2006/08/04/1154198330441.html "US decisions 'threaten' fighter project."] ''[[The Age]]'', [[4 August]] [[2006]]. Retrieved: [[19 August]] [[2006]].</ref> In October 2006, the deputy chief of the Air Force, Air Vice Marshal John Blackburn, publicly stated that the RAAF had ruled out the purchase of interim strike aircraft to cover any delays to the F-35 program and believed that the F-35 was suitable.<ref>Blenkin, Max. [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,20556293-31037,00.html "RAAF 'won't need' interim jet."], ''[[News.com.au]]''. Retrieved: [[10 October]] [[2006]].</ref> However, on [[6 March]] [[2007]], Dr. Nelson announced the Australian Government would purchase 24 [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18F Super Hornets]] from Boeing to fill the gap left by the retiring [[F-111]] strike aircraft at a cost of potentially AU$6 billion.<ref>[http://www.thanhniennews.com/worlds/?catid=9&newsid=25777 "Australia to buy 24 F-18 Super Hornets from Boeing."] ''Thanhnien News'', [[6 March]] [[2007]]. Retrieved: [[6 March]] [[2007]].</ref> Nonetheless, Dr. Nelson continued to endorse Australia's purchase of the F-35. Speaking on Australian television in March 2007, Dr. Nelson stated that 5% of the capability of the F-35 is classified, claiming that, "that's the five percent that really counts."<ref>Bartlett, Liam. [http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/sixtyminutes/stories/2007_03_18/story_1879.asp "Transcript of '60 Minutes' broadcast 'Project Joint Strike Fighter'."] ''Ninemsn'', ([[18 March]] [[2006]]). Retrieved: [[18 March]] [[2007]].</ref> |
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On [[13 December]] [[2006]], Minister Nelson signed the JSF Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development Memorandum of Understanding. This agreement provides the cooperative framework for the acquisition and support of the JSF over its life.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/WORLD/Australia-commits-to-F35-strike-fighter/2006/12/13/1165685710399.html "Australia commits to F-35 strike fighter."] ''[[The Age]]'', [[13 December]] [[2006]].</ref> Australia is expected to purchase 100 F-35As at a cost of approximately AU$16 billion.<ref>Elliot, Geoff. [http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20943857-31477,00.html "Troubled stealth fighter tackles first test flight."] ''[[The Australian]]'', [[18 December]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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However following the election of a Labor Party government in the [[Australian federal election, 2007|2007 federal election]] the new government ordered a review of the RAAF's fighter procurement plans, including the purchase of the F-35. This review will include an evaluation of the F-35, advanced derivatives of the [[MiG-29]] and [[Su-35]], as well as the F-22's suitability for Australia, with the Defence Minister stating that "I intend to pursue American politicians for access to the Raptor".<ref>Govindasamy, Siva. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/01/10/220724/australia-to-weigh-lockheed-martin-f-22-against-russian-fighters.html "Australia to weigh Lockheed Martin F-22 against Russian fighters."] Reed Business Information, Flightglobal.com, [[10 January]] [[2008]]. Retrieved: [[2 February]] [[2008]].</ref> |
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====Turkey==== |
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On [[12 July]] [[2002]], Turkey became the seventh international partner in the JSF Project, joining the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Denmark and Norway. On [[25 January]] [[2007]], Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for involvement in F-35 production. Turkey is expected to order 100 F-35A "CTOL/Air Force versions" at a reported cost of $11 billion.<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/01/turkey-signs-f35-production-mou/index.php Turkey Signs F-35 Production MoU]</ref> It is reported that the aircraft will be produced under license in Turkey by [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] (TAI). |
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A Letter of Intent (LOI) was signed between [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]] and Northrop Grumman ISS (NGISS) International on [[6 February]] [[2007]]. With the LOI, [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]] becomes the second source for the F-35 Lightning II center fuselage during the JSF Signing. The number of center fuselages to be produced by [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]] will be determined depending on the number of F-35s Turkey will procure and the number of F-35s to be produced worldwide. The LOI represents a potential value in excess of $3 billion.<ref>[http://www.tai.com.tr/en_haber_guncel.aspx?id=84 Turkish Aerospace Industries]</ref> |
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TAI of Turkey is one of the only two International Suppliers to Northrop Grumman Corporation (the other being Denmark). On [[10 December]] [[2007]], the Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. (TAI) was authorized by Northrop Grumman Corporation to commence fabricating subassemblies for the first two F-35 production aircraft. The subassemblies – composite components and aircraft access doors – will be used in the F-35 center fuselage, a major section of the aircraft being produced by Northrop Grumman, a principal member of the Lockheed Martin-led F-35 global industry team.<ref>[http://live.defenseworld.net:9080/go/defensenews.jsp?catid=1&id=2116 Defense World]</ref> |
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In February 2007, Northrop Grumman also signed a letter of intent with TAI to also make it a second source for producing F-35 center fuselages. Under that agreement, TAI will produce a "minimum" of 400 center fuselages starting during LRIP-2. Northrop Grumman currently produces all F-35 center fuselages at its F-35 assembly facility in Palmdale, Calif. |
