Liz Truss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 6 September 2022 – 25 October 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Deputy | Thérèse Coffey | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Boris Johnson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Rishi Sunak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leader of the Conservative Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 5 September 2022 – 24 October 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Boris Johnson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Rishi Sunak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Member of Parliament for South West Norfolk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assumed office 6 May 2010 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Christopher Fraser | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Majority | 26,195 (50.9%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Born | Mary Elizabeth Truss 26 July 1975 Oxford, England | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Conservative (since 1996) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | Liberal Democrats (until 1996) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Education | Merton College, Oxford (BA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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Mary Elizabeth Truss (born 26 July 1975) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from September to October 2022. On her 50th day in office, she stepped down amid a government crisis, making her the shortest-serving prime minister in the history of the United Kingdom. Truss previously held various Cabinet positions under prime ministers David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson, lastly as foreign secretary from 2021 to 2022. She has been the member of Parliament (MP) for South West Norfolk since 2010.
Truss studied philosophy, politics and economics at Merton College, Oxford, and was the president of Oxford University Liberal Democrats. In 1996, she joined the Conservative Party. She worked at Royal Dutch Shell and Cable & Wireless and was the deputy director of the think tank Reform. After two unsuccessful attempts to be elected to the House of Commons, she became the MP for South West Norfolk at the 2010 general election. As a backbencher, she called for reform in several policy areas including childcare, mathematics education and the economy. Truss co-founded the Free Enterprise Group of Conservative MPs and wrote or co-wrote a number of papers and books, including After the Coalition and Britannia Unchained.
Truss was the parliamentary under-secretary of state for childcare and education from 2012 to 2014 before Cameron appointed her secretary of state for the environment, food and rural affairs in a cabinet reshuffle. Although she campaigned for the UK to remain in the European Union, Truss supported Brexit after the outcome of the 2016 referendum. Following Cameron's resignation in 2016, his successor Theresa May appointed her as secretary of state for justice and lord chancellor, making Truss the first woman to serve as lord chancellor in the office's thousand-year history; in the aftermath of the 2017 general election, she was demoted to chief secretary to the Treasury. After May announced her resignation in May 2019, Truss supported Johnson's successful bid to become Conservative leader and prime minister. He appointed Truss as secretary of state for international trade and president of the Board of Trade in July; she was subsequently given the additional role of minister for women and equalities in September. Johnson promoted Truss to foreign secretary in the 2021 cabinet reshuffle; during her time in the position, she led negotiations on the Northern Ireland Protocol and the UK's response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
In 2022, Truss defeated Rishi Sunak in a leadership election to succeed Johnson, who had resigned because of an earlier government crisis, and was appointed as prime minister by Elizabeth II two days before the monarch's death; her government's business was subsequently suspended during a national mourning period of 10 days. In response to the rising cost of living and increased energy prices, her ministry announced the Energy Price Guarantee. The government then announced large-scale tax cuts and borrowing, which led to financial instability and were largely reversed. Facing mounting criticism and loss of confidence in her leadership, Truss announced her resignation as leader of the Conservative Party on 20 October. Sunak was elected unopposed as her successor, and succeeded her as prime minister five days later. She remains in the House of Commons as a backbencher.
Early life and education
Mary Elizabeth Truss was born on 26 July 1975 at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, England.[1] She was the second child of John and Priscilla Truss (née Grasby); the year prior to Truss's birth, their first son, Matthew, had died.[1][b] Truss was known by her middle name, Elizabeth, since early childhood with her father, a professor of pure mathematics at the University of Leeds using it on a regular basis.[1][5] After being given a badge with "Mary" on it on her first day of school, Truss had asked her teacher that it be changed.[6] Truss later described her parents' politics as being "to the left of Labour";[7] her mother, a nurse, was a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.[8][9] When Truss stood for election to Parliament as a Conservative in 2010, her mother agreed to campaign with her, but her father declined to do so.[10][11] Her parents divorced in 2003.[3][12]
[S]he stands out in my memory as a sort of strange, unfocused force, hugely in favour of action and change ... it was always hard to see the aim of it all, or where it might lead, except that she would be at the center of it.