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It is also anticipated that TAI after 2013 will also produce 100% of the F-35 under licence from Lockheed Martin Corporation, as was also the case with the F-16 Fighting Falcon program Peace Onyx I and II. |
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Turkey also intends to incorporate in the distant future several Turkish designed and manufactured electronic systems into the F-35 platform. |
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====Canada==== |
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The Canadian [[Department of National Defence]] (DND) is looking to replace its aging fleet of CF-18 Hornets by the 2020 time frame with much interest placed on the F-35. DND officials have stated the estimate for producing 80 units would cost $3.8 billion, though this figure does not include training, sustainment, and any follow on costs. Canada has until 2012 to decide on purchasing the F-35, though they have already invested $150 million in the JSF program.<ref>[http://www.canada.com/topics/technology/story.html?id=7a365ab7-22b5-4d06-9de7-7a6177af4b62 "Canada’s military eyeing futuristic fighter jets"]</ref> |
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====Norway==== |
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Norway participates in the F-35 program as a Level 3 partner in the System Development and Demonstration phase with a view to enabling its industry to compete for industrial opportunities.<ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/europe/norway/index.html Norway<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Norwegian National Deputy Rune Fagerli, the country's sole representative on the Joint Strike Fighter program, told SPACE.com the Norwegian Royal Ministry of Defence has pledged $125 million in preparations to replace a fleet of F-16 jets that have about 12 years left of operation. "By getting involved here, on the ground level, we can try and address the needs of Norway into this capable fighter early," said Fagerli, a colonel. In Norway, F-16s are fitted with drag chutes because of wet, slippery runways. International cooperation to aircraft development could also yield aircraft from cooperating nations that fit well together during combat. Fagerli also mentioned that Norwegian pilots currently fly missions over Afghanistan in F-16s alongside Danish and Dutch aviators.<ref>[http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/jsf_fighter_020312.html Joint Strike Fighter: A Jet for Every Occasion<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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The F-35 is one of the three aircraft types being evaluated by the Norwegian Future Combat Aircraft Capability Project as a replacement for the F-16s currently in-service.<ref>[http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fd/pressesenter/pressemeldinger/2006/The-Government-moves-the-combat-aircraft-acquisition-into-the-next-stage-Maintains-three-candidates.html?id=440094 Norway Ministry of Defence]</ref> |
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===Security Cooperative Participants (SCP)=== |
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====Israel==== |
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In 2003, Israel signed a letter of agreement, worth almost $20 million, to formally join the system development and demonstration (SDD) effort for the F-35 as a "security cooperation participant" (SCP).<ref>[http://www.f-16.net/news_article5.html "Israel inks LOA to join Joint Strike Fighter program"].</ref> The [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) stated in 2006 that the F-35 is a key part of IAF's recapitalization plans, and that Israel intends to buy over 100 F-35A fighters at an estimated cost of over $5 billion to replace their F-16s over time.<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/06/israel-plans-to-buy-over-100-f35s/index.php "Israel Plans to Buy Over 100 F-35s."] ''DefenseIndustryDaily.com'', [[27 June]] [[2006]].</ref> Israel was reinstated as a partner in the development of the F-35 on [[31 July]] [[2006]], after Israeli participation was put on hold following the Chinese arms deal crisis.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1148287839455&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull "Israel, US battling over sale of jets"].</ref> |
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On [[3 September]] [[2007]] [[IDF]] Chief of General Staff Lt.-Gen. Gabi Ashkenazi announced the purchase of a squadron of F-35s which Israel will begin receiving in 2014. However, U.S. defense officials later agreed to allow Israel to receive the fighters as early as 2012.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380645400&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull US to speed up stealth fighter delivery to Israel], Jerusalem Post.</ref> The price of each F-35 is expected to reach $50 million-$60m.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1188392524293&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull IDF chief presents budget and procurement plan], ''Jerusalem Post''.</ref> |
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The Jerusalem Post reports the Pentagon has agreed to supply the F-35A Lightning II variant to Israel as early as 2012, instead of in 2014 or 2015. This would make Israel one of the first nations to receive the aircraft, and very possibly the first foreign nation. Previous objections to Israel’s installation of its own technology in the F-35 (as it has done with every US fighter it has received) were also reportedly overcome; at present, the only Israel technology in the standard version will be the JSF HMDS helmet mounted display system, designed in cooperation with Elbit Systems. Israel also asked to manufacture F-35 aircraft locally at a 1:2 ratio, but the reports did not indicate whether that request was granted.<ref name="IAF">[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1198517198806 IAF interested in new US-made jet | Jerusalem Post]</ref> |
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The timing and technology agreements reportedly came in the wake of a Washington meeting between Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, and may represent an attempt to deflect Israeli calls for an export version of the F-22A Raptor, which has more stealth and capability, and whose production line is currently scheduled to close in 2010.<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/f-35s-to-israel-early-0409 $544M to Support Foreign Ships - Defense Industry Daily]</ref> <ref name="IAF"/> |
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===Potential exports=== |
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====India==== |
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The F-35 is also a potential offer to the Indian Air Force [[as of July 2007]]. This has been interpreted as part of a tactic to sell the F-16 as a multi-role fighters to the IAF.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/us-wants-indias-fighter-jet-order-dangles-f35-carrot/45214-3.html "US wants India's fighter jet order, dangles F-35 carrot"].</ref> |
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==Design== |
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[[Image:F-35A - Inauguration Towing.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The F-35A being towed to its inauguration ceremony on [[7 July]] [[2006]] ]] |
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The F-35 appears to be a smaller, slightly more conventional, one-engine sibling of the sleeker, two-engine [[F-22 Raptor]], and indeed, drew elements from it. The exhaust duct design was inspired by the [[General Dynamics]] [[Model 200]], a 1972 VTOL aircraft designed for the [[Sea Control Ship]].<ref>"Vertiflight." ''Journal of the American Helicopter Society'' January 2004.</ref> |
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[[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] teamed with the [[Yakovlev Design Bureau]] in the 1990s, which has led to some speculation about ties with the quite different [[Yakovlev Yak-141|Yakovlev Yak-141 "Freestyle"]].<ref>Hayles, John. [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/types/russia/yakovlev/yak-41/yak-41.htm "Yakovlev Yak-41 'Freestyle'".] ''Aeroflight'', [[28 March]] [[2005]]. Retrieved: [[6 August]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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[[Stealth technology]] makes the aircraft hard to detect as it approaches short-range tracking radar. |
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Some improvements over current-generation fighter aircraft are: |
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* Durable, low-maintenance stealth technology; |
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* Integrated avionics and sensor fusion that combine information from off- and onboard sensors to increase the [[aviator|pilot's]] situational awareness and improve identification and weapon delivery, and to relay information quickly to other command and control (C2) nodes; |
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* High speed data networking including IEEE-[[1394b]]<ref name="avweek_20070205">Philips, E. H. "The Electric Jet." ''[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]'', [[5 February]] [[2007]].</ref> and [[Fibre Channel]].<ref name="avionics_20070601">Parker, Ian. [http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/categories/military/11667.html "Reducing Risk on the Joint Strike Fighter."] ''Avionics Magazine''. Retrieved: [[8 July]] [[2007]].</ref> |
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* Low life-cycle costs.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} |
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===Cockpit=== |
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The F-35 features a full-panel-width "panoramic cockpit display (PCD)", with dimensions of 20 by 50 centimeters (8 by 20 inches).<ref>[http://www.vectorsite.net/avf35.html The Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)] </ref> A cockpit speech-recognition system ([[Direct Voice Input]]), improves the pilot's ability to operate the aircraft over the current-generation. The F-35 will be the first U.S. operational fixed-wing aircraft to use this system, although similar systems have been used in [[AV-8B]] and trialled in previous U.S. jets, particularly the [[F-16 VISTA]].<ref name="voice">[http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123071861 "Researchers fine-tune F-35 pilot-aircraft speech system.] ''af.mil'', [[10 October]] [[2007]].</ref> The system is integrated by Adacel Systems Inc with the speech recognition module supplied by SRI International<ref> [http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/8242 Technology News]</ref> |
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Although [[helmet-mounted display]]s have already been integrated into some [[4th generation jet fighter|fourth-generation fighters]] such as the Swedish [[JAS 39 Gripen]], the F-35 will be the first in which helmet-mounted displays replace a [[Head-Up Display|head-up display]] (HUD) altogether and this was also trialled in the F-16 VISTA.<ref name=NAWCAD>Jenkins, Jim. [http://www.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/011106/39041-1.shtml "Chief test pilot gives brief on F-35."] ''dcmilitary.com'', 2001. Retrieved: [[10 April]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a right-hand [[side-stick]] and left-hand throttles.<ref>[http://www.militarypower.com.br/english-frame4-f35.htm F-35 JSF Joint Strike Fighter, USA]</ref>, both of which are supplied by [[BAE Systems]]. |