Julian Glover on Truss, his former schoolmate.[13]
In 1977, Truss and her parents moved to Warsaw, Poland, but returned to Britain after John and Priscilla found it "grim".[14] After living briefly in Kidderminster, Worcestershire, the family moved to Paisley, Renfrewshire in Scotland, when Truss was four years old, with Truss attending West Primary School.[15][16] In 1985, they moved south to Leeds, where Truss attended Roundhay School; she later said in 2022 that at the school she "saw kids ... being let down", a claim which was heavily criticised by former Roundhay pupils.[17][18][19] When Truss was 12, she and her family spent a year in Burnaby, British Columbia, where she attended Parkcrest Elementary School whilst her father taught at Simon Fraser University.[20] Truss praised the Canadian curriculum and the attitude that it was "really good to be top of the class", which she contrasted with her education at Roundhay.[9] A classmate recalled Truss as being "very smart" and that she was "confident, chatty, [and] tried to get to know everyone".[21]
Truss's parents had initially wanted her to study at the University of Cambridge, but Truss instead elected to go to Oxford in a "bout of teenage rebellion".[22] She applied to Merton College but was instead listed as a candidate for the all-women's St Hilda's College, to her dismay; she then complained to both colleges, after which she was accepted by Merton, beginning her studies there in 1993.[23] Truss read philosophy, politics and economics and graduated in 1996.[24] During her time at university, Truss was active in the Liberal Democrats. She became the president of the Oxford University Liberal Democrats in her first year[25] and a member of the national executive committee of Liberal Democrat Youth and Students (LDYS) in 1995.[26] During Truss's previous unsuccessful bid for the LDYS executive, the party's leader, Paddy Ashdown, said she was "a good debater and is utterly fearless".[26] During her time as a Liberal Democrat, Truss supported the legalisation of cannabis and the abolition of the monarchy[27][28] and campaigned against the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.[29] However, by November 1995, Truss had become critical of the Liberal Democrats, as she "realised the Tory Party was saying quite sane things"; in her last year at the university, she resigned from the LDYS.[28] By 1996, Truss had joined the Conservative Party.[30]
Career
From 1996 to 2000, Truss worked for Royal Dutch Shell, living in Lewisham and Greenwich and qualifying as a Chartered Management Accountant.[31][32] In 2000, Truss was employed by Cable & Wireless and rose to the position of economic director before leaving in 2005;[33] one of her colleagues there, the Labour peer George Robertson, said that Truss "had a passion for politics ... she [was] fresh minded, enthusiastic and the Tory Party needed people like that".[34]
In January 2008, after losing her first two elections, Truss became the deputy director of Reform, a centre-right think tank, where she advocated for greater effort on countering serious and organised crime, higher standards in schools and action to tackle what Reform perceived as the UK's "falling competitiveness".[31][35] She co-authored The Value of Mathematics,[35] Fit for Purpose,[36] A New Level,[35] Back To Black,[37][38] and other reports.[35]
Council candidatures
Whilst working at Shell, Truss served as the chair of the Lewisham Deptford Conservative Association from 1998 to 2000, having been introduced to the branch by her friend Jackie Doyle-Price.[30][39] During this time, at a reception at the Greenwich Conservative Association, Truss met her future husband, Hugh O'Leary,[30] with whom she has two daughters: Frances (born 2006) and Liberty (born 2008).[40] Truss unsuccessfully stood for election twice in Greenwich London Borough Council: for Vanbrugh ward in 1998 and Blackheath Westcombe in 2002.[41][42] The deputy leader of Greenwich Conservatives, Graeme Coombes, recalled in 2022 that "[Truss] said [in 1998] she was hoping to stand for Parliament ... she was destined for bigger and better things".[43] However, Alex Grant, the candidate who had defeated Truss in 2002, called her "largely invisible during the campaign".[12] After two failed attempts running for Greenwich London Borough Council, Truss was elected for Eltham South in the 2006 council election.[44] Truss did not seek re-election to the council in 2010, standing down the day she became an MP.[45]
Parliamentary candidatures
At the 2001 general election, Truss was selected for the safe Labour seat of Hemsworth, West Yorkshire, coming a distant second but achieving a 3.2 per cent swing to the Conservatives, which was considered impressive by her party colleagues.[11][47] After the election, which saw the Conservatives make a net gain of one seat and the resignation of the party leader William Hague, Truss supported the former defence secretary Michael Portillo's unsuccessful leadership campaign.[48]