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===Sensors=== |
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[[Image:F-35 EOTS.jpeg|thumb|EOTS under the nose of a mockup of the F-35.]] |
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The main sensor on board the F-35 is its [[APG-81|AN/APG-81]] [[AESA]]-radar, designed by [[Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems]].<ref>[http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/ASD/combat/APG-81.html APG-81 (F-35 Lightning II)] Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems. Retrieved: [[4 August]] [[2007]].</ref> It is augmented by the Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) mounted under the nose of the aircraft, designed by Lockheed Martin and BAE.<ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/wms/findPage.do?dsp=fec&ci=13751 Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control: Joint Strike Fighter Electro-Optical Targeting System.] Retrieved: [[4 August]] [[2007]].</ref> Further electro-optical sensors are distributed over the aircraft as part of the AN/AAS-37 system which acts as missile warning system and can aid in navigation and night operations. |
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===Thrust-to-weight ratio=== |
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The F-35B variant was in danger of missing performance requirements because it weighed too much — reportedly, by 2,200 [[pound (mass)|pound]]s (1,000 kg) or 8 percent. In response, Lockheed Martin added engine thrust and shed more than a ton by thinning the aircraft's skin; shrinking the weapons bay and vertical tails; rerouting some thrust from the roll-post outlets to the main nozzle; and redesigning the wing-mate joint, portions of the electrical system, and the portion of the aircraft immediately behind the [[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]].<ref>Fulghum, David A. and Wall, Robert. [http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/09204wna.xml "USAF Plans for Fighters Change."] ''Aviation Week and Space Technology'', [[19 September]] [[2004]]] Retrieved: [[8 February]] [[2006]].</ref> Although designed to replace the F-16 which was conceived as a lightweight fighter, the F-35 will fly at a weight of 60,000 lb. That will make the F-35 heavier than any other single engine aircraft, including the [[F-105 Thunderchief]] which was also built around one pilot, one engine, and an internal weapons bay.<ref> [http://www.ausairpower.net/Analysis-JSF-Thud-2004.html Joint Strike Fighter = Thunderchief II? ]</ref> |
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===Armament=== |
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[[Image:F-35 weapons bay.jpeg|thumb|right|Weapons bay on a [[mock-up]] of the F-35.]] |
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The F-35 includes a [[GAU-12 Equalizer|GAU-22/A]] four-barrel 25 mm cannon.<ref>[http://www.gdatp.com/products/Gun_Systems/JSF/JSF.htm F-35 gun system], General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products.</ref> The Cannon will be mounted internally with 180 rounds in the F-35A and fitted as an external pod with 220 rounds in the F-35B and F-35C.<ref name="F-35_Stats" /><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-35-specs.htm F-35 Stats]</ref> |
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Internally (current planned weapons for integration), up to four [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] air-air missiles or two air-to-air and two air-to-ground weapons (up to two 2,000 lb bombs in A and C models; two 1,000 lb bombs in the B model) in the bomb bays.<ref name=F-35_brief>[http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/AFA%20Conf%20-%20JSF%20Program%20Brief%20-%2026%20Sept%2006.pdf F-35 Program Brief], USAF, [[26 September]] [[2006]].</ref> These could be [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]], [[AIM-132 ASRAAM]], the [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) — up to 2,000 lb (910 kg), the [[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon|Joint Standoff Weapon]] (JSOW), [[GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb|Small Diameter Bombs]] (SDB) — a maximum of four in each bay, the [[Brimstone missile|Brimstone]] anti-armor missiles, Cluster Munitions (WCMD) and [[AGM-88 HARM|High Speed Anti-Radiation Missiles]] (HARM). The [[MBDA Meteor]] air-to-air missile is currently being adapted to fit internally in the missile spots and may be integrated into the F-35. The UK had originally planned to put up to four AIM-132 ASRAAM internally but this has been changed to carry 2 internal and 2 external ASRAAMs.<ref>[http://www.f-16.net/news_article2762.html "F-35 Lightning II News: ASRAAM Config Change For F-35"], f-16.net, [[4 March]] [[2008]].</ref> |
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At the expense of being more detectable by radar, many more missiles, bombs and fuel tanks can be attached on four wing pylons and two wingtip positions. The two wingtip pylons can only carry [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|AIM-9X Sidewinder]]s, while the AIM-120 AMRAAM, [[Storm Shadow]], [[AGM-158 JASSM| Joint Air to Surface Stand-off Missile]] (JASSM) cruise missiles and 480 gallon fuel tanks can be carried in addition to the stores already integrated. An air-to-air load of eight AIM-120s and two AIM-9s is conceivable using internal and external weapons stations, as well as a configuration of six two thousand pound bombs, two AIM-120s and two AIM-9s.<ref name=F-35_brief/> With its payload capability, the F-35 can carry more air to air and air to ground weapons than legacy fighters it is to replace as well as the F-22 Raptor.<ref>[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MzM3M2U5NDBjYjE0ODI1ZjFlYjYzZjFlZWZjZjhiMmI= National Review]</ref> |