In January 2005, Sue Catling, the parliamentary candidate for the Calder Valley constituency, was forced to resign by the local Conservative Association because of an affair with the association's chairman;[49] Catling claimed that the members of the party that had opposed her were sexist and said that she was "accused of everything except murder and paedophilia".[50] Truss, who was selected as the candidate for the seat, narrowly lost to the Labour incumbent after a Conservative campaign which The Yorkshire Post described as "Blitzkreig".[51] Beginning in 2004, Truss embarked on an 18-month-long affair with the Conservative MP Mark Field, which ended shortly after the following year's election.[52]
After the 2005 election, David Cameron replaced Michael Howard as leader, and Truss was added to the party's A-List, a list of promising potential candidates;[47] in October 2009, she was selected for the constituency of South West Norfolk by members of the local Conservative Association, winning over 50 per cent of the vote in the first round of the final against five other candidates, including the future deputy prime minister Thérèse Coffey.[53][54] Shortly after her selection, some members of the constituency association objected to Truss's selection because of her failure to declare her affair with Field.[55] The Mail on Sunday was the first to report on the affair, and party members claimed to have been misled over Truss's "skeleton in the cupboard".[54] A motion was proposed to terminate Truss's candidature; the proponents of Truss's deselection were branded the "Turnip Taliban" by Conservative Party officials and the press, including by the Mail,[56] a reference to stereotypes about Norfolk being a county of farmers.[27] There was also controversy over the fact that Truss was not from Norfolk, with some in the association asking for a local candidate and saying that she had been "parachuted in".[57] On 16 November, the motion was put to the association: following both sides making their arguments, including an "impassioned" speech from Truss, it was defeated by 132 votes to 37.[58][59]
Backbencher (2010–2012)
Truss was elected as an MP in the 2010 general election, which saw 148 other Conservatives become MPs for the first time;[60] many of what The Independent described as the "golden generation" would later reach a high rank in government.[61] The Conservatives did not reach an overall majority in the House of Commons and entered into a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, with Cameron becoming prime minister.[62] Following her election to Parliament, Truss campaigned for issues relating to her constituency, including the retention of the Tornado GR4 airbase at RAF Marham in her constituency;[63][64] the replacement of the old aircraft with around 150 new F-35 strike fighters;[65] the conversion of the A11 west of Thetford into a dual carriageway, which was completed in 2014;[66][67] and preventing a waste incinerator being built in King's Lynn.[64] Truss co-founded the Free Enterprise Group (FEG)—a grouping of over 30 Thatcherite Conservative MPs—in October 2011; the month prior, she had co-authored After the Coalition with some of the people that would later join the FEG: Priti Patel, Kwasi Kwarteng, Dominic Raab and Chris Skidmore. The book advocated for a number of policies, including a reduction in the top rate of tax to 40 pence per pound and the introduction of a carbon tax to reduce pollution.[68] On the publication, Truss wrote:
Our message must be that the state cannot do everything: while the government can help, it can never fully solve any individual's problems. The NHS can't keep you healthy if you don't eat or exercise properly. A teacher can't get you the grades if you aren’t prepared to work. The job centre can't find you work if you aren’t prepared to write a CV.[69]
Another book by the same authors, Britannia Unchained, was published in September 2012. The book attracted controversy for claiming that "the British are among the worst idlers in the world. We work among the lowest hours, we retire early and our productivity is poor".[70] In 2022, Truss stated that the authors had each written a different chapter of the book; Raab had written the chapter which contained that claim.[70]
Truss soon became well known amongst members of parliament in Norfolk for her frequent photo ops but was well respected amongst Conservative MPs, who recognised her as dedicated and hard-working.[71] One of her staff members said that Truss's "attention to the local stuff was just superb".[72] Truss advocated for more rigorous teaching in school subjects, especially mathematics,[73] calling for mathematics classes to be compulsory for all students until the age of 18 and expressing concern about a perceived overreliance on calculators from primary school pupils;[74][75] some of her earliest contributions to parliamentary discourse were on the subject of education.[76] Early in her tenure as justice secretary, in response to a question on what advice she would give young women, she replied simply "be good at maths".[77] Truss criticised "[giving] media studies the same value as further maths" and suggested in 2011 that students should have to sit GCSEs for "five traditional academic subjects".[78]
Education under-secretary (2012–2014)
[Y]ou're a great minister, I loved what you did, but we really couldn't go ahead with this one. You're one of the first ministers I've appointed to do something and you've just done it.
David Cameron speaking to Truss about her childcare proposal.[79]
In September 2012, Truss was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state for education and stepped back from the leadership of the FEG, with Kwarteng taking her place.[80] Truss was pleased with her appointment, and praised Michael Gove, the secretary of state for the department; she also formed a friendly rivalry with the future health secretary Matt Hancock.[81] In January 2013, Truss wrote a white paper—More Great Childcare[82]—which proposed increasing the maximum number of children childminders could look after at a time from three to four, intended to reduce the childcare costs.[83][84] The press, including Conservative-leaning papers The Daily Telegraph and The Times, were largely hostile to the plan; the former claimed that prices would not fall, with the Guardian columnist Polly Toynbee challenging Truss to demonstrate how to care for so many children on her own.[85][86] Following a negative response from trade unions and childminders, Truss was called into a meeting with the deputy prime minister Nick Clegg, who told her that "some of this is fine" but the maximum childminder increase went "much too far" and advised her to revise the proposal;[87] Truss ignored Clegg and pushed ahead with the plan, angering Clegg who then blocked the proposals.[88][89][90] Truss also announced proposals to reform A-levels by concentrating exams at the end of two-year courses and said that the UK should attempt to "out-educate" countries in Asia.[79][91][92]
Environment secretary (2014–2016)
In July 2014, during a cabinet reshuffle, Truss was appointed secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs.[93] Truss was originally to be made a minister of state, but Cameron changed his mind on the morning of the reshuffle.[94] Truss's predecessor Owen Paterson "stormed out" of Cameron's Commons study when told he was to be dismissed; nevertheless, he gave her his phone number and offered his support.[95] Paterson was dismissed partly because of his culling plans for badgers with tuberculosis, which Truss later supported.[96][97] Truss's early actions at the department included setting up a "food crime unit" to prevent incidents similar to the then-recent horse meat scandal, approving planning for the Thames Tideway Tunnel, and development of the levy and pool system Flood Re.[98] Truss was later remarked by an aide to have "[torn] the place up", turning it into an "economic department", working "in a very dispassionate, calm way".[99]
During her two years in the department, Truss launched a ten-year strategy to counter falling bee populations,[100] approved the limited temporary lifting of an EU ban on the use of two neonicotinoid pesticides[101][102] and cut subsidies for solar panels on agricultural land.[103] In March 2015, Truss was one of two cabinet ministers to vote against the government's proposal to mandate plain packaging for cigarettes.[104] When she had been asked previously about the issue during a constituency meeting, Truss said "when it comes to things like this, I take a more libertarian approach ... I don't know if it's the government's role to regulate this".[72]
At the Conservative Party conference in September 2014, Truss made a speech in which she said "we import two thirds of our cheese. That. Is. A. Dis-grace" and "in December, I'll be in Beijing, opening up new pork markets".[105][106] Four days after Truss delivered the speech, parts of the video were featured on the satirical panel show Have I Got News For You,[106] with the awkward, stilted delivery leading her to be mocked; clips of the speech went viral online.[107] During the 2016 referendum on leaving the European Union, Truss endorsed Remain, saying that the Conservatives had "a golden chance to reform Britain over the next few years" and to avoid "[spending] that time negotiating Britain's exit from the European Union".[108][109] The referendum resulted in the defeat of Remain and Cameron's resignation; the home secretary Theresa May won the ensuing leadership election and subsequently became leader of the Conservative Party and prime minister.[110]
Justice secretary and lord chancellor (2016–2017)
In July 2016, Truss was appointed as secretary of state for justice and lord chancellor in the first May ministry, becoming the first female lord chancellor in the office's thousand–year history.[111][c] May's decision to appoint her was criticised by the minister of state for justice Edward Faulks, who resigned from the government, questioning whether Truss would "have the clout to be able to stand up to the prime minister when necessary, on behalf of the judges".[114] Other Conservative members of Parliament also criticised Truss's appointment owing to her lack of legal experience; in response, Truss's supporters accused one of the MPs, Bob Neill, of "thinly veiled misogyny".[115][116]
Before Truss's arrival, the Ministry of Justice's budget had been subjected to successive deep cuts under the coalition government, affecting prisons and blamed for their rising rates of violence owing to a drop in the number of prison officers.[117] Truss lobbied the chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond for £104 million in order to hire an extra 2,500 officers, which Hammond reluctantly delivered.[118][119][120] In November 2016, Truss was again criticised for failing to support the judiciary after three judges of the Divisional Court came under attack from politicians and from the Daily Mail—which ran with the headline "Enemies of the People"—for ruling against the government on whether Article 50 could be triggered without Parliament's approval.[121] A former lord chancellor, Charlie Falconer, suggested that, like her immediate predecessors, Truss lacked legal expertise, called for her to be dismissed as justice secretary as her perceived inadequate response "[signalled] to the judges that they have lost their constitutional protector".[122] Truss denied she had failed to defend the judges, writing:
An independent judiciary is the cornerstone of the rule of law, vital to our constitution and freedoms. It is my duty as lord chancellor to defend that independence. I swore to do so under my oath of office. I take that very seriously, and I will always do so.[123]
Chief secretary to the Treasury (2017–2019)
[T]his is a dream job for you. This job will be the making of you.