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===Manufacturing responsibilities=== |
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[[Lockheed Martin Aeronautics]] is the prime contractor and performs aircraft final assembly, overall system integration, mission system, and provides forward fuselage, wings and flight controls system. [[Northrop Grumman]] provides [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar, center fuselage, weapons bay, and arrestor gear. [[BAE Systems]] provides Aft fuselage and empennages, horizontal and vertical tails, crew life support and escape systems, [[Electronic warfare]] systems, fuel system, and Flight Control Software (FCS1). [[Alenia Aeronautica|Alenia]] will perform final assembly for Italy and, according to an Alenia executive, assembly of all European aircraft with the exception of the UK's.<ref>[http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/search/autosuggest.jsp?docid=7783&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationnow.com%2Favnow%2Fnews%2Fchannel_defense_story.jsp%3Fview%3Dstory%26id%3Dnews%2FJSFM06196.xml Italy Wins JSF Final Assembly; U.K. Presses Maintenance, Support]</ref> |
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==Operational history== |
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[[Image:Sdd f35test 009.jpg|thumb|The F-35A Lightning II's first flight on [[15 December]] [[2006]]]] |
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===Testing=== |
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On [[19 February]] [[2006]], the first F-35A (USAF version) was rolled out in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. The aircraft underwent extensive ground testing at [[Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base]] in fall 2006. On [[15 September]] [[2006]] the first engine run of the [[Pratt & Whitney F135|F135]] afterburning turbofan was conducted in an airframe, with the tests completed on [[18 September]] after a static run with full afterburner. The engine runs were the first time that the F-35 was completely functional on its own power systems.<ref name="jsf_engine_run">[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/wms/findPage.do?dsp=fec&ci=17899&rsbci=11173&fti=134&ti=0&sc=400 "Mighty F-35 Lightning 2 Engine Roars To Life."] ''Lockheed Martin'' (news release), [[22 September]] [[2006]].</ref> On [[15 December]] [[2006]], the F-35 completed its maiden flight. |
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On May 3, 2007, an electrical problem consisting of electrical arcing inside a hydraulic control box forced the aircraft to make an emergency landing.<ref name= "Defense Tech">[http://www.defensetech.org/archives/003895.html Defense Tech]</ref> It was grounded until December 7th, when test pilot Jon Beesley flew a 55-minute test flight.<ref name= "Defense Tech"/> |
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A unique feature of the test program is the use of the so-called [[Lockheed CATBird]] avionic testbed, a highly modified [[Boeing]] [[737-300|737-330]], inside of which are racks holding all of F-35's avionics, as well as a complete F-35 cockpit.<ref name="plan">[http://www.niid.nl/file.aspx?i=847 "Flying Test-Bed Power Switched On"], F-35 JSF Flight Plan. Retrieved: [[20 November]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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On [[31 January]] [[2008]] at Fort Worth, Texas, Lt. Col. James "Flipper" Kromberg of the U.S. Air Force became the first military service pilot to evaluate the F-35, taking the aircraft through a series of maneuvers on its 26th flight. |
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==Variants== |
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The F-35 is planned to be built in three different versions to suit the needs of its various users. |
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===F-35A=== |
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The F-35A is the conventional takeoff and landing ([[CTOL]]) variant intended for the US Air Force and other air forces. It is the smallest, lightest F-35 version and is the only variant equipped with an internal cannon, the GAU-22/A. This 25 mm cannon, a development of the 20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] is designed for increased effectiveness against ground targets. The GAU-22 is a version of the GAU-12 carried by the USMC's [[AV-8B Harrier II]]. |
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The F-35A is expected to match the F-16 in maneuverability, instantaneous and sustained high-g performance, and outperform it in stealth, payload, range on internal fuel, avionics, operational effectiveness, supportability and survivability.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} It also has an internal laser designator and infrared sensors. |
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The A variant is primarily intended to replace the USAF's [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]]s, beginning in 2013, and replace the [[A-10 Thunderbolt II]] starting in 2028. |
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===F-35B=== |
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[[Image:F-l3 lift fan.jpg|thumb|right|X-35B lift fan; the [[VTOL]] propulsion system is designed and manufactured by [[Rolls-Royce plc]] ]] |
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[[Image:Engine of F-35.jpg|thumb|right|The F135 engine with lift fan, roll posts, and rear vectoring nozzle, as designed for the F-35B, at the Paris Air Show, 2007 ]] |
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The F-35B is the short takeoff and vertical landing ([[STOVL]]) variant aircraft. The F-35B is similar in size to the Air Force F-35A, trading fuel volume for vertical flight systems. Like the [[AV-8 Harrier II]], guns will be carried in a ventral pod. Vertical flight is by far the riskiest, and in the end, a decisive factor in design. |