Gillian Shephard advising Truss after her appointment as chief secretary.[124]
In June, following the 2017 general election, May demoted Truss from justice secretary to chief secretary to the Treasury, meaning she could attend cabinet meetings but was not a full member;[125] Truss was enraged and called the demotion "incredibly unfair" and was "seething for a good couple of days".[126] Despite her reduced confidence from the demotion, she bounced back and began to contribute to the department, using it "like her own personal think tank" by asking for research and advice on monetary policy.[127] In her first few months there, she was largely left out of making decision-making processes as Hammond was "quite a closed, centrally controlling chancellor"; nevertheless, he and Truss were reported to have a good relationship.[128] Beginning in December 2017, she developed an enthusiasm for cultivating her presence on Twitter and Instagram; Truss began to plan ministerial visits around photo ops for her social media.[129][130][131] Some of her civil servants were reported as finding her tenure as chief secretary "exhausting", owing to her work schedule and asking them multiplication questions, a tactic she had first employed as an MP.[72][132] Despite her governmental role, Truss remained relatively unknown by the public, with only seven per cent recognising her in March 2019.[133]
In June 2018, Truss gave a speech criticising regulations that got in the way of people's lives and warned that raising taxes could see the Conservatives being "crushed" at the polls;[134] in particular, she attacked colleagues who she said should realise "that it's not macho just to demand more money",[135] a jibe at the defence secretary Gavin Williamson, who had mounted a largely unsuccessful campaign for an extra £20 billion for his department, which included blackmailing Truss by threatening to "write to every single British troop and tell them Liz Truss blocked your pay".[136][d] The speech, which also mocked Michael Gove, was criticised by Hammond, Ed Vaizey, and Gove himself;[138] a speech she gave in November similarly joked about Matt Hancock, the newly-appointed home secretary Sajid Javid and the health secretary Jeremy Hunt.[139] Before May's resignation announcement on 24 May 2019, Truss had sought opinion amongst colleagues on whether she could plausibly stand, and courted media attention;[140][141] as it became apparent she could not win, she ruled herself out the day after May announced her resignation and subsequently endorsed the former foreign secretary Boris Johnson, the first minister to do so.[142]
International trade secretary (2019–2021)
After Johnson became prime minister, Truss was tipped for promotion in return for her support during his leadership campaign; it was thought she might have been appointed chancellor or business secretary, but she was instead promoted to the position of secretary of state for international trade and president of the Board of Trade.[144] Following the resignation of Amber Rudd, Truss was additionally appointed minister for women and equalities in September that year.[145] Shortly after becoming international trade secretary, Truss embarked on international trips to the US, New Zealand, Australia and Japan.[146] Truss met with her American counterpart, Robert Lighthizer, on her first trip to the US, where she gave an "incendiary" speech on a potential US–UK trade deal; in Australia she made unscripted comments on their free trade negotiations with the UK, both events to the dismay of Downing Street officials.[147] Truss continued her documentation of trips through her social media.[148]
In February 2020, a reshuffle took place following the general election which had been held in December.[149] Truss feared that she would be dismissed after the blunders she had made on her previous international trips, but Johnson decided to keep her in post after Sajid Javid's resignation as chancellor.[150] During her time at the department, Truss became notorious for leaking information, with Dominic Cummings, Johnson's chief adviser, saying that Truss was "the only minister I shouted at in Number 10" because of her "compulsive pathological leaking".[151] Truss's pursuit of a trade deal with the US concerned the National Farmers' Union (NFU), which worried about an influx of lower-quality food products if passed; the NFU, along with The Mail on Sunday, campaigned against such a deal that spring.[152] The COVID-19 lockdowns eliminated international travel, with Truss attending virtual meetings; as a result, she became closer to her family.[153]
By early 2021, Truss's attempted US trade deal was accepted as futile.[154] Instead, she had focussed on joining the CPTPP, which necessitated free trade agreements with Australia,[155] Japan,[156][157][158] and New Zealand.[159] The Australia deal, finalised in December was described as "the hardest thing she's ever got through"; the New Zealand deal was agreed shortly thereafter.[160] By mid-2021, she had started to ingratiate herself with the parliamentary party in the event of a leadership election.[161] In September, plans for an National Insurance increase were opposed by Truss; Downing Street expected her resignation, but Truss later privately decided against it.[162]
Foreign secretary (2021–2022)
In September 2021, during a cabinet reshuffle, Johnson promoted Truss from international trade secretary to secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, replacing Dominic Raab, who had been criticised for holidaying in Crete during the Fall of Kabul;[163] Truss became the second woman to occupy the office and kept the post of equalities minister.[164] Her early actions as foreign secretary included negotiating the release of Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe at the UN General Assembly,[165][e] meeting with her Japanese, Canadian and German counterparts, mounting an unsuccessful attempt to join the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement,[167][168] and a visit to Estonia where, like Margaret Thatcher, she was photographed in a tank,[169] generating both praise and mockery.[170]
[W]ho was the person to get the job? Someone who'd been in international trade and travelled around the world for two-and-a-half years. That was a natural promotion.
Kwasi Kwarteng on Truss's promotion to foreign secretary.[164]
In early 2022, Truss became preoccupied with a build-up of Russian troops near the Russia–Ukraine border.[167] Truss supported a plan which declassified a large amount of intelligence on Russia, releasing it to the public for the first time to "catch the Kremlin off guard" in the event of an invasion.[167] On 10 February 2022, she met the Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov in Moscow, becoming the first minister to do so since the 2018 Salisbury poisonings.[171] The meeting was reportedly difficult; Lavrov described communicating with Truss as "like talking to a deaf person".[172][173] Five days later, Truss stated that the world was on the "brink of war in Europe";[174] this transpired in the early hours of 24 February as Russia invaded Ukraine.[175] Before and during the immediate aftermath of the invasion, Truss strongly advocated sanctions on Russia, encouraging other G7 leaders to impose them;[170] in March 2022, she stated that they would end only in the event of a "full ceasefire and withdrawal".[176] Johnson praised Truss's actions, saying that "she was always terrific on Ukraine ... other governments faffed around ... she was very clear and focused".[177]
Throughout the first half of 2022, Johnson's position as prime minister became increasingly unstable owing to successive scandals damaging his government and his personal reputation,[178] including Partygate, which resulted in him and the chancellor Rishi Sunak receiving fixed penalty notices.[179] During this time, Truss announced the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill, which was intended to overhaul the Northern Ireland Protocol, including measures to liberate goods produced in Great Britain from the "unnecessary bureaucracy" entering Northern Ireland;[180] the plan was criticised by the European Commission but was received well by the European Research Group and the Democratic Unionist Party.[181][180][182] Amid mounting pressure on Johnson in lieu of the Chris Pincher scandal, on 5 July Sunak and Sajid Javid resigned within minutes of each other, with Johnson again considering giving Truss the chancellorship; he decided against it and instead selected Nadhim Zahawi as Sunak's replacement.[183] Johnson's premiership proved untenable, however, and on 7 July, he announced his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party, a move which Truss called "the right decision".[184]
Leadership election (July–September 2022)
On 10 July, Truss announced her intention to run in the leadership election to replace Johnson. She pledged to cut taxes if elected and said she would "fight the election as a Conservative and govern as a Conservative" and take "immediate action to help people deal with the cost of living".[185] She said she would cancel a planned rise in corporation tax and reverse the increase in National Insurance rates, funded by delaying the date by which the national debt was planned to fall, as part of a "long-term plan to bring down the size of the state and the tax burden".[186] The political scientist Vernon Bogdanor said in a 2022 article that "she appreciated that winning over the membership required not detailed policy proposals but the creation of a mood".[187]
Truss received 50 votes on the first of Conservative MPs' five ballots, with the number of votes cast for her increasing in each;[188] on 20 July, Truss and Sunak were chosen by the parliamentary party to be put forward to the membership for the final leadership vote, with Truss receiving 113 votes to Sunak's 137.[189] In the membership vote, the leader of the 1922 Committee, Graham Brady, announced on 5 September that 43 per cent of ballots were for Sunak and 57 per cent for Truss, making her the new leader.[190] In Truss's victory speech, she said that she would deliver on her campaign promises and pledged to win a "great victory" for the Conservatives at the next general election.[190]