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The F-35's main power plant is derived from Pratt & Whitney's [[Pratt & Whitney F119|F119]] or GE Rolls Royce fighter team's [[General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136|F136]], with the STOVL variant of the latter incorporating a Rolls-Royce Lift Fan module. Instead of lift engines, or rotating nozzles on the engine fan and exhaust like the [[Rolls-Royce Pegasus|Pegasus]]-powered Harrier, the F-35B uses a [[vectored thrust|vectoring cruise nozzle]] in the tail, i.e. the rear exhaust turns to deflect thrust down, and an innovative shaft-driven Lift Fan, patented by Lockheed Martin and developed by Rolls-Royce.<ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/wms/findPage.do?dsp=fec&ci=14552&rsbci=0&fti=0&ti=0&sc=400 Design News magazine's Engineer of the Year award goes to lift fan inventor at Lockheed Martin]. ''Lockheed Martin'' press release [[26 February]] [[2004]].</ref> Somewhat like a [[turboprop]] built within the fuselage, engine shaft power is diverted forward via a [[clutch]]-and-[[bevel]] gearbox to a vertically mounted, [[contra-rotating]] lift fan located forward of the main engine in the center of the aircraft. Bypass air from the cruise engine turbofan exhausts through a pair of roll-post nozzles in the wings on either side of the fuselage, while the lift fan balances the vectoring cruise nozzle at the tail. This system is more similar to the Russian [[Yakovlev Yak-141|Yak-141]] and German [[EWR VJ 101|VJ 101D/E]]<ref>[http://www.vstol.org/GermanVSTOLFighters.pdf Swivel nozzle VJ101D and VJ101E, S.27-29]</ref> than previous STOVL designs, such as the [[AV-8 Harrier II|Harrier]] with [[thrust vectoring]]. |
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In effect, the F-35B power plant acts as a flow multiplier, much as a [[turbofan]] achieves efficiencies by moving unburned air at a lower velocity, and getting the same effect as the Harrier's huge, but supersonically impractical, main fan. Like lift engines, this added machinery is dead weight during flight, but increased lifting power increases takeoff payload by even more. The cool fan exhaust also reduces the harmful effects of hot, high-velocity air which can harm runway pavement or an aircraft carrier deck. Though potentially risky and complicated, it was made to work to the satisfaction of DOD officials. |
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This variant is intended to replace the later derivatives of the [[Harrier Jump Jet]], which was the world's first operational short takeoff, vertical landing fighter, ground attack aircraft. The RAF and Royal Navy will use this variant to replace the [[BAE Harrier II|Harrier GR7/GR9s]]. The F-35B variant was unveiled at Lockheed's Fort Worth plant on [[18 December]] [[2007]].<ref> [http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/prnewswire/LATU14218122007-1.htm "First Short Takeoff/Vertical Landing Stealth Fighter Unveiled at Lockheed Martin."] ''Marine Corps News'', [[18 December]] [[2007]]. Retrieved: [[18 December]] [[2007]].</ref> The U.S. Marine Corps will use the F-35B to replace both its [[AV-8 Harrier II|AV-8B Harrier II]] and [[F/A-18 Hornet]] fighters. The B variant is expected to be available beginning in 2012. |
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===F-35C=== |
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The F-35C carrier variant will have a larger, folding wing and larger control surfaces for improved low-speed control, and stronger landing gear for the stresses of carrier landings. The larger wing area provides decreased landing speed, increased range and payload, with twice the range on internal fuel compared with the [[F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18C Hornet]], achieving much the same goal as the heavier [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]. |
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The US Navy intends to buy 480 F-35Cs to replace the F/A-18A, -B, -C, and -D Hornets. It will also serve as a stealthier complement to the Super Hornet.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-35c.htm F-35C Carrier Variant, globalsecurity.org]</ref> On [[27 June]] [[2007]], the carrier variant completed its Air System Critical Design Review (CDR). This allows the F-35C to go to Low Rate Initial Production.<ref>[http://www.defense-aerospace.com/cgi-bin/client/modele.pl?session=dae.27209448.1183042924.pUoNfX8AAAEAAHtZ-zoAAAAH&modele=jdc_34 F-35 Navy Version Undergoes Successful Design Review, Readies for Production] Retrieved: [[28 June]] [[2007]].</ref> |
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The C variant is expected to be available beginning in 2012. |
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==Specifications (F-35 Lightning II)== |
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[[Image:F-35.jpg|thumb|The first of 15 pre-production F-35s]] |
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[[Image:F-35 engine.jpg|thumb|A Pratt and Whitney F135 engine undergoes altitude testing at the Arnold Engineering Development Center.]] |
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[[Image:F35ctolstores.jpg|thumb|F-35A and F-35C armament]] |
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{{aircraft specifications |
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|jet or prop?=jet |
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|plane or copter?=plane |
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|ref=F-35 Program brief<ref name="F-35_prog_brief">[http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/documents/AFA%20Conf%20-%20JSF%20Program%20Brief%20-%2026%20Sept%2006.pdf F-35 Program brief (PDF)]</ref> F-35 JSF Statistics<ref name="F-35_Stats">[http://www.jsf.mil/downloads/mediakits/7764.zip F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Media Kit Statistics (ZIP, 98.2 KB)]</ref> |