Premiership (September–October 2022)
Cabinet and death of Elizabeth II
As the leader of the Conservative Party, the majority party in the House of Commons, Truss was appointed as prime minister by Elizabeth II at Balmoral Castle on 6 September 2022 and began to select her cabinet ministers.[191][192] With the appointment of Kwarteng as chancellor of the Exchequer, James Cleverly as foreign secretary, and Suella Braverman as home secretary, for the first time in British history, no white men held any of the Great Offices of State.[191][193] Other key appointments included Thérèse Coffey as deputy prime minister and health secretary, Jacob Rees-Mogg as business secretary, Kemi Badenoch as international trade secretary, Kit Malthouse as education secretary, Penny Mordaunt as leader of the House of Commons and Michelle Donelan as culture secretary.[194] Truss retained Ben Wallace as defence secretary, Alok Sharma as president for COP26, Alister Jack as Scottish secretary, Robert Buckland as Wales secretary, and James Heappey as minister of state for the armed forces and veterans.[195]
Truss was the fifteenth and final British prime minister to serve under Elizabeth II, who died on 8 September, two days after appointing Truss.[196] She was told of the Queen's ill health in the early morning and that it was a "matter of hours, not days";[197] Truss ordered black clothes from her Greenwich home in the anticipation of the Queen's death, as she had not had time to move her belongings to Westminster.[198] Upon Elizabeth's death, Truss delivered a statement outside 10 Downing Street paying tribute to her:
Queen Elizabeth II was the rock on which modern Britain was built. Our country has grown and flourished under her reign. Britain is the great country it is today because of her ... Through thick and thin, Queen Elizabeth II provided us with the stability and the strength that we needed. She was the very spirit of Great Britain, and that spirit will endure.[199]
On 10 September, she attended Charles III's accession ceremony and took an oath of allegiance to the King with fellow senior MPs.[200][201] On 19 September she attended the Queen's funeraI service in Westminster Abbey, reading the second lesson.[202]
Domestic policies and mini-budget
On 8 September, in response to the ongoing cost of living crisis, Truss unveiled the Energy Price Guarantee, which was planned to cap average household energy bills at £2,500 per year for two years,[203] costing between 70 and £140 billion.[204][205][206] Truss, who announced the measure in the House of Commons, made an effort to keep the energy cap and tax plan announcements separate.[207]
On 23 September, Kwarteng announced a controversial mini-budget which proposed cutting taxation significantly, including abolishing the 45 per cent rate of tax and the proposed Health and Social Care Levy, cutting stamp duty and the basic rate of income tax and cancelling rises in National Insurance contributions and corporation tax;[208] the package was to be funded by borrowing and was intended to stimulate growth.[196][209][210] It was received badly by financial markets because of its inclusion of temporary spending measures while tax rates were permanently cut,[211] was blamed for the pound falling to its lowest ever rate against the US dollar, (US$1.033)[212] and prompted a response from the Bank of England.[213][214] The mini-budget was criticised by the IMF,[215][216] the US president Joe Biden,[217] the Labour Party and many within Truss's party, including senior politicians Michael Gove and Grant Shapps.[218][219]
Government crisis and resignation
I think it's a shambles and a disgrace ... I hope all those people that put Liz Truss into Number 10, I hope it was worth it ... because the damage they have done to our party is extraordinary.
Charles Walker's remarks on the market fallout, subsequent government crisis and Conservative unpopularity.[220]
After initially defending the mini-budget, on 3 October Truss instructed Kwarteng to reverse the abolition of the 45 per cent income tax additional rate.[221] She later reversed the cut in corporation tax and dismissed Kwarteng, replacing him with Jeremy Hunt on 14 October.[219] Hunt reversed many of the remaining policies announced in the mini-budget, leading to further instability;[222][223] because of Truss's perceived weakness, he was described as the de facto prime minister.[224][225] During this time, Truss became increasingly unpopular with the public, and contributed to a large fall in support for the Conservatives;[226][227] in October, she became the most unpopular prime minister in British history,[189] with her personal approval rating recorded as nine per cent.[228] She was pilloried in national and international press as a u-turner,[229][230] and a chaotic vote on fracking along with the resignation of Braverman as home secretary compounded a rapid deterioration of confidence in her leadership.[231] On 19 October, in response to a question by the leader of the opposition, Keir Starmer, Truss said that she was a "fighter and not a quitter", quoting a 2001 phrase by Peter Mandelson.[232]
Shortly before noon on 20 October, Truss's 45th day in office, Brady held a meeting with Truss where she asked if she would be able to remain in office;[222] his response was "I don't think so, prime minister".[233] At 1:35 pm, Truss announced her resignation as the leader of the Conservative Party and as prime minister. She gave the following 89-second-long statement:
I came into office at a time of great economic and international instability. Families and businesses were worried about how to pay their bills. Putin's illegal war in Ukraine threatens the security of our whole continent. And our country has been held back by for too long by low economic growth. I was elected by the Conservative Party with a mandate to change this. We delivered on energy bills and on cutting National Insurance. And we set out a vision for a low-tax, high-growth economy that would take advantage of the freedoms of Brexit. I recognise though, given the situation, I cannot deliver the mandate on which I was elected by the Conservative Party. I have therefore spoken to His Majesty the King to notify him that I am resigning as leader of the Conservative Party. This morning I met the chairman of the 1922 Committee, Sir Graham Brady. We've agreed there will be a leadership election to be completed within the next week. This will ensure that we remain on a path to deliver our fiscal plans and maintain our country's economic stability and national security. I will remain as prime minister until a successor has been chosen. Thank you.[234]
She was succeeded by Sunak as leader of the Conservative Party on 24 October and, the next day, advised the King to appoint him as the new prime minister;[235][236] Sunak went on to further reverse many of the economic measures she had made as prime minister but retained Hunt as chancellor.[210][237] Truss became the shortest-serving prime minister in British history, surpassing George Canning, who was prime minister for 119 days in 1827.[238][f] The short length of her premiership was the subject of much ridicule, including a livestream of a head of lettuce comparing the shelf-life of the vegetable to her remaining tenure which had been started the week prior.[239] Truss, who remains in the Commons as a backbencher, submitted in 2023 the list of her resignation honours which as of September are yet to be approved.[240]
Political positions
Domestic issues
Truss is known for her economically liberal views and support for free trade and deregulation.[241] She supports the neoliberal philosophy of supply-side economics, often referred to as "trickle-down economics".[242][243] In 2021, Truss stated that the Conservatives should "reject the zero-sum game of identity politics, [reject] the illiberalism of cancel culture, and [reject] the soft bigotry of low expectations that holds so many people back".[244] She voted for gay marriage but has opposed the expansion of transgender rights.[245] Truss spoke against gender self-identification, stating that "medical checks are important" and that "only women have a cervix".[246] Despite initially supporting single-sex toilets being restricted on the basis of biological sex, she later said in February 2022 that the government was not interested in enacting such a measure.[247]
Foreign policy
Truss was described as a hawkish foreign secretary.[248] She called for the UK to reduce its economic dependency on China and Russia and supported certain diplomatic and economic sanctions imposed by the British government against the former.[249][250] Truss has supported Taiwan in the context of deteriorating cross-strait relations but, citing precedent, said that she would not visit the island as prime minister[251][252][253] and condemned the Chinese government's treatment of the Uyghur people as "genocide".[254][255][256] In 2022, she called Saudi Arabia an ally but said she was not "condoning" the country's policies, including its handling of human rights and its treatment of women.[257]
Truss supported the United Kingdom remaining in the European Union during the 2016 referendum.[258] Since the referendum, Truss has supported Brexit; in 2017, she publicly stated that she had changed her mind.[259] During the July 2022 leadership election, Truss said that "I was wrong and I am prepared to admit I was wrong".[260]
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ As Minister for Equalities.
- ^ John and Priscilla had three children after Truss: Chris (born 1978), Patrick (born 1980) and Francis (born 1983).[2][3][4]
- ^ If not including Eleanor of Provence, who exercised the powers of the lord chancellor in 1253 but was not formally appointed to the office.[112][113]
- ^ Williamson had also requested a five per cent rise in troops' pay.[137]
- ^ Truss succeeded in March 2022 and called the release of Zaghari-Ratcliffe and Anoosheh Ashoori the "most privileged moment" of her time in government.[166]
- ^ Canning's premiership ended with his death, rather than the loss of a general election or by resignation.[234]
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{{cite journal}}
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Further reading
- Bale, Tim (2023). The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation. Polity. ISBN 978-1-50-954601-5.
- Seldon, Anthony; Newell, Raymond (2023). Johnson at 10: The Inside Story. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-83-895802-2.