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|crew=1 |
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|length main=50 [[foot (length)|ft]] 6 [[inch|in]] |
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|length alt=15.37 m |
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|span main=35 ft 0 in |
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|span alt=10.65 m |
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|height main=17 ft 4 in |
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|height alt=5.28 m |
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|area main=459.6 ft² |
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|area alt=42.7 m² |
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|empty weight main=29,000 [[pound (mass)|lb]] A; 32,200 lb B; 32,100 lb C<ref name="F-35_prog_brief"/> |
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|empty weight alt=13,200 kg A; 14,600 kg B; 14,600 kg C |
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|loaded weight main=44,400 lb |
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|loaded weight alt=20,100 kg |
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|max takeoff weight main=60,000 lb |
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|max takeoff weight alt=27,200 kg |
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|number of jets=1 |
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|engine (jet)=[[Pratt & Whitney F135]] |
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|type of jet=afterburning [[turbofan]] |
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|thrust main=25,000 lbf<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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|thrust alt=111 kN |
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|afterburning thrust main= 40,000+ [[pound-force|lbf]]<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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|afterburning thrust alt=178+ kN |
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|more general= |
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'''Secondary Powerplant''': 1× [[General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136]] afterburning turbofan, >40,000 lbf (178 kN) [in development] |
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* '''Lift fan''' (STOVL): 1× Rolls-Royce Lift System driven from either F135 or F136 power plant, 18,000 lbf (80 kN) |
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|max speed main= [[Mach number|Mach]] 1.6+<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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|max speed alt=1,200 [[mph]], 1,931 km/h |
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|cruise speed main=<!--Mach--> |
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|cruise speed alt=<!-- mph, km/h--> |
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|range main=A: 1,200 [[nautical mile|nmi]]; B: 900 nm; C: 1400 nm<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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|range alt=A: 2,200 km; B: 1,667 km; C: 2,593 km |
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|range more=on internal fuel |
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|combat radius main=600 nmi |
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|combat radius alt=690 mi, 1,110 km |
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|combat radius more= |
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|ceiling main=<!-- ft--> |
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|ceiling alt=<!-- m--> |
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|climb rate main=[[Classified information in the United States|classified]] |
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|climb rate alt=not publicly available |
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|loading main=91.4 lb/ft² |
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|loading alt=446 kg/m² |
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|thrust/weight=<br/> |
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** '''With full fuel:''' A: 0.89; B: 0.92; C: 0.81<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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** '''With 50% fuel:''' A: 1.12; B: 1.10; C: 1.01<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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|more performance= |
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'''''g''-Limits'''<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-35-specs.htm F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Lightning II<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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*F-35A: 9 ''g'' |
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*F-35B: 9 ''g'' |
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*F-35C: 9 ''g'' |
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|Armament=<!-- if you want to use the following specific parameters, do not use this line at all--> |
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|guns= 1 × [[GAU-12 Equalizer|GAU-22/A]] 25 mm cannon — slated to be mounted internally with 180 rounds in the F-35A and fitted as an external pod with 220 rounds in the F-35B and F-35C.<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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|bombs= |
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|rockets= |
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|missiles= Internal: 4 air-air missiles or 2 air-air missiles and 2 air-surface weapons; External: 2 missiles and 4 missiles/bombs<ref name="F-35_Stats" /><ref name="F-35_prog_brief"/> |
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|hardpoints= 6 |
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|hardpoint capacity=15,000 lb (6,800 kg)<ref name="F-35_Stats" /> |
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|avionics= |
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}} |
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==Popular culture== |
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The first major film appearance of a representation of a F-35B was in ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]'' (released as ''Die Hard 4.0'' or ''Die Hard 4'' outside North America) in 2007. The film used a combination of a full-scale model and CGI<ref> Gray, Simon. "One-Man Riot Squad." ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' Volume 88, issue 7, July 2007. p. 32.</ref><ref>Douglas, Edward. "Bruce Willis Gets a Second Life!" ''comingsoon.net'', [[14 June]] [[2007]]. |
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[http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=20922 Interview with Bruce Willis for Live Free or Die Hard] Retrieved: [[15 July]] [[2007]].</ref> to dramatize its hovering ability using the lift fan. |
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==References== |
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;Notes |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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;Bibliography |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* Kopp, Carlo and Goon, Peter. [http://www.ausairpower.net/jsf.html "Joint Strike Fighter."] ''[[Air Power Australia]]''. Retrieved: [[15 July]] [[2007]]. |
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* Spick, Mike. The Illustrated Directory of Fighters. London: Salamander, 2002. ISBN 1-84065-384-12002. |
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* Winchester, Jim. "Lockheed Martin X-35/F-35 JSF." ''Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft''. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. ISBN 1-84013-309-2. |
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{{refend}} |
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==See also== |
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{{aircontent |
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|related= |
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* [[Lockheed Martin X-35]] |
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* [[F-22 Raptor]] |
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|similar aircraft= |
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* [[Boeing X-32]] |
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|lists= |
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* [[List of fighter aircraft]] |
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* [[List of active United States military aircraft]] |
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|see also= |
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* [[Yakovlev Yak-141]] |
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* [[Fourth generation jet fighter#Fifth generation aircraft|Fifth generation aircraft]] |
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* [[Future Offensive Air System]] |
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* [[Royal Navy in the 21st century]] |
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}} |
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==Media== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:F-35 compilation.ogg| X-35 flight, video of transition to VTOL configuration, hover, take off in STOVL configuration, in-flight re-fuelling, vertical hover and landing. |
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Image:F-35 gun.ogg| Test firing of F-35 gun. |
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Image:F-35 verticle landing.ogg| Vertical landing (video) |
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</gallery> |
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==External links== |
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{{commons|F-35 Joint Strike Fighter}} |
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* [http://www.jsf.mil/ Official JSF web site] |
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* [http://www.teamjsf.com/ Official Team JSF industry web site] |
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* [http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/f35jointstrikefighter.cfm F-35 - Royal Air Force] |
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* [http://acquisition.navy.mil/programs/air/f_35_jsf US Navy Research, Development & Acquisition, F-35 page] |
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* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-35.htm F-35 - Global Security] |
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* [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/fighter/f35/ F-35 profile] and [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/planes/q0163.shtml F-35 weapons carriage on Aerospaceweb.org] |
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* [http://www.f-35jsf.net/ F-35 JSF news articles] |
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* [http://www.hvkk.tsk.mil.tr/Turkce/HavaUzay/Projeler/ProjelerJSF.htm TuAF F-35] |
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* [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/12/18/220382/pictures-lockheed-martin-rolls-out-vertical-lift-f-35b-jsf.html F-35B Roll out pictures] |
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* [http://www.armedforces-int.com/projects/combat-aircraft/f35-lighting-ii-joint-strike-fighter.asp F35 Article - Armed Forces] |
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Revision as of 22:27, 29 March 2008
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